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Chapter-5_Analog and Digital Signals

The document discusses the concepts of analog and digital signals used for transmitting information, particularly in multimedia applications. It explains the differences between static and continuous media, the roles of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) and Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC), and the characteristics of sound waves. Additionally, it covers digital audio recording, quality factors, and the process of digitizing sound through sampling.

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3 views

Chapter-5_Analog and Digital Signals

The document discusses the concepts of analog and digital signals used for transmitting information, particularly in multimedia applications. It explains the differences between static and continuous media, the roles of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) and Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC), and the characteristics of sound waves. Additionally, it covers digital audio recording, quality factors, and the process of digitizing sound through sampling.

Uploaded by

aalwabel2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multimedia

Chapter-5

Analog and Digital Signals

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Multimedia

Introduction
• Analog and Digital signals are used to transmit information, usually through electric
signals.
• In both these technologies, the information such as any audio or video, is transformed
into electric signals.
Static and Continuous Media
 Static or Discrete Media
 Some media is time independent.
 Normal data, text, single images, graphics are examples.
 Continuous media
 Time dependent Media.
 Video, animation and audio are examples.

Analog & Digital Signals

 Analog signals
 Analog signals are continuous signals must be converted or digitised for
computer processing.
 Digital Signals
 Digital signals are discrete digital signals that computer can readily deal with.

Analog and Digital Signal Converters

 Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

 Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)

 Analog-to-Digital-to-Analog Pipeline

Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)


 Special hardware devices for Analog-to-Digital converters.
 Take analog signals from analog sensor (e.g. microphone) and digitally sample data.

Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)

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Multimedia
 Playback – a converse operation to Analog-to-Digital.

 Takes digital signal, possible after modification by computer.(e.g. volume change,

equalisation)

 Outputs an analog signal that may be played by analog output device. (e.g.

loudspeaker, CRT display)

Analog-to-Digital-to-Analog Pipeline

 Begins at the conversion from the analog input and ends at the conversion from the

output of the processing system to the analog output as shown:

Digital Audio
What is Sound?
 Sound comprises the spoken word, voices, music and even noise.
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Multimedia
 It is a complex relationship involving a vibrating object (sound source), a transmission
medium (usually air), a receiver (ear) and a perceptor (brain).
Source — Generates Sound
 Air Pressure changes
 Electrical — Loud Speaker
 Acoustic — Direct Pressure Variations
Destination — Receives Sound
 Electrical — Microphone produces electric signal
 Ears — Responds to pressure hear sound

Digital Audio Recording

Digital Audio Quality


The quality and size of digital audio depends on:
◦ The sampling rate
◦ The sample size
◦ The number of channels
◦ The time span of the recording

Characteristics of Sound Waves


◦ Sound is described in terms of two characteristics:
◦ Frequency
◦ Amplitude (or loudness)

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Multimedia
◦ Frequency
◦ the rate at which sound is measured
◦ Number of cycles per second or Hertz (Hz)
◦ Determines the pitch of the sound as heard by our ears.
◦ Amplitude
◦ Sound’s intensity or loudness
◦ The louder the sound, the larger amplitude.

Digitising Sound

◦ Microphone produces analog signal.

◦ Computer like discrete entities

◦ Need specialised hardware to convert Analog-to-Digital.

◦ Also known as Sampling or Digital Sampling.

◦ Sampling basically involves:

◦ Measuring the analog signal at regular discrete intervals.

◦ Recording the value at these points.

Sample Rates and Bit Size

How do we store each sample value (Quantisation)?

◦ 8 Bit Value (0-255)

◦ 16 Bit Value (Integer) (0-65535)

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Multimedia
How many Samples to take?

◦ 11.025 KHz — Speech (Telephone 8 KHz)

◦ 22.05 KHz — Low Grade Audio(WWW Audio, AM Radio)

◦ 44.1 KHz — CD Quality

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