CHAPTER 4

SIMULATION AND RESULTS

4.1 SIMULATION OF SOFT SWITCHING ZVS BUCK

CONVERTER

The MATLAB Simulink model presented above illustrates the working of a soft-switching
buck converter designed with an emphasis on Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS). The simulation
aims to reduce switching losses by ensuring that the main switching device operates under
zero voltage conditions during transitions. At the input, a pulse generator delivers the gating
signal that governs the MOSFET operation. The signal passes through logical control blocks,
including data type conversion and logical AND gates, to synchronize switching events
precisely.

A current sensor monitors the inductor current, feeding the result into control loops to
enhance switching accuracy. The power stage features a MOSFET switch, a freewheeling
diode, a main inductor, and a second resonant inductor, allowing for the creation of resonant
transitions that facilitate soft switching. Voltage sensors and current sensors are strategically
placed to capture real-time electrical parameters like inductor current and output voltage.
These values are routed to a scope for monitoring and a multiplexer block labeled "inputs1"
for possible control purposes or analysis. The double-diode configuration near the output aids
in energy recovery and ensures continuity of current flow. A capacitor-resistor pair forms the
output filter, stabilizing the voltage delivered to the load. The output voltage, labeled as Vo, is
monitored for further feedback or performance evaluation.

The model operates in continuous mode, indicative of continuous conduction in the inductor.
This circuit is typically employed in applications requiring efficient DC-DC conversion, such
as in renewable energy systems and electric vehicles. The arrangement of passive and active
components demonstrates a refined design tailored for reduced electromagnetic interference
and enhanced thermal performance. Overall, the model represents a practical and energy-
efficient solution for modern power electronic applications, integrating simulation tools for
detailed analysis.
Parameter design

S.NO PARAMETER VALUE

1. Input voltage 20V

2. Output voltage 13V
3. Resonant inductor 1µH
4. Resonant capacitor 0.047µF
5. Switching frequency 363kHZ
6. Resonant frequency 232.1kHZ

SIMULATION DIAGRAM

Figure 4.1 Simulink model of zvs buck converter

Simulation results

Figure 4.1.2 simulated output voltage and current

4.2 SIMULATION OF OPEN LOOP HALF BRIDGE SERIES

RESONANT CONVERTER
This MATLAB Simulink circuit diagram represents a well-structured DC-AC inverter system
designed for power conversion applications, integrating a mix of control logic, switching
mechanisms, and power electronic components. At the heart of the system is a DC voltage
source labeled "Vdc," which supplies power to the inverter. The circuit employs Insulated
Gate Bipolar Transistors as switching devices, arranged in a full-bridge inverter configuration
to convert DC power into AC output. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control logic is
implemented using sine wave generators and comparison blocks, which regulate the gate
signals of the MOSFET.

Logical gates such as AND and NOT blocks process these signals to ensure synchronized
switching. The circuit incorporates measurement blocks to monitor voltages across the
switches and the load, providing real-time data for analysis. A low-pass filter is present on the
AC side to smoothen the output waveform, reducing harmonics and improving power quality.
The voltage across the load, labeled "vo11," is observed and recorded using a scope for
performance evaluation. The load side also includes diode arrangements and a resistive-
capacitive network to simulate real-world loading conditions.
Control signals "s1" and "s2" dictate the operation of the switches based on the PWM logic,
and feedback loops help in adjusting the switching pattern dynamically. Additionally, display
and scope blocks visualize critical signals, assisting in debugging and validation. This
simulation is run in continuous time mode, as indicated by the "powergui" block.

The architecture is modular, making it suitable for further development like grid-tied systems
or renewable integration. Overall, this model provides a clear and detailed framework for
understanding the working of inverter circuits and their control strategies in MATLAB
Simulink.

PARAMETERS

S.NO PARAMETER VALUE

1. DC Input Voltage 48V
2. Output Voltage 13.2V
3. Load Resistance 10Ω
5. Load Capacitance 100µ
7. Resonant capacitor 40µC
8. Resonant Inductor 290µH

SIMULATION DIAGRAM

figure 4.2 simulink model of open loop half bridge resonant converter
This MATLAB Simulink model illustrates a single-phase full-bridge inverter topology,
developed for efficient DC to AC power conversion. The circuit initiates with a DC voltage
source denoted as Vdc, which supplies the fundamental energy to the inverter. Four IGBT
switches are arranged in an H-bridge configuration, acting as the principal switching
components that alternate the DC input polarity to synthesize an AC output. Control of these
switches is achieved through a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) strategy, where sine and
triangular waveforms are compared using logical blocks, such as AND and NOT, generating
gate signals s1 and s2. These signals ensure the alternating conduction of switches, producing
a bipolar voltage waveform. Measurement blocks monitor intermediate voltages like vab and
output voltage vo11, while scope and display components visualize them in real-time. The
output of the inverter passes through a low-pass LC filter made of capacitors and inductive
reactance (via diodes and passive components) to attenuate high-frequency harmonics. The
resistive-capacitive load mimics real-world conditions, allowing analysis of power delivery
characteristics. A set of diodes ensures freewheeling paths for current during the switch-off
intervals, supporting continuous operation. Feedback connections refine the control system,
maintaining waveform symmetry and signal integrity. The powergui block enables
continuous simulation, essential for modeling real-time switching effects. The modularity of
the layout supports modifications for advanced applications like grid synchronization or
renewable energy systems. Additionally, voltage sensors provide dynamic tracking of the
inverter’s behavior under load. The circuit also includes phase-control provisions to fine-tune
output frequency and voltage. In essence, this model embodies a clear, functionally accurate
representation of a single-phase inverter with robust control logic, making it an ideal platform

for educational experiments and advanced project development.

SIMULATION RESULTS OF OPEN LOOP HALF BRIDGE
SERIES RESONANT CONVERTER

Figure 4.2.2 simulation of output voltage and current

The waveforms demonstrates a smooth and stable operation, as observed from the output
voltage Vo and current Io waveforms. Initially, both voltage and current start from zero,
indicating the system is powered on at time zero. Shortly after, the voltage begins to rise
gradually and stabilizes quickly at around 13 volts. The current follows a similar pattern,
settling at approximately 1.3 amperes. Both waveforms are smooth, with no signs of
overshoot, oscillations, or ripple, which suggests that the circuit is well-designed and likely
includes effective filtering and a feedback control mechanism. The absence of noise or
fluctuation indicates that capacitive and possibly inductive components are functioning
properly to maintain a clean DC output. The system reaches a steady state rapidly, showing a
fast transient response and good stability under load conditions. This kind of behavior is
typical for a regulated power supply or a DC-DC converter, such as a buck converter,
operating efficiently. The circuit likely includes components like voltage regulators,
switching devices, and filtering elements to maintain consistent output despite any minor
disturbances. Overall, the performance of the circuit is reliable and efficient, maintaining the
desired output voltage and current with precision throughout the simulation or measurement
period.
 Figure 4.2.3 simulation of voltage measurement and current measurement

The circuit behavior shown in the waveforms clearly reflects the operation of a switching
converter, likely a pulse-width modulation (PWM) based converter such as a buck or boost
converter. The voltage waveform exhibits a sharp rectangular pattern, toggling between 0 V
and approximately 50 V at a regular interval, which is characteristic of a high-frequency
switching signal. This square wave behavior confirms the presence of a switch, such as a
MOSFET or IGBT, that continuously turns on and off to regulate energy transfer. The current
waveform, on the other hand, is much smoother and appears to ripple gently around a small
value, showing the inductor’s role in shaping the current and preventing abrupt changes. The
voltage pulses are consistent in height and width, indicating stable operation and good control
of the duty cycle. The switching frequency remains constant, and there is no irregularity or
distortion, suggesting that the PWM control signal is properly tuned. The small amplitude
ripples in the current waveform are expected and show the natural energy storage and release
in the inductor. These ripples remain within safe limits, meaning the converter design
effectively minimizes excessive current variation. The voltage waveform does not dip or
overshoot, indicating that the switching device is functioning efficiently with minimal losses
or delays. The timing of voltage and current responses is synchronized, confirming
coordinated switching and load management. The entire circuit operates with a high degree of
precision, likely aided by a feedback control loop that maintains output conditions. The
consistent waveform behavior suggests the load is stable and not drawing excessive or
fluctuating power. The switching signals are clean and repetitive, showing that there is no
noise interference affecting the control system. This kind of performance is typical in well-
designed DC-DC converters used in power supplies and renewable energy systems. Overall,
the circuit shows reliable high-frequency switching, stable current control, and efficient
energy conversion.

Figure 4.2.4 simulation of pulse across switches S1,S2

The waveforms above clearly illustrate the switching behavior of two signals, labeled s1 and
s2, which most likely represent gate signals for switches in a power electronic converter—
possibly a full-bridge or half-bridge inverter. Both signals are sharp, high-frequency square
waves, oscillating cleanly between 0 and 1, which corresponds to OFF and ON states of the
switches. The pulses are tightly spaced, indicating a high switching frequency, which is
typical in efficient and modern converter designs to reduce the size of passive components
and improve dynamic response. The signal s1 (blue) and s2 (red) appear to alternate or
complement each other in timing, which helps avoid short circuits (shoot-through) and
ensures smooth transition of power delivery. There is no visible jitter or distortion in either
signal, suggesting that the pulse-width modulation (PWM) control circuit is functioning
reliably. The consistency in the pulse width also indicates a fixed duty cycle during this
interval of operation, implying that the load condition or reference input is steady. These gate
signals are likely fed into MOSFETs or IGBTs, turning them on and off rapidly to shape the
output waveform or control the energy flow. The timing precision between s1 and s2 is
crucial in avoiding overlap, and the graph confirms there is proper dead time or non-
overlapping control logic in place. The clean transitions from high to low and vice versa
imply minimal switching delay or bounce, which helps in reducing switching losses. Overall,
the signals reflect a healthy and efficient switching operation that forms the foundation of
power conversion in DC-AC or DC-DC systems. The controller driving these signals appears
to be synchronized, stable, and highly responsive, ensuring safe and efficient circuit
performance. This kind of switching pattern is essential in ensuring energy is delivered with
high precision, minimal losses, and effective regulation.

Figure 4.2.4 simulation of resonant voltage and resonant current

The waveform shown above represents the output voltage (Vr) and current (Ir) of a power
electronic converter, likely a single-phase inverter or DC-AC converter. The voltage
waveform (in blue) is a high-frequency pulsed signal with sharp transitions, which is a typical
indication of pulse-width modulation (PWM) being used to approximate a sinusoidal output.
The voltage swings rapidly between positive and negative peaks, closely mimicking a square
waveform, suggesting that this is the raw unfiltered inverter output. On the other hand, the
current waveform (in red) appears as a smooth sinusoid, indicating that an output filter—
possibly an LC filter—is effectively shaping the high-frequency voltage pulses into a clean
AC current. This is a desirable behavior, especially for grid-connected or load-sensitive
applications, where sinusoidal current is essential for minimizing harmonics and improving
power quality. The presence of these voltage spikes at high switching frequency ensures that
the inverter can regulate energy delivery precisely while still relying on the filter to manage
the final waveform shape. The current waveform is in phase with the voltage envelope,
implying a resistive or near-unity power factor load. This operation indicates efficient energy
transfer with minimal reactive power. The consistent magnitude of the voltage peaks and the
stable current amplitude suggest the system is operating under steady-state conditions without
distortion or instability. The circuit is clearly well-tuned, with timing and filtering working
together to convert the high-frequency PWM voltage into usable AC current. This behavior is
characteristic of modern inverters used in renewable energy systems, such as solar or battery
inverters, where clean sinusoidal output is mandatory. The voltage waveform serves as a
carrier for power delivery, while the current waveform reflects the actual usable output to the
load.
 CHAPTER-5

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the simulation and experimental investigations carried out on the Buck ZVS
DC-DC converter successfully validate the proposed design approach introduced in this
project. The primary aim of this work focuses on developing a simplified, efficient, and
reliable method for designing power converters without the need for overly complex
calculations or intricate mathematical formulations. The proposed method streamlines the
selection and configuration of key circuit elements, making the design process accessible and
practical, especially for applications requiring high efficiency and reduced switching losses.
Throughout the simulations, it becomes evident that employing Zero Voltage Switching
(ZVS) techniques effectively minimizes voltage stress across the switching devices, thereby
enhancing their operational lifespan and overall converter reliability.

The study continuously emphasizes achieving soft-switching conditions to improve thermal

performance and electromagnetic compatibility. By ensuring that the main power switches
transition at zero voltage, the converter significantly reduces switching losses and mitigates

unwanted noise generation. Additionally, the detailed parameter selection for resonant
components and the integration of effective control logic contribute to stable and precise
output regulation. The simulation results consistently demonstrate clean, ripple-free output
voltages and currents, indicating well-designed filtering and feedback mechanisms.

Furthermore, the modular and adaptable nature of the developed models provides a solid

foundation for future advancements, such as integrating renewable energy systems or

supporting electric vehicle applications. The authors plan to extend this research by
optimizing the design methodology even further, aiming to make the selection of resonant
components and other circuit parameters more straightforward and intuitive. This would not
only enhance ease of implementation but also lower the voltage stress imposed on power
transistors, ultimately improving the converter’s durability and performance. Overall, this
project establishes a practical, experimentally verified framework for high-efficiency, low-
stress DC-DC converter designs suitable for a wide range of modern power electronics

applications.

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