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Lecture5 Linear Systems (Part 2)

The document discusses the implications of a zero determinant for a matrix A in the context of linear systems AX = b. It outlines two scenarios: if all minors of order n of [A|b] are zero, the system has infinitely many solutions; if at least one minor is nonzero, the system has no solutions. Examples illustrate the application of Gaussian elimination to determine the consistency of the systems.

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1 views

Lecture5 Linear Systems (Part 2)

The document discusses the implications of a zero determinant for a matrix A in the context of linear systems AX = b. It outlines two scenarios: if all minors of order n of [A|b] are zero, the system has infinitely many solutions; if at least one minor is nonzero, the system has no solutions. Examples illustrate the application of Gaussian elimination to determine the consistency of the systems.

Uploaded by

hadjerabderhman591
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Case det A = 0

Suppose det A = 0, and we denote by n the size of A. Then we have two cases:

• If all minors of order n of [A|b] are zero, the system AX = b has infinitely many solutions.
(We say that the system AX = b is consistent).

• If at least one minor of order n of [A|b] is nonzero, the system AX = b has no solutions.
(We say that the system AX = b is inconsistent).

Example 24.

x1 + x2 = 2 1 1 2
⇒ [A|b] =
2x1 + 2x2 = 4 2 2 4

1 1 1 2
= =0
2 2 2 4
Therefore, the system AX = b has infinitely many solutions.
Let us resolve the system using Gaussian elimination:
   
1 1 2 1 1 2
→
2 2 4 0 0 0

x1 + x2 = 2 ⇒ x1 = t ∈ R and x2 = 2 − t

Example 25. We solve the system of linear equations using Gaussian elimination:


x1 + x2 + x3 = 2,
x1 − x2 + x3 = 0,


2x1 + 2x3 = 2.

The augmented matrix for the system is:


     
1 1 1 | 2 1 1 1 | 2 1 1 1 | 2
[A|b] = 1 −1 1 | 0 . → 0 −2 0 | −2 → 0 −2 0 | −2 .
2 0 2 | 2 0 −2 0 | −2 0 0 0 | 0

The third row is all zeros, so the system is consistent.

−2x2 = −2 =⇒ x2 = 1.

2. From Row 1:
x1 + x2 + x3 = 2.

Since x2 = 1:
x1 + 1 + x3 = 2 =⇒ x1 + x3 = 1.

Let x3 = t, where t is a free parameter. Then:

x1 = 1 − t.

The general solution to the system is:

(1 − t, 1, t)

where t ∈ R .

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Example 26. We solve the system of linear equations using Gaussian elimination:


x1 + x2 + x3 = 2,
x1 − x2 + x3 = 0,


2x1 + 2x3 = 3.
The augmented matrix for the system is:
     
1 1 1 | 2 1 1 1 | 2 1 1 1 | 2
[A|b] = 1 −1 1 | 0 . → 0 −2 0 | −2 → 0 −2 0 | −2 .
2 0 2 | 3 0 −2 0 | −1 0 0 0 | 1
The third row is not zeros, so the system is inconsistent and therefore has no solutions.

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