Exp 1: Compound Pendulum

Q. What is compound pendulum

A. A rigid body which can oscillate about horizontal axis under gravity is called a compound pendulum

Q. Is it superior to a simple pendulum? if so, why?

A. Yes because simple pendulum is an ideal conception but not realizable in practice. Here the length
of the equivalent simple pendulum and hence the value of g can be accurately found

It vibrates as a whole they're being no lag between the bob and the string as the case of a simple
pendulum

Due to its large mass the compound pendulum oscillates for a fairly long time etc.

Q. What is the disadvantage of compound pendulum

A. It drag some air during its vibration thus increasing the effective mass and hence the moment of
inertia

Q. What are the factors to be considered for which the value of g vary

• Effect of latitude
• Effect of rotation
• Effect of bulge at the equator
• Effect of elevated mass
• Effect of depth
• Local and temporal changes in the value of g

Q. What is the length of an equivalent simple pendulum

A. The land between point of suspension and point of acceleration is called the length of an
equivalent simple pendulum

Q. How the friction is reduced to minimum?

A. The pendulum is supported with the knife edge is resting on a glass plate mounted on a rigid
bracket which can be fixed on a wall. The plane of vibration of pendulum is made definite, the friction
is very small
Q. What do you mean by the terms, center of suspension and center of oscillation of a compound
pendulum?
A. If the period of oscillation of a rigid body about various point in it they found out, then we shall get
pairs of point which are asymmetrically situated with respect to C. G of the pendulum so that the
periods of oscillation about these two points (about which the pendulum oscillate) is called center of
suspension and the other point is called center of oscillation

Q. What are the errors of a compound

A.

Q. Will the period of a compound pendulum be the same at all places?

A. No, because the period depends on g which is different at different places

Q: What are the defects of the compound pendulum?

A: 1. C. Pendulum tends to frag some air with it, increasing its mass and moment of inertia of the
moving system.
2. The amplitude of oscillation is finite and needs some correction.

Q: Why do we use knife edge for compound pendulum?

A: A compound pendulum is suspended from a knife edge. A knife edge is often used as the pivot
point for a compound pendulum because it provides a very small contact area, which reduces friction
and allows for greater accuracy in measuring the period of the pendulum

Q: Why do we keep amplitude of oscillation between 4 degrees for compound pendulum

A: It is important to keep the amplitude of oscillation between 4 degrees, to ensure that the motion of
the pendulum remains approximately simple harmonic.
If the amplitude of the oscillation is too large, the motion of the pendulum may become nonlinear, and
the period of the pendulum may depend on the amplitude, which violates the assumption of simple
harmonic motion.
 Exp 5: Diffraction Grating

Q. What is a diffraction grating

A. If a number of similar and similarly oriented slits are arranged on a plane separated by equal or
opaque spaces, then they form a plane transmission grating. It can be made by drawing parallel and
equidistant thousands of lines per centimeter. On a glass plate by a diamond point

Q. What is a replica grating?

A. Replica creating a constructed from the original grating, possibly prepared by contact printing on a
fine Grant photographic plate

Q. What is grating element and corresponding points

A. If a be with off a slit and be with the width of an opaque space of grating then (a + b) is called the
grating element or grading constant. The two points in the consecutive slits which are separated by
distance (a + b) are called corresponding points

Q. What will happen if the number of rolling per centimeter N is increased or decreased
A. If increased, we shall get a few order numbers and bands separated by a large angle. If n is
decreased, we get several order numbers separated by a small angle

Q. What will happen if the total width of the creating is increased without changing the number of
rolling per centimeter?
A. Sharpness of the principal Maxima will increase and consequently that is having part of the grating
will increase

Q. What will happen if the rules surface of the grating is directed towards the collimator?
A. The incident dress will be first diffracted at the road surface and then will be again refracted by the
glass surface. That's the angle theta is not due to diffraction alone it will be due to diffraction and
refraction

Q. What will happen if the slits are illuminated by electric lamp?

A. The Central Bank will be white while all the other beds will get Spectra in which rate will be in the
outermost position and violet will be the most innermost position

Q. How does a grating spectrum differ from a prismatic spectrum

A. Reflection grating in which there is the absorption of light which occurs in transmission grating.
Hence reflection grating like concave reflection greeting are more suitable to study extreme ultraviolet
light

Q. What is ghost line

A when the rolling of the grating is not accurately parallel and the distance between the two
consecutive slits is not constant, some additional lines appear near real spatulence this additionalizer
called ghost lines

Q. What is a grating element?

A: A grating element refers to the individual slit or line within a grating structure that causes diffraction
of light waves, producing an interference pattern and ultimately a spectrum.

Q. What are corresponding points?

A: When two points in the consecutive slit are separated by a distance (a+b), the grating element then
these two points are known as corresponding points.

Q. What happens if the number of rulings per cm (N) is either increased or decreased?
A: If N ls increased, the order number will be few but they will be separated by a large angle. If N is
decreased, the order number will be large, but separated by a small angle.

Q. Why is it necessary that the ruled surface be directed towards the telescope?
A: If the ruled surface ls directed towards the collimator, then the incident rays will first fall on this
surface and will be diffracted. But then these diffracted rays will have to pass through a finite
thickness of the glass plate and as such will be refracted again. Hence the angle (0) measured, is not
due to diffraction alone, but will be due to combined effect of diffraction and refraction.

Q. How does a grating form a spectrum?

A: A grating separates white light into its constituent colors by diffracting the light waves at different
angles, producing a spectrum.

Q. How does this spectrum formed by a grating differ from that formed by a prism?
A: Provided the angle of diffraction 𝜃 ts not very large, then the angle of diffractlon ln the gratlng
spectrum ls proportional to 𝜆, but ln case of prismatic spectrum, the violet end is more drawn out than
the red end. Hence the spectrum formed by a gratlng may be regarded purer than that formed by the
prism.
Q. What do you mean by ghost lines?
A: If the rulings on a grating are not exactly equidistant or accurately parallel, then some additional
lines appear near the real spectral lines. These additional are called ghost lines.

Q. What do u mean by resolving power of a grating?

A: The resolving power of a grating refers to its ability to separate closely spaced spectral lines in a
spectrum

Q. What is meant by dispersive power of a grating?

A: The dispersive power of a grating refers to its ability to spread out different wavelengths of light and
produce a spectrum.
 Exp 6: Prism

Q. What is prism? define face, base, the edge, principal section and the angle of prism?
A. A prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract and reflect light
Edge the line along which the two faces meet is called the age of the prism

Q. Will it do if the middle of the prism is placed on the center of the prism table when the prism is
large one and the aperture of the telescope small?
A. Answer no because the race reflected from the age of the prison may not be received by the
telescope through set in proper direction

Q. How is then the prison placed

A. The prison should be placed with its age over the center of the prism table

Q. How does the derivation of a ray vary with its angle of incidence
A. The deviation becomes minimum at a particular angle of incidence it always increases when the
angle of incidence is either increasing or decreasing than that at which the deviation becomes
minimum

Q. How does the deviation change with color of light

A. Deviation is greater for violet than for red light

Q. What is the condition of minimum deviation

A. The angle of incident should be equal to the angle of emergence at the minimum deviation position

Q. What is monochromatic light and is sodium light strictly monochromatic

A. Light off a particular wavelength is called monochromatic light and no it contains two wavelength
values 5890 A'' and 589 A"

Q. Why do you take the sodium light instead of white light

A because sodium light gives a single image and a single value of minimum deviation while white light
gives a spectrum and the values of minimum deviation is different for different colors
Q. Will you get emergent ray for any incident ray on the prism
A. No for a prism of definite angle there is a certain range of angle of incidence within which emergent
rays are possible

Q. How does the deviation vary with the change of the angle of the prism
A. Deviation increases with the increase of the angle of the prism

Q. Why the spectrometer is levelled?

A. It is levels because otherwise the position of the image will be different of different position of the
telescope

Q. Why concentric circle and straight line are marked on the prism
A. Circles are required to make the center of the prism coincident with that of the present table
straight lines are used for optical leveling of the prism table so that refracting faces of the prism may
be vertical

Q. Why the telescope and calling meter are adjusted for parallel rays
A. As the angle of incidence will change with the position of the prism distance of the image formed
by the pizza will be different for different position so when the incident rays are either divergent or
convergent the image focused for the one position of the prison will be out of focus for other position if
the incident rays are parallel then both and object and the image of the preserve will be at infinity at
the telescope once focus for the image will remain so for every position of the prism

Q. Why reading of two Verniers are noted?

A. To avert the error arising out of the non-coincidence of the center of the circular scale with the axis
of rotation of the telescope

Q. To measure the angle of prism of a take prism why the age of the prism is placed at the center of
the table?
A The error in the measurement of a would be minimum by such placing

Q. Why the centers of the prism and the prism table are kept coincident while measuring the
minimum deviation of the thick prism
Hair up full pencil of light coming from the kilometer will be coincident on the prism and the image
would be bright
Q what different prostitutes are adapted to measure the angle of take and thin prism
A. The angle theta between the rays reflected from the two phases of prism of angle A is 2A. For thick
prism A is large and hence theta is also large. Thus, for greater accuracies the telescope is rotated to
measure theta and A becomes equal to theta by 2. A is very small and for greater accuracy the
present table is rotated by an angle theta to bring the rays reflected from the two faces of the prism
when telescope is fixed and A becomes equal to 180 to theta
 Exp 6: Polarimeter

Q what do you mean by the term optically active substance

A. The substances which rotate the plane of polarization of a polarized light, when that light passes
through it, unknown as optically active substance

Q. Are the optical activity of all substances identical?

A. No. Some substances rotate the plane of polarization towards left are known as leavo rotatory,
while some substances rotate the plane of polarization towards right and known as dextrorotation
substances

Q. Does the optical activity depend on the wavelength of light?

A. The rotation is approximately proportional to the inverse square of wavelength

Q. What is the meaning of the term rotatory dispersion

A. The phenomenon of the variation of rotation with the wavelength of light is known as rotatory
dispersion

Q. Define specific rotation for pure liquids and pure solids

A. For pure liquids, specific rotation is the rotation produced by unit density of liquid of one decimeter
in length that is s = rotation participator divided by density of the liquid. For pure solids the rotatory
power is very large specific rotation is the rotation produced by solid of 1 mm thick

Q. What do you mean by the molecular rotation

A. The specific rotation when manipulated by the molecular weight of the substance will be called
molecular rotation

Q how does rotation change with temperature

A. The rotatory power in solids (quartz sodium chlorate etc) increase the temperature while in liquids
(like turpentine oil essence of orange etc.) decrease with temperature

Q. Is that internal structure of the crystal responsible for the optical activity
A. Yes in crystals the atom and molecules are errands on a spiral they show rotation of the plane of
polarization
Q. Does a substance exhibits its optical activity in whatever state it is kept
A. Optically active substances are divided into two classes. In one the optical activity is retained in the
crystalline state, a few states or in the dissolved state as in lactic acid, many sugars, etc. In another
class, the activity is found with a crystallized state only. They lose their activity when they lose the
structure by fusion or solution.
 Exp 3: Tuning Fork

Q. What kind of vibrations are there in the transverse and longitudinal arrangement
A. Transverse vibration in both arrangement

Q. How does the transverse arrangement differ from a longitudinal arrangement

A. The frequency of the string in the longitudinal arrangement is half of that in the transverse
arrangement. In both cases same tuning for, same string and same tension are used

Q. How the tension will vary if the number of loops are kept the same in the two arrangement
A. Tension in the longitudinal arrangement will be 1/4 of that in the transverse arrangement

Q. What is the harm if the length between the pulley and scale pen is long
A. The mass of the string will increase the tension of the string

Q. Can you perform your experiment with the thick wire

A. The rigidity of the wire in addition to extension will have controlling force and the simple formula
employed will not hold good
 Exp 4: Newton Ring

Q what do you mean by the term interference of light

A. It is a phenomenon in which Equis based bright and dark bands are produced by the superposition
of the waves from the two sources of light having a constant phase relationship between them

Q what are the conditions of interference

A. Web must come from to coherent source which are divided from the same source and for
brightness and darkness at a point the path difference of the point from two quarant sources must be
respectively even or are multiples of lambda by 2

Q. How interference occurs in Newton ring

A. Here two waves obtained by reflection from the front and back surface of the air film are derived
from the same way front and hence coherent. These two reflected waves will produce interference.

Q. Is the central ring bright or dark explain

A. The central ring is dark due to change of face of pi by reflection from the denser medium, viz, glass
plate

Q. What happens when an illuminated slit is employed instead of any extended source
A. Only a portion of the drinks will be seen

Q. What happens when white light is used

A. The rings become colored and number of rings become smaller

Q. Is it possible to see the central ring bright?

A. Yes, when the rings are seen with transmitted light

Q. Where the rings are formed?

A. The rings are formed in the air enclosed between the lens L1 and the glass plate P1

Q. Can refractive index of a liquid be measured by using this apparatus

A. Yes, by enclosing the liquid between the lens and the glass plate
Q. Will the ring contract or expand when air film is placed by liquid film?
A. The rings will contract

Q. How did the rings equally spaced

A. No, width of rings become smaller as the diameter of the ring increases

Q. Why the center French be broad instead of a point?

A. Because of presence of dust particles and because of distortion produced by pressure, the contact
between the lens and the plate is not at a point

Q. Why lens are fairly large radius of curvature is taken?

A. To have diameter of the rings large