1 Basic Maths

1. Binomial theorem no. of

term
(1 + x)2 = 1 + 2 × 1x + x2
if x <<< 1 then Tn = a + (n-1) d
2
(1 + x) = 1 + 2x last 1
st Common
term term diff.
feel
MR*
(Carrier + love)2 = Carrier + 2 love
no. of terms.
Because carrier >>> love 
n
n n
x+Δx n Δx Δx Sn = 2 2a + (n-1) d
= X 1 + = xn 1 + n
x x
Δ X <<<< X. NOTE:- n = no. of terms not last term.
n
 (1 – x) = 1 – nx

 (1 – x)
–n
= 1 + nx GP series
–n
 (1 + x) = 1 – nx Next term = Previous term × Common ratio
a , ar , ar2 , ar3 , ar4
2. Imp formula
Ex 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, so on
(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab th
n term
(a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab r (Common ratio) =
(n-1)th term
2 2
a – b = (a + b) (a – b)
a
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b) Sum = , valid when r < 1.
1-r
(a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
Ex- 1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , ....
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 + b2– ab) 2 4 8 16 1/4 1
r= =
a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + b2+ ab) 1/2 2
1 1
3. AP series Sum = =
1-1 1/2 = 2
2
Next term = Previous term + Common
Ex-
difference
1, - 1 , 1 ,-1 , 1 ,-1 , ....
a , a + d , a+2d , a + 3d , a + 4d..... 2 4 8 16 32

Ex 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, so on. 1

r= -
2
d = Common difference 1 1 2
th th Sum= =3 =
  = n term– (n–1) term 1--12 2 3
4. Quadratic equation (c) logy x = 1
logx y
ax2 + bx + c = 0
1/n 1
(d) logex = loge x
a, b, & c are constant in n
which a can not be zero n
(e) logex = n logex

- b b2-4ac (f) logba × loga b = 1

X=
2a.
(g) logaa = 1
-b c
Sum of roots = , Products of roots =
a a loge1 = 0
2
Q. Find roots of equation x – 5x + 6 = 0;
log102 = 0.30
find value of a, b & c by comparing with
ax2 + bx + c = 0
log101 = 0
Ans. a = 1, b = –5 & c = 6
- (-5) (-5)2- 4×1×6 log103 = 0.48 ≈ 0.5
X1 =
2×1
loge(sin90°) = 0
5 + 1
= =3
2 log105 + log1020 = 2
X2 = 2
log103
Q. x2 – 4x = 0 48
log23 = =
log102 30
x2 = 4x
 Concept of Anti-log
x = 4 wrong
log ex = Y
By taking Anti-log
x(x - 4) = 0 (convert into concept of power)
x = 0 ; x = 4 correct y
x=e

dka
Q. x2 – 4x + 3 = 0 then find roots. k a ta
*
2 MR log → Concept of Power
Ans. x – 3x – x + 3 = 0
x(x-3) –1 (x – 3) = 0 Power

(x - 3) (x – 1) = 0 23 = 8 log 28 = 3
Base ↑Result
x = 3, x = 1 Base wahi rahega (Power Result
5. Logarithms interchange hoga)
log yx = log x on the base y
loge x = 2.303 log10 x 6. Rule of Power

(a) loga (xy) = loga x + loga y 1. If Power of any non-zero number is zero
then result will be one.
x
(b) log = log x – log y
y Ex- 8° = 1

2
Physics
2. Negative Property of exponent (x is non Important roots
zero number)
121 = 11 400 = 20
n1 1 = x-n
x = –n n
x x 144 = 12 900 = 30
1
3
= 10-3 169 = 13
10

196 = 14 0.64 = 0.8
3. Product Property of Exponent
n m
x x = x
n+m
225 = 15 0.16 = 0.4

103 × 104 = 107 256 = 16

4. Division Property
xn
= xn-m
103
= 103-2
7. Trigonometry
xm 10 2
Arc = Rθ algebraic function
5. Power of a Power: Angle
(xn)m = xnm sinθ/cosθ/tanθ Trigo. function
2 3 6
(10 ) = 10 Angle have unit radian. but dimensionless.
2 3
6. 10 + 10 = 100 + 1000 = 1100
7. Fractional exponent For algebraic function, we always use
S.I. unit radian but for trigonometric
3/2
(x) = (x3)1/2 function we may use rod/degree.
8. Multiplication with fraction. 180° = π rad
1 4 π 180
0.5 = 1.33×12 = × 12 = 16 1° = rad 1rad =
2 3 180 π
6 1
0.6 = 16×.25 = × 16 = 4
10 4
(Anti-clock)
4 3 + ve rotation
0.4 = 0.75×16 = × 16 = 12
10 4
(clock wise)
2 1 – ve rotation
0.66 = 0.33×15 = × 15 = 5
3 3
4 3 Q. Total Angle moved by object in
1.33 = ⇒ 0.75 = ⇒ 0.33 = 1
3 4 3 π-rotation?
2
9. Important property Ans. - θ = π(2π) = 2π rad.
∞
2 = ∞ e∞ = ∞
∞  Some Important Triangles
1 = 1 e–∞ = 0
–∞
4 = 0 eo = 1
10 13 25
(8)2/3=(8)(1/3)×2=(2)3×(1/3)×2=22=4 6 12 7
3/5 37° θ
(32) =(25)3/5=23=8 θ
8 5 24

3
Basic Maths
 0º 30º 45º 60º 90º 120º 135º 150º 180º

Sin θ O 1
2
1
2
3
2 1 3
2
1
2
1
2 O
Cos θ 1 3
2
1
2
1
2 O -1
2 –
1
2 – 32 –1
Tan θ O 1
3 1 3 Not - 3 -1 -1
3 O
define

1 1 1 Sin2θ + Cos2 θ = 1 ⇒ 1+cot2θ = Cosec2 θ

Sin θ = Sec θ = Tan θ =
Cosec θ Cos θ Cot θ
Tan2θ + 1 = Sec2 θ
Sin (90 + θ) = cos θ 8. Phasor diagram
sin (180 – θ) = sin θ Vector representation of trigonometric
sin (90 – θ) = cos θ function
cos (180 – θ) = – cos θ Cos θ

cos (90 – θ) = sin θ -30° sin (θ + 60°)

or Cos (θ – 30°)
cos (90 + θ) = –sin θ
60°
sin (–θ) = – sin θ -Sin θ sin (θ) Let
cos (–θ) = cos θ
tan (–θ) = – tan θ -Cos θ

5°)
Sin θ = P Cos θ = B 13
H H +
53º (θ
5 3 sin
3 ) or
Tan θ = P Sin 37º = 5 45 Cos θ
37º B +
4 s (θ
Co
4 4 3 cos (θ - 60°)
Cos 37º = Sin 53º = Cos 53º =
5 5 5 45° or sin (θ + 30°)

Cos (-60°) = 1 1
Sin (-30°) =– 2 30°
2
sin θ
-Sin θ
tan (-135°) =–1 40°

Unique Relation -Cos θ sin (θ - 40°)

Equation-1 Equation-2 Phase difference

I = Io sin (θ + π/3) I = Io sin (θ - π/6) Φ = 90°
I = Io sin (θ + π/3) I = Io cos (θ - π/6) Φ = 0°
I1 = Io sin (θ) I = Io cos (θ + π/6) Φ = 2π/3
I1 = sin (θ - π/3) I = Io cos (θ + π/3) Φ = 7π = 210°
6
I1 = sin (θ - 60°) I = Io cos (θ - 30°) Φ = 2π = 120°
3

4
Physics
 9. Sin (A + B) = Sin A cos B + cos A sin B n(n+1)
11. Sum of 1st n-natural numbers =
Sin (A – B) = Sin A cos B - cos A sin B 2
Cos (A + B) = Cos A cos B - Sin A sin B Sum of Squares of 1
st
n-natural
Cos (A - B) = Cos A cos B + Sin A sin B n (n+1) (2n+1)
tan A + tan B numbers =
tan (A + B) = 6
1 -tan A tan B
Sum of Cubes of 1st n-natural numbers
tan A - tan B 2
tan (A - B) = n(n + 1)
1 + tan A tan B =
2
(a) A = B = θ
Sin (A + B) = Sin 2θ = 2sinθ Cos θ 12. Differentiation DC = - ve
2 2
Cos (A + B) = Cos 2θ = Cos θ – Sin θ
2
(b) 2 Cos θ = 1 + Cos (2θ). dy
2 = The rate of change in y w.rt.x
2 Sin θ = 1-Cos (2θ) dx
If Angle is Small:- = Slope of y-x graph.
d2 y n
Sin θ ≈ θ tan θ ≈ θ cos θ = 1 2 = Double diff of Y w.r.t x
dx
Sin (2°) = 2° (wrong) dy
= The rate of change in w.r.t x
Sin (2°) = 2 × πrad = π rad dx
180° 90°
= Slope of Slope
Cos (4°) = 1
= Change in slope w.r.t x
πrad
tan 3° = 60

10. d sinx
= cos x
dx
Trigonometric Maximum Value
function
d tanx
= sec2 x
dx
Y = 3 sin θ Ymax = 3 Ymin = –3
d cotx
Y = 4 sin (5θ) Ymax = 4 Ymin = –4 = - cosec2 x
dx
Y = 3 sin θ + 4 cos θ Ymax = 5 Ymin = –5
d logex d lnx 1
Y = 3 sin θ + 4 sin θ Ymax = 7 Ymin = –7 = =
dx dx x
Y = 5 -2 sin θ Ymax = 7 Ymin = 3
d cosx
4 =- sin x
Q. Force acting on object F = dx
3sinθ + cosθ
d secx
Then find minimum magnitude of force. = sec x tan x
dx
4
Ans. Fmin = d cosec x
(3sinθ + cosθ)max =- cosec x cot x
dx
4 4 n
Fmin = dx
= = nxn-1
9 + 1 10 dx

5
Basic Maths
Rules :-
Y = e(5x) Y = e-4x
1. Addition Rule:- dy
= 5e5x dy
dx = -4 e-4x
dy dA dB dx
Y = A + B = +
dx dx dx Y = sin(4x2)
Y = (x2+4)3
2. Substraction Rule:- dy 2
2
2 d(x +4) dy
=3 (x +4) 2
dx dx dx = Cos(4x ) × 8x
dy dA dB
Y = A - B = - = 3(x2+4)2 × 2x
dx dx dx
3. Multiplication Rule:- Y = A sin (wt - kx)
dy A dB B dA dy
Y = A B = + dx = A cos (wt - kx) × (-k)
dx dx dx
Q. If radius of sphere is increasing 1/π m/s
4. Division Rule:- then find rate of change in volume w.r.t.
time when radius is 3m.
A dy dA dB
Y = = B - A
dx dx
B dx Ans. V = 4 πR3
2 3
B
dv = 4 π3R2 dR
d sin(90°) dy dt 3 dt
= 0 Y = t2 find
dx dx = 4πR2 1
π
dv
d ex dy dt2 dt
2
dt = 4R = 4(3) = 4×9 = 36
2
= ex = ×
dx dx dx dt
13. Maxima and minima:
d e
2 dy dt
= 0 = 2t MR* for maxima/minima
dx dx dx
dy
 For location of maxima/minima put
* dx
MR (slope) = 0 and find value where x will be
The
Outside Inside Rule m
max /min .
m

Y = f(z(x)) = y is function of z and

 For exact maxima and minima dont check
z is a function of x.
double differentiation. Just put value of x
differentiation and find y.
dy diffn of Inner
dx = of outer function × fun w.r.t x  Double differentiation check nahi karna
keep inside as it is
just x ki value put kark y nikala jo y jayda
wo maximum y ko kam wo minimum y.
Q. y = sin (3x)
Maxima
dy d(3x)
dx = Cos (3x) dx dy d2 y
=O = - ve
dx dx2
= 3 cos(3x)

6
Physics
 Cosθ
Slope

ymax ++ +

O 2 – –
3
2
2
θ

ymin Chain Rule → MR*

x1 x2 Applicable when power of x is one
Integration of outer function
Minima keep inside as it is.
dy d2 y y dx =
= O = + ve Coefficient of (x)
dx dx2
(2x +3)5
Slope 4
(2x+3) dx = +C
5[2]
14. Integration:
–cos(3x-4)
→ Area under the curve → Inverse of sin(3x-4) dx = +C
3
differentiation
15. Co-ordinate geometry and graph:
n+1
x y
xn dx = + C Not valid for n = -1 Q (x2 y2)
n+1

Addition Rule:

P (x1 y1)
(u + v). dx = u.dx + v.dx x

sin x dx = - cosx + c. distance = (x 2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

y2 − y1
tan
= θ slope
=
cos x dx = sinx + c. x 2 − x1

 Slope of straight line remains same at all

exdx = ex + c the point
 If 0° ≤ θ < 90° then slope is positive
1
x dx = lnx + c.
 If 90°< θ ≤ 180° then slope is negative

sec2dx = tan x + c  If θ = 90° then slope is infinite

3x  If θ = 0° then slope is zero

3x
e
e dx = + c.  If straight line parallel to x-axis then slope
3
zero
θ m3
Sin m2

m1
3
+1 +1 2

O –1 –1 2
2 θ

7
Basic Maths
 m3 > m2 > m1 y
S
R
Q yx = 7
yx = 5
P yx = 2 x

x ka pawer jitna jayda graph utna niche

jayga.
mP = mQ = mR = mS
m1

m2
1
m3 y=
x 1
y= 2
x

y = x2 + 3
y
m1 = m2 = m3 y = x
2

3
y
y x
+c -3
m = +ve
y = –x2
x y = –x2 – 3
m = +ve c = –ve 2
y 2 y y = -x + 4
y = x -4
+4
y
y
x x
+c
m = –ve -4
m = –ve
x c = –ve
y
y = x2

y = x
If two straight line perpendicular to each
other then product of their slope is –1. y= x

16. Rectangular Hyperbola:

x
K
y y =
x  graph for PV = nRT

P
T2 > T1
x
T2
K is value Jitna Jayda graph utna upar T1
V
shift hoga.

8
Physics
 P2 1 17. Equation of Circle
 K.E. = graph b/w K.E. and m for
2m
constant momentum. (x – x0)2 + (y – y0)2 = R2
R is radius & centre is at (x0, y0)
K.E. x2 + y2 = 52 centre at (0, 0) R=5
2 2
(x + 4) + (y – 3) = 49 centre at (–4, 3)
R=7
y
18. Ellipse
1 x2 y2 2b
m 2 + x
a b2 = 1
2a
MR* → Jisko x- & y-axis pe plot krenge
uska power dekhte hai. e
Slop
For
MR*
T2
T2 = KR3

g¡lrk gqvk jkeyky jksrk gqvk jkeyky

Slope always increasing Slope always decreasing
3
R For magnitude of slope → Now we are
talking about value of slope, we will ignore
+ve & –ve only consider magnitude.
T MR* → Locate where slope is zero
 Starting me zero then increasing
magnitute of slope.
 Last me zero then decreasing magnitude
of slope and becomes zero.
R

y = e–x y
y = ex

Slope → Increasing Slope → Decreasing

magnitute of slope magnitute of slope
1st decreasing then 1st decreasing then
x increasing increasing

y y y y

x x x x

Slope → decreasing increasing decreasing increasing

Magnitute of slope → decreasing increasing increasing decreasing

9
Basic Maths
19. Some Basic Geometry Shapes:
b
Equibtral Triangle of side (a) Circle r a

Circumference =2πr Area = πab

2
Area = πr Circumference =πr
3a
2
h Cube Cylinder
60° 60° 30°
A r
a/2 a/2
h
h
tan 30° =
a/2 a
a
h =
2 3 Area = 6a2 Area = 2πr2 + 2πrh
3
distance from centre to corner Volume = a Volume = πr2h
3a 2 a
= × =
2 3 3
2
Cone Sphere
3a
Area =
4
Hexagonal of side ‘a’ h
r

r
o
1 Area = 4πr2
Volume = πr2h 4
a 60° a 3 Volume = πr3
60° 60° 3
A a B
centre to corner 20. Average of a varying quantity
n
dist = a If y = f (t) then
Square Rectangle
t2 t2
t1  ∫   ydt t1  ∫   ydt
H <y>Avg = t2 =
t1  ∫dt
t2-t1

B Y may be any physical quantity.

2
Area = l Area = BH
Perimetre = 4l Perimetre = 2(H+B) yi + yf
MR* if y is varying linearly then yAvg =
2
Trapezoid
a
MR* If x+y = constant then xy will be
C
h h maximum for x = y =
2
b a
If sum of two number is constant then product
1 1 of these two number will be maximum, only
Area = (a + b)h Area = ah
2 2
when both number are equal.

10
Physics
 2 Vector

Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity 1. In vector +ve and –ve indicate direction only.
Ex- +5N and –5N, same magnitude of
€ Having € Having Magnitude,
force in opposite direction.
Magnitude only direction and
follow triangle law 2. 
Angle between vector – When two
of vector addition. vectors are placed head to head or tail

€ Follow simple € Can be changed

to tail then smaller angle between vector
is called angle between vector.
algebric addition by changing
magnitude only, or
changing dirn only
or changing both. Xβ
θ
€ Can be changed
3. Vector can be shifted parallel to itself by
only by changing
keeping magnitude cmd direction fixed.
its value
4. 
Rotation of vector not allowed it will
Ex-Speed, time, Ex-Force, Velocity,
change meaning of vector.
Mass, Volume, current density,
density current, torque etc. If Angel between A and B vector is θ
5. 
etc.
then angle between A and -B is (180-θ).

Type of Vectors
Type Magnitude Direction\Angle

Equal Vector Same Same (θ = 0)

Parallels Vector May or May not same Same (θ = 0)

Opposite Vector or Same Opposite θ = 180°

Negative Vectors

Antiparalles Vector May or May not same θ = 180° opposite

Orthogonal May same θ = 90°

Zero/Null Vector Zero any direction

A
Unit Vectors One A =
A
€ All equal vectors are parallel but all If vector is making an angle α, β and γ from
parallels are not equal. 2
x, y and z-axis respectively then cos α +
€ All opposite (Negative) Vectors are 2 2 2 2 2
cos β + cos γ = 1 ; sin α + sin β + sin γ = 2
Antiparallel but all antiparallel are not
Opposite Vector Ax Ay Az
cos α =    cos β =    cos γ =
A A A
Component of Vector (effect of Vector) Triangle Law of Vector addition

B R B sin θ
A Ay = A sin θ B tan α = A + B cos θ
θ α θ resultant must be
θ
A in the plane of
Ax = A cos θ
A and B .

B B cos θ R = A2 + B2 + 2AB cos θ

θ If θ = 0° θ = 90° θ = 180°
Rmax = A + B 2
R = A + B 2 Rmin = A – B
Bx = B sin θ
Magnitude of Vectors : A–B≤R≤A+B
If A = B = A and Angle b/w them θ
A = Axi + Ay j + Azk
R = 2A cos (θ/2)   D = 2A sin (θ/2)
2 2 2
A = Ax + Ay + Az

θ = 0° θ = 60° θ = 90° θ = 120° θ = 180°

R = 2A R = 3A R= 2A R=A R=0
D = 0 D = A D= 2A D= 3A D = 2A

Vector Subtraction A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k and B = Bx i + By j +

5. 

Angle B/w A & B is θ then D = A – B Bz k then A + B = (Ax + Bx) i + (Ay + By) j

+ (Az + Bz)k
D = A2 + B2 – 2AB cos θ
6. 
If |A + B | = |A | = | B | then angle between
θ = 0° θ = 90° θ = 180°
Dmin = A – B D =A+B A and B is 120°
D = A2 + B2
7. 
If |A | + | B | = |A + B | then angle between
A– B ≤ D ≤ A + B
A and B is zero.
1. 
Magnitude of Vector addition and
subtraction same at 90°. 8. 
If A + B = A2 + B2 then angle between
2. 
A + B = B + A       Commutative A and B is 90°.
3. n(A + B ) = nA + n B    distributive 9. 
If |A + B | = | B – A | then angle between
A – B ≠ B – A
4. 
A and B is 90°.

12
Physics
Scalar Product (Dot Product) B sin θ =
A×B
= component of B
A
B perpendicular of A

θ R = A×B
A Place your finger of right hand along A
A · B = A(B cos θ) = A(Component of B along A) and slap B then thumb will represent R .
= (A cos θ) B = B(Component of A along B) i × i = 0 = j × j = k × k

A·B i × j = k      j × i = –k
Component of B along A =
A j × k = i      k × j = – i
A·B k × i = j       i × k = – j
Component of A along B =
B
i j k
€ Result of dot product is always scalar. A × B = A x Ay A z
i · i = 1    j · j = 1    k · k = 1 Bx By Bz

i · k = 0    j · i = 0    k · j = 0 = i (AyBz – AzBy)

A · B = (Axi + Ay j + Azk) · (Bxi + By j + Bzk) – J(AxBz – AzBx)
= AxBx + AyBy + AzBz + K(AxBy – AyBx)
 Unit vector does not have any unit only
Application of dot Product have direction and magnitude one.
(i) To Find Angle B/W vectors  Minimum no. of vectors whose resultant
can be zero is '2'.
A · B = AB cos θ
 Minimum no of unequal vectors whose
A·B
cos θ = resultant can be zero is 3.
AB
(ii) To check unit vector  The resultant of 3 Non- coplaner vectors
If A is a unit vector then A · A = 1 can't be zero.

(iii) To check perpendicular vector  Minimum no of Non-coplaner, vectors

(orthogonal) whose resultant can be zero is 4.

If A · B = AB cos 90° = 0 If |A х B | = 3 A � B then angle between

Q. 
A · B = 0   (A ┴r B ) A and B is?
(iv) To find component of one vector along n
Sol . AB sin θ = 3 AB cos θ
other.
A · B = A(B cos θ) tan θ = 3 ⇒ θ = 60°
€ Division of vector with vector is not possible
A·B
B cos θ = = Compn of B along A
A € Division of magnitude of vector is possible
Cross-Product : [Vector Product] € Vector can be divided by scalar.
A × B = AB sin θ n € If vector multiplied by positive scalar then

n is direction of A × B which is magnitude change direction remains same.
perpendicular to A & B . € If vector multiplied by negative scalar then
(A × B ) · A = 0   (A × B ) · B = 0 magnitude change direction becomes opposite.

13
Vector
€ Scalar triple Product : Q. In which of the following combination of
R = (A × B ) � C Result R will be scalar three force resultant will be zero.
and R will be zero if any of these two (a) 3N, 7N, 8N
vector becomes parallel. (b) 2N, 5N, 1N
Q. Ramlal is moving with velocity 6m/s
(c) 3N, 12N, 7N
along east and pinky with 6 m/s at 30°
(d) 4N, 5N, 10N
east of north then relative of pinky w.r.t
Ramlal. n
Sol Sum of two smaller must be greater or
rd
Sol. VPR = VP–VR same vector ka subtraction at equal to (3 ).
60° |VPR| = 6 m/s € Polygon Law of vector addition

Start tail of next vector from head of

Q.  Vi = 10 m/s
previous vector and so on.
O
Change in speed = 0 magnitude C
A + B + C= R
of change in velocity = 20 m/s R
Vf = 10 m/s

B
Q. If A = 0.6 i + β j is a unit vector then
find value of β. A
n
Sol |A | = 1 if A is unit vector B A + B + C= O
2 2 C
(0.6) + β = 1
A
β2 + 0.36 = 1

€ Angle between (A × B ) and (A + B ) is zero
β = 0.64 = 0.8
Q. Force acting on object F =5 i + 3j – 7k
Q. Two force 10N and 6N acting then find position vector r =2i + 2j – k then find
resultant of these two force may be? torque ?? (NEET 2022)
Soln 10 – 6 ≤ R ≤ 10 + 6
R will be 4N to 16N i j k
Q. The angle which a vector i + j + 2k
2 2 -1
makes with x, y and z-axis 5= r × F =
5 3 -7
Ax Ay Az
cos α = cos β = cos γ =
A A Z 
i (–14 –(–3) – j (–14 – (–5) + k (6–10)

α = 60° β = 60° γ = 45° –11 i + 9 j – 4k



MR*
viuh i<kbZ NksM+ tks rsjs ihNs pyk vk;sxkA
oks [kqn dk uk gks ldk] rsjk D;k gks tk;sxkAA

14
Physics
 3 Units & Dimensions

MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH:- n

Parallax Used to measure

Method large distance
p
1/u
Parallax x θ
Angle = b → Only use to find value of physical quantity
x in new system of unit, if value is know in
one unit.
b
MEASUREMENT OF MASS & TIME
1º = 1.745 × 10-2 rad
1 12
-4 € 1 amu = Mass of C atom
1΄ = 2.91 × 10 rad 12
-27
-6 € 1 amu = 1.66 × 10 kg
1˝ = 4.85 × 10 rad –
€ e mass = 10-30 kg
For v.small size:-optical, tunneling, € Earth mass:- 10
25
kg
electron microscope used: € Observable Universe =10
55
kg.

1AU = 1.496 × 1011m Time:-

17
1Ly = 9.46 × 1015m € Age of universe = 10 s
-24
16 € Time span of Unstable particle → 10s
1parsec = 3.08 × 10 m
+ –15 Q. Convert 18 km/hr in m/s.
Size of P = 10 m
7
Ans. n1u1 = n2u2
REarth = 10 m
18 km/hr = n2 m/s
Distance of boundary of 26 18 × 10 3 m
Observable Universe = 10 m = n 2 m/s
60 × 60s
€ nu = constant, n = measure value of P.Q., 5
n 2 = 18 × = 10
u = unit of that P.Q. 9

1 Q. If unit of length is y m in new system of

n ∝ unit then find value of x m2 area in new
u system of unit.
n nu Ans. un = cost
n1u1 = n2u2
x m2 = n2y2m2
x
u u n2 = 2
y
SI SYSTEM eg:- 4.330 → 4 S.F.

7 Base/Fundamental Units:- 343.000 → 6 S.F.

No. Quantity Unit Symbol 5. In exponential expression the

numerical postion given the number
1. Length Meter m
of S.F.
2. Mass Kilogram kg
eg:- 1.32 × 10-2 → 3 S.F.
3. Time Second S
1.32 ×.104 → 3 S.F.
4. Temperature Kelvin K
5. Elec. Current Ampere A ROUNDING OF:-
6. Luminous int. Candela cd Addition & Substraction:-
7. Amt. of Subs Mole Mol Final result should have same no. of
2 supplementary Units:- decimal placed as that of original no.
with minimum no. of decimal places.
No. Quantity Unit Symbol
3.1421
1. Plane Angle radian rad 0.241
Ans:- 3.47.
0.09
2. Solid Angle Steradian sr
3.4731
Multiplication & Division:-

r ds
r dA The no. of S.F. equals the smallest no. of
dΩ S.F. in any of the original no.
dθ
51.028
o o
× 1.31 Ans:- 66.8
ds dA
dθ = dΩ = 2 sr 66.84668
r r
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES:- DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS:-

1. All non-zero digits are significant. Dimension of physical quantity are

power to which units of base quantity
eg:- 42.3 → 3 S.F. are raised.
243.4 → 4 S.F.
eg:- [M]a [L]b [T]c [A]a [K]C
2. Zero b/n two non-zero digits is
-:Applications:-
significant.
eg:- 4.03 → 3 S.F. 1. Checking the Correctness of various
formulae:-
243.4 → 4 S.F.
eg:- Z = A +B
3. Leading Zero or zeros placed to left
are never significant. [Z] = [A] = [B]
eg:- 0.543 → 3 S.F. 2. Conversion of one system of unit to
other.
0.006 → 1 S.F.
4. Trailing zeros or zero placed to the n1 U1 = n2 U2
right of the number are significant. eg:- n1 [M1A L1B T1C ] = n2[M2A L2B T2C ]

16
Physics
 M2 A
L2 B
T2 C
DIMENSIONAL FORMULA
n1 = n2
M1 L1 T1 € Pressure = stress = Young’s modules = ML
-1
T-2
 Mass → M € Work = Energy = Torque = M L
2
T-2
 Length → L € Power P = M L
2
T-3
 Time → T –1
€ Gravitational constant G = M L3 T–2
–1
 Velocity → LT -2
€ Force constant = Spring constant = M T
–2
 Acceleration → LT -1
–2
€ Coefficient of viscosity = ML T-1
 Force → MLT 2 -2
2 –2 € Latent heat L = L T
 Energy → ML T
P 2 -3 -1
 Power → ML T
2 –3 € Electric potential = =ML T A
I
 Force gradiant → MT
–2 μ0
€ Resistance = = M L2 T-3 A-2
ε0
MR* -1
€ Capacitance = M L-2 T4 A2
Different physical quantity ka dimension -1
nikalne ke liye force and energy ka dimension € Permittivity ε0 = M L-3 T4 A2
yad rakna hai. Avi tension nahi lena aage ke € Angular momentum = planck’s constant
chapter ke sath yad hota jayga.i = M1 L2 T-1
3. Formula of force to find dimension of
Time Period:-
different PQ.
m1m2 L M R
q1q2 Tα α α
F =G , F = g k g
r2 4ϖε0r2 L
μ0I1I2d = RC = LC
F = Kx, F = R
4ϖr MR*
F = qE Resistance = R = ωL = 1
ωC
F = qvB 2ϖ
ω=
F = 6ϖηrv T
L
F = Sl Time = = LC = RC
R
Formula of energy to find dimn of
Dimensionless Quantities:-
different physical quantity
1. Strain 4. Plane Angle
E = hf H kA∆T
= 2. Refractive index 5. Solid Angle
3 t l
E = kBT 3. Relative density 6. Poissons ratio
2 Stress = γ × Strain
Q2 7. Exponential function
E = Q = ms∆T
2C 8. Trigonometry function
H = I2Rt Q = mL 9. Relative permittivity
1 10. Pure number 11. Efficiency
E = LI2
2 12. Current, voltage, power gain
PV = nRT 13. Length gratiant 14. Coef. of friction

17
Units & Dimensions
MR* B = V = LT–2
Pressure = Stress = Young modulus t
= Bulk modulus C = V = LT–1

1 Q. Force F = αe–βt then find dimension of

= strain × stress = modulus of regitity α and β.
2
B2 1 nRT Ans. F = α βt = 1
= = ε0E2 = energy density = –2 –1
2μ0 2 V α = MLT β=T

dimensionally addition, substraction ko equal β

Q. Acceleration a = αt + find dimension
le ke solve karte hai. t– δ
of α, β and δ.
Kisi be dimensionless function ya quantity ko
one likh sakte hai. β MR* Ka feel
Ans. a = αt =
t=δ
Q. If velocity V = Ax + Bt + C find dimension
of A, B and C. a ⇒δ=t
⇒α= = LT–3
MR* t β
⇒ a=
Ans. V = Ax = Bt = C t
V –1 β = αt = LT–1
A = = T
x

Q. Fill in the blanks with correct statement, according to given statement

Dimension (1) (2) (c) A physical (d) A physical

.............. .............. quantity have quantity does not
dimension have dimension

Unit (a) A physical (b) A physical (3) (4)

quantity have quantity does not .............. ..............
unit have unit

MR*
Ans. (1) May have dimension/may be dimensionless
(2) Must be dimensionless/does not have dimension
(3) Must have unit
(4) May or may not have unit.

Q. Fill in the blanks with correct statement, according to given statement

Physically (1) (2) (c) Equation (d) Equation is

correctness .............. .............. is physically physically correct
wrong
Dimensional (a) Equation (b) Equation (3) (4)
correctness is dimensional is dimensional .............. ..............
wrong correct

18
Physics
MR* Q. Dimension of critical velocity V of liquid
flowing through the tube are expressed
Ans. (1) Must be physically wrong
as ηxδyrz, where η is coefficient of
(2) May or may not physically correct viscosity, δ is density of liquid and r is
(3) May or may be dimensionally correct radius of the tube then the value of x, y
(4) Must be dimensionally correct. and z are given by.
a (a) 1, 1, 1 (b) 1, –1, –1
Snth = u + (2n – 1)
2
(c) –1, –1, 1 (d) –1, –1, –1
(Snth → dimensionally correct because it
is displacement in one sec.) MR*

Q. If force, acceleration and time taken Velocity me mass hai nahi to η, δ and
as fundamental physical quantity then r ko arrange kar velocity lena hai hence
find dimension of energy? mass cancell, radius me bhi mass nahi
hai, δ = ML–3 and η = ML–1T–3
2 –1 2
(a) F A T (b) FAT
δ and η divide karne se mass kat jayga
(c) F–1AT–2 (d) FA–1T to ek ka power positive ek ka negative
MR* hona chahiya.
2 –2
E(ML T ) → Mass ka dimension force Q. If energy (E), velocity (V) and time
hi dega ek mass energy me hai to F
1
(T) are chosen as the fundamental
hona chahiye. quantities the dimensional formula of
Now L ka square hai ek length force dega surface tension will be
2 2
1
ek acceleration hence A hona chahiye. (a) EV T (b) EV2T–2
(c) EV–2T–2 (d) E–2V2T2
Q. Planks constant (h), speed of light (c),
gravitational constant (G) taken as MR*
–2
fundamental quantity then dimension MR* → Surface tension (MT ) Ramlal
of length in terms of them. yaha length nahi to length katne ka
socho. Sirf (c) me length kat ho raha hai.
hG hc
(a) (b) Limitation of dimensional analysis:
c3/ 2
G
(1) It is not use to derive dimensionless
hG Gc
(c) (d) physicall quantity and constant.
c5 / 2 h3/ 2
MR* (2) This can not decide weather the give
0 0
M T l = h c G X Y Z quantity is vector or a scalar.
(3) It can not be use to derive an equation
We need dimension of length, then mass
involving more than three physicall
should be cancell out by arranging h,
quantity.
c and G. c me to mass hai nahi; h →
2 –3
ML T and G = M–1L3T–2 to h and G (4) It can not derive dimensionless function
x
ko multiply karne se mass kat jayga. having sinθ, cosθ, e etc.
Hence option (b) and (d) wrong ho (5) Can not use if one quantity depends
gaya. Now option (a) and (c) dono me on two other quantity having same
root hai to root laga ke sirf length ka dimension.
dimension likho phir c se divide kar ke (6) It can not derive equation which cantain
1
ek length (L ) sirf rakho. +ve and –ve terms.

19
Units & Dimensions
INSTRUMENTS If nVsD Coincides with (n-1) MSD then:-
Least Count:- (n-1) MSD = nVSD
mm Vernier Screw
  1 VSD = n-1 MSD
Scale Scale Gauge n

  n-1 1MSD
LC = 1 MSD – n
MSD = n
1mm 0.1mm 0.01mm
Total
Vernier calipers:- = 1 MSR + coinciding ×LC
Reading VSR
L. C. = 1MSD - 1VSD
Vernier Screw
Jaws scale clamp
for measuring
outer
dimensions

Main scale Stem for measuring

depths

0 1 2 4 6 7 8 9 10

Jaws
for measuring
inner
dimensions

Screw gauge:-

Stud Pitch Scale Circular Scale

Screw
Ratchet

LSR = Linear
Thimble Scale
Reading
frame
CSR = Circular
Scale
Sleeve Reading

MSR
Pitch = Measured length Used instrument
no. of rotation
Pitch 1.56 cm vernier calliper
L.C. = 6.8 cm metre scale
Total no. of division on Circular Scale
8.96 mm screw gauge
Total 9.812 cm screw gaye
= 1 LSR +CSR × LC
Reading 8.3 mm vernier calliper

20
Physics
Accuracy: It is the measure of how close the Q. If true value of length is 6.57 m then
measured value is to the true value. Closness which of the following reading is most
of measured and true value. accurate and most precise.
(a) 6.52 m (b) 6.61 m
Precision: It tells us to what resolution or
(c) 6.513 m (d) 6.68 m
limit the quantity is measured.
Ans. Most accurate (b), most precise (c)
ERROR IN MEASUREMENT:-
Difference between true value
& measured value of a quantity

Systematic Errors Random Errors

Errors which tend to occur only in one Irregular and at random
direction, either positive or negative in magnitude & direction

Instrumental Experimental Personal

Due to inbuilt defect Limitation in experimental Due to individual bias, Lack of
of measuring instrument technique proper setting of apparatus
n
Absolute Error:- Δa = | ai – amean | nx = cost , n = no. of obserbation,
x = Random error
a1 + a2 .... +an

amean = n
n
 Always positive
 Unit and dimension same as physical quantity
 Least count error can be taken as
absolute error x
 It can not tell about accuracy of measurment  In 5 reading random error is 3% and
Δ amean systematic error is 4%. It we increased no.
Relative Error:- of observation to 30 then random error
amean
1/2% and systematic error remains 4%.
Δa1 + Δa2 .... + Δan
Δamean = n General Rule:-
Δamean Ap Bq
Percentage Error = × 100
Z = ,
amean
Cr
 Unit and dimension less
Then max. fracn relative error in Z

 It tell about accuracy of measurment will be:-
 Random error can be decreas by ΔZ ΔA ΔB ΔC
decreasing no of obserbation.
=P +q +r
Z A B C

21
Units & Dimensions
Combination of errors:-
Absolute error Relative Percentage error
Operations Formula Z
ΔZ error ΔZ/Z 100 × ΔZ/Z
Sum A + B ΔA + ΔB ΔA + ΔB ΔA + ΔB
× 100
A+B A+B
Difference A – B ΔA + ΔB ΔA + ΔB ΔA + ΔB
× 100
A–B A–B
Multiplication A × B AΔB + BΔA ΔA ΔB ΔA ΔB
+ + × 100
A B A B
Division A BΔA + AΔB ΔA ΔB ΔA ΔB
+ + × 100
B B 2
A B A B
Power An nAn–1 ΔA ΔA ΔA
n n × 100
A A
Root A1/n 1 1 ΔA 1 ΔA
A((1/n) – 1)ΔA × 100
n n A n A

MR* (a) one minute (b) half minute

 Addition/Substration me pahle absolute (c) one degree (d) half degree
error nikalenge phir relative.
Ans. MSD = 0.5°
 Power/multiplication/division me pahle 30 VSD = 29 MSD
relative error nikalenge phir absolute. Least Count
Example: y = 3A2 ← Power hai to direct = Length of 1 main scale division / No.
relative error likho, constant ko remove of divisions of Vernier scale
karo, power ko aage multiply kar do. = 0.5° / 30
∆y ∆A = 0.5 × 60min / 30
= 2×
y A = 1 min
Example: Q. A vernier callipers has 1 mm marks on
4
y = 2A B the main scale. It has 20 equal divisions
C
3
on the Vernier scale which match with
∆y ∆A ∆B ∆C 16 main scale divisions. For this Vernier
= 4× + 1× + 3×
y A 2 B C callipers, the least count
Q. In an experiment the angles are required (a) 0.02 mm (b) 0.05 mm
to be measured using an instrument. 29
(c) 0.1 mm (d) 0.2 mm
divisions of the main scale exactly coincide
with the 30 divisions of the vernier scale. Ans. MSD = 1 mm
If the smallest division of the main scale 20 VSD = 16 MSD
is half-a-degree (= 0.5°) then the least ⇒ VSD = 16/20 MSD = 0.8 MSD = 0.8 mm
count of the instrument is: Least Count = MSD–VSD = 1–0.8 = 0.2 mm

22
Physics
Q. If the error in the measurement of area ΔV 3 ΔA 3
100 × = × 100 = × 3 = 4.5%
of sphere is 3% then find percentage V 2 A 2
error in measurement of volume of
sphere ℓ
Q. If T = 2π then find percentage error
4 g
Ans. A = 4πr2 V = πr2
3 in measurement of acceleration due to
ΔA Δr gravity.
= 2 ...(1)
A r Ans. Ignore constant
ΔV Δr ℓ ℓ
= 3 ...(2) T2 = , g =
V r g T2
ΔV ΔA 3
(ii)/(i) = Δg Δℓ ΔT
V A = +2
2 g ℓ T

MR*
[kqy tk;saxs lHkh jkLrs]
rw #dkoVksa ls yM+ rks lghA
lc gksxk gkfly]
rw viuh ftn~n ij vM+ rks lghAA

23
Units & Dimensions