SHALOM HILLS INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

CLASS X
ECONOMICS
CHAPTER - 1 DEVELOPMENT
NOTES
Key Terms to Understand

○​ Per Capita Income

○​ Literacy Rate
○​ Infant Mortality Rate
○​ Attendance Ratio
○​ Life Expectancy
○​ Gross Enrolment Ratio
○​ Human Development Index (HDI)​

●​ Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is also introduced as a concept for calculating Gross National Income per
capita. This concept is important in understanding the differences in income across countries and will be
explained further.​

Idea of Development

Introduction to Development and Progress

●​ Development or progress is a concept that has always been present in human societies. We have desires and
aspirations about how we want to live and what we want to achieve, both individually and as a nation.
●​ Questions central to development include:
○​ What are the essential needs for a better life?
○​ Can life be improved for everyone?
○​ How should people live together in a society?
○​ Is it possible to create more equality?

Understanding Development

●​ Development involves addressing these fundamental questions and finding ways to work towards achieving
these goals.
●​ This is a complex task that requires careful consideration of various factors, including economic, social, and
political aspects.
●​ In this chapter, the goal is to introduce the basic ideas surrounding development. A deeper exploration of
these issues will take place in higher education classes.

Connection Between Subjects

●​ Development is not limited to economics alone. To fully understand development, insights from other
subjects, such as history and political science, are also crucial.
●​ Our present way of life is shaped by the past—therefore, to desire change, it is essential to be aware of
history and the historical context in which we live.
 ●​ Achieving development goals can only happen through a democratic political process, where different
perspectives and voices can contribute to real-world change.

The Role of Democracy in Development

●​ The process of development requires active participation from all members of society.
●​ Democracy allows for the realization of collective hopes and possibilities by providing a platform for
everyone to be involved in the decision-making process.

Key Idea

●​ A powerful statement about development is:

○​ “Without me they cannot develop... in this system I cannot develop!”
●​ This highlights the interdependence between individuals and society in the development process,
emphasizing that true progress cannot happen unless every individual is considered and included.

What Development Promises — Different People, Different Goals

Different Notions of Development

●​ Development means different things to different people, as they have varying aspirations and desires.
●​ People prioritize what matters most to them, and at times, these priorities may conflict. For example:
○​ Gender Equality: A girl may want equal freedom and opportunity as her brother, but her brother may
not agree with sharing household work.
○​ Infrastructure vs. Displacement: Industrialists might want larger dams for more electricity, but this
could displace tribal people, affecting their lives and livelihoods. They may prefer smaller check dams
or tanks to irrigate their land instead.

Key Points:

1.​ Different Development Goals: Different people or groups have different developmental goals.
2.​ Conflicting Views: What might be considered development by one person or group may not be seen the
same way by another. In some cases, it might even be harmful or destructive to others.

Income and Other Goals

●​ Common Desire for Income: A recurring goal for many people is to earn a regular income, better wages, or a
fair price for their products.
●​ Non-Material Goals: Apart from income, people also seek equality, freedom, security, and respect. These
non-material needs are just as important as material wealth.
○​ Example: A job with high pay may offer financial benefits, but if it lacks security or time for family, it
can reduce one's quality of life.

Quality of Life Beyond Income:

●​ Development is not just about material goods. Many factors, such as friendship, security, respect, and
personal freedom, are non-material but essential for a fulfilling life.
●​ Even when considering a job opportunity, people weigh factors like:
○​ Family facilities
○​ Working atmosphere
 ○​ Opportunities for personal growth
○​ Job security

Women’s Role in Development:

●​ When women are involved in paid work, it boosts their dignity both in the household and society.
●​ The ability to share housework and societal acceptance of women working outside are also essential factors
in women’s empowerment.
●​ A safe and secure environment can enable more women to take on diverse jobs or start businesses, which
contributes to overall development.

National Development and Conflicting Goals

●​ Since individuals and groups have differing developmental goals, their ideas of national development also
vary.
●​ Different people in a society may have different answers about what the country should do for development.
●​ These varying perspectives can often lead to conflicting ideas about what constitutes development.

Developmental Goals of Different People

Category of Person Developmental Goals

Landless rural laborers More workdays, better wages, quality education for children, no social discrimination

Prosperous farmers Higher income through support prices, cheap labor, foreign education for children

Farmers relying on rainfall Availability of irrigation facilities, better seeds, crop insurance

Rural women from Equal opportunities as men, decision-making freedom

land-owning families

Urban unemployed youth Secure job opportunities, skill development, social security

Adivasi from Narmada Protection of land, community rights, sustainable development

Valley

Income and Other Goals – Detailed Notes

1. Key Idea: Development is More Than Just Income

●​ When we examine what people desire, we notice common needs:

○​ Regular work.
○​ Better wages.
○​ A fair price for their agricultural produce.
●​ This means that people want more income because it helps them access essential goods and services.

2. Non-Material Goals Matter Too

●​ Besides income, people seek:

○​ Equal treatment (no discrimination).
○​ Freedom (personal and economic freedom).
 ○​ Security (job security and safety).
○​ Respect (social status and dignity).
●​ These non-material aspects are sometimes more important than income.
●​ For example:
○​ A person may reject a high-paying job if it lacks security and stability.
○​ Discrimination and lack of freedom can make life difficult, even if income is high.

3. Money vs. Quality of Life

●​ While money is a crucial factor, it is not the only thing that determines quality of life.
●​ Non-material aspects play a significant role in well-being.
●​ Example: The role of friendship.
○​ Having friends brings emotional support.
○​ Friendships cannot be measured in money but add significant value to life.

Employment and Job Choices

●​ When choosing a job, people do not just look at salary. Other factors include:
○​ Location (is it far from home?).
○​ Facilities for family (education, healthcare).
○​ Work environment (safe, respectful).
○​ Opportunities for learning and growth.
●​ A lower-paying job with stability and benefits may be preferred over a high-paying but insecure job.

5. Gender Equality and Social Development

●​ Women in the workforce contribute to economic and social development.

●​ Respect for women leads to:
○​ More sharing of housework.
○​ Greater acceptance of women working outside the home.
○​ A safer and more secure society where women can work freely.
○​ Women taking up a variety of jobs or even starting businesses.
●​ Development is not just about income, but also about social progress.

1. Why do different people have different notions of development?

●​ (a) Because people are different.

●​ (b) Because life situations of people are different.
●​ Answer: (b) is more important because different circumstances shape different needs and priorities.

2. Do the following statements mean the same? Justify.

●​ (a) People have different developmental goals.

●​ (b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
●​ Answer: No, these are not the same.
○​ Different developmental goals mean people prioritize different things based on their needs.
○​ Conflicting goals suggest one person's development may hinder another's.

3. Give examples where non-income factors are important for development.

 ●​ Job security and stability.
●​ Education and healthcare access.
●​ Social equality and respect.
●​ A pollution-free environment.

4. Summarizing the Key Ideas

●​ Development includes both income-related and non-income factors.

●​ Social aspects like equality, security, and dignity play a crucial role.
●​ Job stability and respect may be preferred over just a high salary.
●​ Women's empowerment is essential for development.
●​ True progress includes economic, social, and personal well-being.
●​ Development is a combination of multiple factors, not just income.
●​ Social and non-material aspects often define quality of life more than money.

Key Questions for National Development:

1.​ Can all ideas be equally important?​

No, all ideas are not equally important. Some ideas contribute more significantly to economic growth, social
welfare, and sustainability, while others may only benefit a small section of society.​

2.​ How do we resolve conflicts between differing ideas?​

Conflicts can be resolved through democratic discussions, negotiations, government policies, and ensuring
that development benefits all sections of society fairly.​

3.​ What would be a fair and just development path for all?​
A fair and just development path ensures economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social equality,
providing opportunities and resources to all people, including marginalized communities.​

4.​ Would a particular development idea benefit the majority or just a small group?​
It depends on the idea. Some policies, like public healthcare and education, benefit the majority, while
others, like tax cuts for large corporations, may benefit only a small group. Fair development should focus on
benefiting the majority.​
_________________________________________________________________________________
●​ National development involves addressing such questions and finding solutions that balance the needs and
desires of various individuals and groups.
●​ The process requires careful consideration of different perspectives and an effort to create a development
path that benefits a larger number of people, rather than just a select few.

Developmental Goals for a community

Let's assume the area is a community that needs development. The developmental goals for such an area should
focus on the following:

●​ Basic Infrastructure: Ensuring access to clean water, sanitation, electricity, roads, and transport systems.
●​ Healthcare: Building hospitals, clinics, and providing health services to ensure the well-being of the
population.
●​ Education: Establishing schools and vocational training centers to promote literacy and skills development.
●​ Economic Opportunities: Encouraging job creation, entrepreneurship, and small-scale industries to reduce
poverty.
 ●​ Environment Sustainability: Implementing strategies to protect the environment, reduce pollution, and
ensure safe waste disposal.
●​ Safety & Security: Ensuring a safe environment by improving law enforcement, emergency services, and
disaster preparedness.

2. Newspaper Report: Toxic Waste Dumping Incident in Abidjan

●​ Situation Recap: A multinational company contracted a local company to dispose of toxic waste. This waste
was dumped into open-air dumps in the city of Abidjan, Ivory Coast, and the surrounding sea. The toxic
fumes caused a range of health issues, leading to deaths, hospitalizations, and widespread poisoning
symptoms.

(i) Who Benefited and Who Did Not?

●​ Beneficiaries:
○​ The multinational company, which saved on disposal costs by outsourcing the waste disposal to a
local company, likely avoided penalties and regulatory oversight by engaging in illegal dumping.
○​ The local company involved in waste disposal might have been financially compensated for their
services, benefiting from the contract.
●​ Non-Beneficiaries:
○​ Local residents of Abidjan who suffered from health problems, including nausea, skin rashes, fainting,
and diarrhoea, due to the toxic fumes and contamination.
○​ Public health and emergency services, which were overwhelmed by the situation, treating thousands
of people for poisoning.
○​ The environment and natural resources, which were damaged by the toxic waste dumped into the
sea and open-air sites.

(ii) What Should Be the Developmental Goal for This Country?

●​ Environmental Protection: Ivory Coast must prioritize environmental health, ensuring strict regulations on
waste management and reducing industrial pollution.
●​ Public Health: The country should improve healthcare infrastructure, especially in dealing with chemical
poisoning, and create systems for prompt medical response.
●​ Economic Growth: Development should focus on building industries that are safe for the environment and
public health, moving away from harmful practices.
●​ Regulatory Framework: Strengthen legal frameworks to hold both local and multinational companies
accountable for hazardous waste disposal and environmental degradation.

3. Developmental Goals for Your Village, Town, or Locality

Developmental goals will depend on the specific needs of the area, but general goals could include:

●​ Infrastructure Development: Building or upgrading roads, bridges, and providing access to utilities like water
and electricity.
●​ Improving Education & Skills: Creating schools and vocational centers to enhance literacy rates and job
readiness for the population.
●​ Public Health Services: Establishing healthcare facilities to meet the basic health needs of the community.
●​ Employment & Economic Growth: Fostering local businesses, agriculture, and small industries to generate
income and reduce poverty.
●​ Environmental Sustainability: Ensuring proper waste management, water conservation, and creating green
spaces to improve quality of life.
 ●​ Safety & Security: Strengthening local law enforcement and emergency response systems to ensure safety in
the community.

4. Controversy and Varied Views on Development

Development is a multifaceted concept that can have conflicting interpretations depending on people's priorities.
The following are potential sources of controversy:

●​ Economic vs. Environmental Development: Some may argue that economic growth is the top priority, while
others will emphasize the importance of preserving the environment for long-term sustainability.
●​ Urbanization vs. Rural Development: People in rural areas may argue for greater investment in rural
development to improve their living conditions, while those in urban areas may prioritize infrastructure and
services in cities.
●​ Indigenous vs. Modern Approaches: Some may prefer development that respects traditional lifestyles and
values, while others might advocate for modern technological advancements and urbanization.

Development and Income Comparison

Understanding Development and Comparisons

●​ Definition of Development: Development can have different meanings based on context.

●​ Classification of Countries: Some countries are termed developed while others are called underdeveloped
or developing based on certain criteria.
●​ Comparing Different Entities:
○​ Comparisons involve similarities and differences.
○​ Example: Students in a class can be compared based on:
■​ Height
■​ Health
■​ Talents
■​ Interests
○​ However, different students excel in different areas (e.g., intelligence vs. friendliness).
○​ Purpose of Comparison:
■​ Choosing a team for sports, debate, music, or organizing an event requires different criteria.
■​ All-round progress of students would require a broader set of characteristics.

Basis for Comparison in Development

●​ To compare people or countries, we select certain important characteristics.

●​ Differences in opinion may exist on what characteristics are most relevant, e.g.:
○​ Friendliness and cooperation
○​ Creativity
○​ Academic performance (marks secured)

Income as a Criterion for Development

●​ Income is a key measure for comparing countries.

●​ Countries with higher income are considered more developed than those with lower income.
●​ Reasoning: Higher income means greater access to goods and services needed for a better standard of living.
●​ Income and Well-being:
○​ Whatever people need can be obtained more easily with greater income.
 ○​ Thus, higher income is considered an important goal of development.

Measuring a Country’s Income

●​ Total Income:
○​ The sum of incomes of all residents of a country.
○​ However, total income is not useful for comparing countries with different population sizes.
●​ Average Income (Per Capita Income):
○​ Formula: Total income of the country ÷ Total population
○​ More relevant for comparing standards of living between countries.
○​ Also known as per capita income.

World Bank Classification of Countries

●​ World Development Reports by the World Bank classify countries based on per capita income.
●​ Income Categories (2019 data):
○​ High-income countries: Per capita income ≥ US$ 49,300 per year.
○​ Low-income countries: Per capita income ≤ US$ 2,500 per year.
○​ India’s classification:
■​ Falls under low middle-income countries.
■​ India’s per capita income in 2019: US$ 6,700 per year.
●​ Developed Countries:
○​ Rich countries, excluding the Middle East and some small nations, are typically classified as
developed.

Key Takeaways

1.​ Development has multiple dimensions, and comparisons depend on selected criteria.
2.​ Income is a widely used measure of development.
3.​ Per capita income is more useful than total income for comparing countries.
4.​ World Bank categorizes countries based on per capita income.
5.​ India falls in the low middle-income group as of 2019.

Analysis:

●​ Concept of Average Income: While useful for

comparison, it hides disparities in income distribution.
●​ Comparison of Two Countries (A & B):
○​ Country A: Higher and more evenly distributed
income.
○​ Country B: Extreme inequality (most citizens
are poor, one person is extremely rich).
●​ Key Takeaway: A country with equitable income
distribution (like A) is preferred, as it ensures better
living conditions for the majority.
●​ Lesson on Development: Average income alone is not
enough to measure true development; distribution of
income matters.
 1.​ Three examples where averages are used for comparisons:
○​ Comparing students' academic performance (average marks).
○​ Analyzing a country’s economic growth (GDP per capita).
○​ Measuring the average temperature of a city to assess climate changes.
2.​ Why is average income an important criterion for development?
○​ It helps compare economic conditions between countries.
○​ Higher average income indicates better access to goods and services.
○​ However, it does not reflect income inequality.
3.​ Besides per capita income, what other property is important for comparing two societies?
○​ Health indicators: Life expectancy, infant mortality rate.
○​ Education levels: Literacy rate, enrollment in schools.
○​ Quality of life: Availability of clean water, employment opportunities.
4.​ If the average income of a country increases over time, can we conclude that all sections of the economy
have benefited?
○​ No, not necessarily.
○​ Growth in average income does not mean everyone’s income has increased equally.
○​ Example: If the richest people earn much more while the poor remain at the same level, inequality
increases.
5.​ Write a paragraph on what India should do to become a developed country.
○​ India should focus on:
■​ Reducing income inequality by fair wealth distribution.
■​ Improving education and healthcare for all.
■​ Boosting industrial growth and employment opportunities.
■​ Enhancing infrastructure (transport, electricity, digital connectivity).
■​ Sustainable development to balance economic growth with environmental protection.

Income and Other Criteria – Comparative Analysis of Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar

1. Income as a Measure of Development

●​ Table 1.3 (Per Capita Income for 2018-19):

○​ Haryana: ₹2,36,147 (highest among the three states).
○​ Kerala: ₹2,04,105.
○​ Bihar: ₹40,982 (lowest among the three).
●​ Observations:
○​ Higher per capita income suggests better economic conditions.
○​ Bihar lags significantly behind Haryana and Kerala in income levels.
○​ However, income alone does not define development—other factors such as health, education, and
equality are also crucial.

2. Health and Education Indicators (Table 1.4)

A. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) (per 1,000 live births in 2018)

●​ Kerala: 7 (lowest, indicating better healthcare).

●​ Haryana: 30 (almost 3 times Kerala’s IMR).
●​ Bihar: 32 (highest, showing poor healthcare facilities).
●​ Implication:
○​ Kerala has a well-developed healthcare system, ensuring better infant survival.
 ○​ Haryana and Bihar need improvements in maternal and child healthcare.

B. Literacy Rate (%) (2017-18)

●​ Kerala: 94% (highest, indicating strong education policies).

●​ Haryana: 82%.
●​ Bihar: 62% (lowest, showing poor education accessibility).
●​ Implication:
○​ Kerala’s high literacy rate shows a strong emphasis on education.
○​ Bihar’s low literacy rate indicates a need for better educational facilities and awareness.

C. Net Attendance Ratio for Secondary School (Age 14-15) (2017-18)

●​ Kerala: 83% (highest).

●​ Haryana: 61%.
●​ Bihar: 43% (lowest, showing poor school attendance).
●​ Implication:
○​ Kerala has better school retention and education infrastructure.
○​ In Bihar, nearly half of the children aged 14-15 do not attend school, leading to poor future job
opportunities and continuing poverty cycles.

3. Key Takeaways from the Comparison

1.​ Income alone does not determine development. Despite Haryana having the highest per capita income,
Kerala performs better in health and education.
2.​ Kerala has the best social indicators among the three states, with low infant mortality, high literacy, and
high school attendance.
3.​ Bihar struggles the most, with low income, high infant mortality, low literacy, and poor school attendance.
4.​ Haryana has high income but still needs improvement in healthcare and education.
5.​ Development must be multidimensional, including economic, social, and health factors for true progress.

Why Higher Income Does Not Guarantee Better Living Standards

1. The Case of Haryana vs. Kerala

●​ Haryana has a higher per capita income than Kerala, yet Kerala performs better in health, education, and
overall quality of life.
●​ This raises the question: Why does higher income not necessarily mean better well-being?

2. Limitations of Money in Ensuring a Good Life

●​ Income alone cannot buy all necessary goods and services.

●​ Even if a person has a lot of money, certain essential things cannot be purchased individually, such as:
○​ A pollution-free environment (depends on government policies and community efforts).
○​ Unadulterated medicines (requires strict regulation and monitoring).
○​ Protection from infectious diseases (requires collective community health measures).
●​ Example: A wealthy individual cannot ensure clean air for themselves alone, unless the whole city takes
action against pollution.

3. Importance of Collective Goods and Services

 ●​ Some of the most important things in life are best provided collectively rather than individually.
●​ Examples:
○​ Security: It is cheaper and more effective to have a police force for an entire locality than for each
house to hire private guards.
○​ Education: A child can study only if schools are available. Even if a family is rich, education access
depends on government schools, teachers, and infrastructure.
○​ Healthcare: Protection from infectious diseases requires community-wide vaccination and
sanitation programs, not just personal wealth.

4. Education Disparities – The Case of Bihar

●​ Half of the children (aged 14-15) in Bihar do not attend school beyond Class 8.
●​ If you lived in Bihar, nearly half of your childhood classmates would have dropped out.
●​ Why?
○​ Lack of schools and infrastructure.
○​ Social and economic barriers (especially for girls).
○​ Poor functioning of government educational programs.
●​ Consequences:​

○​ These children lose opportunities for higher education and better jobs.
○​ They remain trapped in a cycle of poverty and low literacy.
○​ If you couldn’t go to school, you wouldn’t be able to read this text today!

5. Why Does Kerala Have a Lower Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?

●​ Kerala’s low IMR (7 per 1,000 live births) is a result of:

○​ Better healthcare infrastructure.
○​ More accessible public health services.
○​ Government-funded maternal and child health programs.
○​ Higher female literacy, leading to better child care and family planning.

6. The Role of the Public Distribution System (PDS)

●​ In some states, the PDS functions effectively, ensuring that:

○​ Poor families get essential food supplies.
○​ Nutritional levels improve, reducing malnutrition.
○​ Health conditions are better compared to states with a weak PDS.
●​ Impact: Better food security → Healthier population → Higher productivity.

7. Key Takeaways: Why Collective Development Matters

1.​ Higher income alone does not mean a better life.

2.​ Public services like education, healthcare, and sanitation are crucial for development.
3.​ Social investment in collective welfare improves overall quality of life.
4.​ A well-functioning government ensures access to essential services for all, not just the rich.
5.​ Kerala is a model state because it focuses on human development, not just economic growth.

Educational Achievement of Rural Population in Uttar Pradesh

1. Overview of Table 1.5

 ●​ The table presents data on literacy rates and school attendance among rural males and females in Uttar
Pradesh.
●​ It highlights gender disparities in
education and the need for improvement.

2. Key Data from the Table

(a) Literacy Rate for All Age Groups

●​ Rural males: 76%

●​ Rural females: 54%
●​ Observation: The literacy rate among rural
females is significantly lower than that of
males, highlighting a gender gap in
education.
●​ Implication: Many rural adults never
attended school, though some may be
currently enrolled in literacy programs.

(b) Literacy and School Attendance for Children

(10-14 Years)

●​ Rural boys (not attending school): 15% (100% - 85%)

●​ Rural girls (not attending school): 18% (100% - 82%)
●​ Observation:
○​ A small percentage of children still do not attend school, despite being in the mandatory schooling
age.
○​ The dropout rate is slightly higher for girls, indicating social and economic barriers (e.g., household
work, early marriage).

(c) Concerns About High Levels of Illiteracy

●​ Even 70+ years after independence, the female literacy rate is still low (54%).
●​ The constitutional goal of universal education up to age 14 (expected by 1960) has still not been fully
achieved.
●​ Why does this matter?
○​ Education is linked to economic and social progress.
○​ Higher female literacy leads to better healthcare, lower infant mortality, and economic
empowerment.

4. Key Takeaways

1.​ Gender Disparity in Literacy​

○​ Rural males have a higher literacy rate than females.

○​ Government policies must focus on female education to bridge this gap.
2.​ School Attendance Still Needs Improvement​

○​ While most children (10-14 years) attend school, some still drop out.
 ○​ The government should strengthen school infrastructure, provide scholarships, and encourage
attendance.
3.​ The Importance of Education for Development​

○​ Literacy and education improve overall development—better jobs, health, and social status.
○​ Investment in rural education, especially for girls, is crucial for long-term progress.

Human Development and Economic Indicators

1. Understanding Human Development Index (HDI)

●​ Income alone is not a sufficient measure of human development.

●​ Health and education are equally important indicators.
●​ The Human Development Report uses multiple factors, including:
1.​ Life expectancy – Measures health and longevity.
2.​ Education – Assessed through mean years of schooling.
3.​ Income – Measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.

2. Insights from Table 1.6: India and Its Neighbours (2021 Data)

Country GNI per capita Life Expectancy Mean Years of HDI Rank
(PPP in $) (Years) Schooling (2021-22)

Sri Lanka 12,578 76.4 10.8 73

India 6,590 67.2 6.7 132

Myanmar 3,851 66.9 5.7 149

Pakistan 4,624 66.1 5.2 161

Nepal 3,777 67.4 5.6 143

Bangladesh 6,364 72.4 6.2 129

3. Key Observations and Comparisons

(a) Income Levels

●​ Sri Lanka has the highest GNI per capita ($12,578), indicating better economic conditions.
●​ India’s GNI per capita ($6,590) is higher than its neighbours except Sri Lanka but lower than global averages.

(b) Health (Life Expectancy at Birth)

●​ Sri Lanka has the highest life expectancy (76.4 years).

●​ India (67.2 years) lags behind Sri Lanka and Bangladesh (72.4 years), highlighting healthcare challenges.
●​ Pakistan has the lowest life expectancy (66.1 years).

(c) Education (Mean Years of Schooling)

●​ Sri Lanka again leads with 10.8 years of schooling, indicating better education infrastructure.
●​ India’s mean years of schooling is 6.7 years, better than some neighbours but still low.
●​ Pakistan has the lowest (5.2 years), reflecting weaker educational development.
(d) HDI Ranking Comparison

●​ Sri Lanka is ranked highest (73), indicating better overall human development.
●​ India ranks 132, meaning it is performing better than some neighbours but still has major room for
improvement.
●​ Pakistan has the lowest HDI rank (161), reflecting poor development indicators.

4. Body Mass Index (BMI) and Nutrition

●​ BMI is used to assess nourishment levels.

●​ Low BMI = undernourished, high BMI = overweight.
●​ Health concerns:
○​ Undernutrition is common in India due to poverty and food insecurity.
○​ Obesity is rising in urban areas due to lifestyle changes.
●​ Social issues:
○​ Body shaming is a major concern.
○​ Discussion on nutrition should focus on health rather than appearance.

Key Takeaways

●​ Higher income does not always mean better living conditions.

●​ Sri Lanka performs best in all categories (income, health, education).
●​ India has a moderate rank but lags behind in education and health.
●​ Pakistan, Myanmar, and Nepal struggle with low HDI rankings.
●​ Government policies should focus on improving education and healthcare to enhance overall human
development.

Sustainability of Development

Concept of Sustainable Development

●​ Sustainable development ensures that the current

level of development is maintained or improved for
future generations.
●​ Since the mid-20th century, scientists have warned
that current types and levels of development are
not sustainable.

Key Issues in Sustainability

1.​ Overuse of Groundwater

○​ Groundwater is being overused in many

parts of India.
○​ Over 300 districts have reported a decline of 4+ meters in water levels over the last 20 years.
○​ One-third of India is overexploiting groundwater reserves.
○​ If the current rate continues, 60% of the country will be facing groundwater depletion in 25 years.
○​ Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh, rocky plateaus of Central and South India, and coastal regions are
highly affected.
 2.​ Renewable vs. Nonrenewable Resources​

○​ Groundwater is a renewable resource, but excessive use leads to depletion.

○​ Crude Oil is a non-renewable resource and is being exhausted at an alarming rate.

Example 1: Groundwater Overuse in India

●​ Reasons for Overuse:​

○​ Intensive agricultural practices.

○​ High dependency on groundwater for irrigation.
○​ Uneven rainfall distribution.
○​ Rapid urban expansion.
●​ Challenges of Overuse:​

○​ Water scarcity for future generations.

○​ Decline in agricultural productivity.
○​ Increased costs for accessing deeper groundwater.
○​ Potential loss of livelihoods in affected regions.

Example 2: Exhaustion of Natural Resources

Crude Oil Reserves and Depletion

●​ Table 1.7 shows crude oil reserves and their estimated lifespan:​

○​ Middle East: 808 billion barrels (70 years).

○​ USA: < 50 billion barrels (10.5 years).
○​ World Total: 1697 billion barrels (50.2 years).
●​ Key Observations:​

○​ Oil reserves are limited and will not last indefinitely.

○​ Some countries, like the USA, have very low reserves and depend on imports.
○​ Countries with fewer reserves may face economic and political challenges in securing oil.

Challenges for India

●​ India imports a significant portion of its crude oil.

●​ Dependence on oil imports increases vulnerability to price fluctuations.
●​ Economic burden due to rising global oil prices.
●​ Need for alternative energy sources to reduce dependency.

Consequences of Environmental Degradation

●​ Environmental problems transcend national boundaries.

●​ Sustainability is a global concern requiring collective efforts.
●​ Economists, scientists, and policymakers must collaborate to address sustainability issues.

Final Thoughts on Development

 ●​ The debate on sustainable development is ongoing.
●​ Development must be planned to balance economic growth, resource conservation, and environmental
protection.
●​ Future progress depends on responsible use of resources and adoption of sustainable practices.
●​ Development is measured using multiple indicators, including per capita income (economic factor), literacy
level (education), and health status (well-being). A combination of all these gives a holistic view of
development.
●​ World Bank: Uses only per capita income to measure development.
●​ UNDP (United Nations Development Programme): Uses the Human Development Index (HDI), which
includes:
○​ Income (GNI per capita)
○​ Education (mean & expected years of schooling)
○​ Health (life expectancy at birth)
●​ Difference: UNDP provides a broader perspective by including well-being and education, while the World
Bank focuses only on income.
●​ Why use averages?
○​ Averages help compare overall development levels.
○​ They simplify large datasets into a single number.
●​ Limitations:
○​ Averages hide disparities (e.g., inequality).
○​ Example:
■​ Suppose in a village, the average income is Rs 10,000, but one person earns Rs 50,000, and
others earn Rs 2000. The average is misleading because most people are poor.
○​ Similar issues arise with literacy rates and health indicators.
●​ Per capita income should be used along with health, education, and inequality measures to compare states
effectively.
●​ Conventional (Non-renewable):
○​ Coal
○​ Petroleum
○​ Natural Gas
○​ Nuclear Energy
●​ Renewable (Sustainable):
○​ Hydroelectric
○​ Solar
○​ Wind
○​ Biomass

Future Possibilities (50 years from now):

●​ Expansion of solar and wind energy due to technological advancements.

●​ Hydrogen fuel as an alternative to petroleum.
●​ More investment in nuclear fusion (potential clean energy).
●​ Widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and green transportation.
●​ Sustainability ensures that future generations have access to essential resources.
●​ Overuse of resources like groundwater and fossil fuels can lead to scarcity and environmental damage.
●​ Climate change, pollution, and deforestation threaten long-term development.
●​ Sustainable development focuses on economic growth + environmental protection + social well-being.

Example:
 ●​ Unsustainable practice: Overuse of groundwater in Punjab has led to water crises.
●​ Sustainable approach: Promoting rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation.

Relevance to Development:

●​ This statement, attributed to Mahatma Gandhi, highlights the importance of sustainable development.
●​ Natural resources are sufficient for all humans to live comfortably, but over-exploitation due to greed leads
to environmental degradation and inequality.
●​ Example:
○​ Sustainable use: If water is used responsibly, all can have access.
○​ Greedy exploitation: Over-extraction of groundwater leads to scarcity, affecting future generations.
●​ Conclusion: True development should balance economic growth with environmental conservation and
social equity.
●​ A few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
1.​ Deforestation:
○​ Cutting down trees for urban expansion and industries leads to habitat loss and climate change.
2.​ Air Pollution:
○​ Increased vehicle emissions and industrial smoke cause respiratory diseases and global warming.
3.​ Water Pollution:
○​ Dumping of industrial waste and plastics into rivers and lakes contaminates drinking water sources.
4.​ Soil Erosion:
○​ Overuse of chemical fertilizers and deforestation reduce soil fertility.
5.​ Waste Management Issues:
○​ Improper disposal of plastic waste and e-waste leads to land pollution.
6.​ Climate Change Impacts:
○​ Rising temperatures and erratic weather patterns due to greenhouse gas emissions.

●​ Why are around one-fifth of people in the country undernourished even though it is argued that there is
enough food?

Although India produces enough food to feed its entire population, around 20-23% of adults are still
undernourished. The reasons for this include:

1.​ Unequal Food Distribution:

○​ Food is not evenly distributed across all regions.
○​ Rural and economically weaker sections face food shortages despite food surplus in other areas.
2.​ Poverty and Low Purchasing Power:
○​ Many people cannot afford a balanced and nutritious diet.
○​ Even if food is available in markets, high costs prevent access to essential nutrients.
3.​ Poor Healthcare and Sanitation:
○​ Malnutrition is not just about food quantity but also about health and sanitation.
○​ Diseases and poor hygiene lead to malabsorption of nutrients, worsening undernutrition.
4.​ Lack of Awareness:
○​ Many people do not know about balanced diets and proper nutrition.
○​ Poor dietary habits contribute to malnutrition.
5.​ Gender Disparity in Nutrition:
○​ Women, especially in rural areas, often eat last and less, leading to higher undernutrition among
females.
 6.​ Food Wastage:
○​ A large portion of food gets wasted in storage and supply chains instead of reaching the needy.

Conclusion:

●​ Kerala’s low malnutrition rates show that good governance, education, and healthcare significantly impact
nutrition levels.
●​ Madhya Pradesh’s high malnutrition rates highlight issues of poverty, food insecurity, and poor health
infrastructure.
●​ To solve undernutrition, India must focus on equitable food distribution, poverty reduction, and improved
healthcare systems.
○​ Rich urban boy/girl: Education, career growth, social status.
○​ Adivasis: Protection of land, cultural preservation.
●​ Developmental goals can sometimes be conflicting (e.g., industrial growth vs. environmental protection).

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 SUMMARY

●​ Development means different things to different people.

●​ People have different aspirations and goals based on their conditions and needs.
●​ Some common developmental goals include higher income, better working conditions, and access to
quality education and healthcare.
●​ Development is not only about economic growth but also includes human well-being, equality, and
sustainability.

Different People, Different Goals

●​ Table 1.1: Developmental Goals of Different People

○​ Landless laborers: More work, better wages, no discrimination.
○​ Prosperous farmers: Higher crop prices, cheap labor, opportunities for children.
○​ Rural women: Freedom, equality, education.
○​ Urban unemployed youth: Job opportunities, social security.
○​ Rich urban boy/girl: Education, career growth, social status.
○​ Adivasis: Protection of land, cultural preservation.
●​ Developmental goals can sometimes be conflicting (e.g., industrial growth vs. environmental protection).

Income and Other Goals

●​ Income is important, but non-material aspects like security, respect, and equality also matter.
●​ Example: A job with high salary but poor work environment vs. a job with lower salary but better
working conditions.
●​ Point to Remember: Development includes both economic (income) and non-economic (freedom, equality)
factors.

National Development

●​ Different people have different views on what national development means.

●​ A good development plan should be fair and just for all.
●​ Example: Industrial development should not come at the cost of environmental destruction or
displacement of people.

Comparing Countries and States

●​ Per Capita Income = Total Income ÷ Population.

●​ Table 1.2: Average Income of Two Countries
○​ Even if two countries have the same per capita income, distribution of income matters.
○​ Example:
■​ Country A: Even distribution of income.
■​ Country B: One rich person, many poor people.
○​ Conclusion: A higher average income does not mean equal prosperity for all.

Limitations of Per Capita Income

●​ It does not consider income distribution (equality).

●​ It ignores other human development factors like literacy, health, and life expectancy.

Income and Other Criteria

●​ Development should be measured using multiple indicators, not just income.

 ●​ Table 1.3 & 1.4: Comparison of Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar
○​ Haryana: Highest per capita income but lower literacy and higher infant mortality.
○​ Kerala: Lower income but better healthcare and education.
○​ Bihar: Lowest per capita income and social indicators.
○​ Conclusion: Per capita income alone does not determine overall well-being.

Public Facilities

●​ Education and Health in Uttar Pradesh

○​ Even if income is high, lack of public services (hospitals, schools, clean water) can lead to poor
development.
○​ Examples of public facilities: Schools, hospitals, transportation, clean water.
○​ Collective goods (like healthcare and education) must be provided by the government.

Human Development Index (HDI)

●​ Published by UNDP (United Nations Development Programme).

●​ Measures: Income + Education + Health.
●​ Table 1.6: India and Its Neighbors (HDI)
○​ Sri Lanka: Highest HDI among South Asian countries.
○​ India: Lower HDI than Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.
○​ Conclusion: A country may have high income but low quality of life.

Sustainability of Development

●​ Development should be sustainable for future generations.

●​ Example 1: Groundwater Crisis in India
○​ Overuse in Punjab and Western UP.
○​ In the future, 60% of India may face groundwater shortage.
●​ Example 2: Oil Reserves Depletion
○​ Table 1.7: Oil reserves may last only 50 more years globally.
○​ Some countries (USA) import oil to secure resources.
○​ India depends on foreign oil; rising prices can create economic problems.
●​ Key Takeaway: Development should be balanced with resource conservation.
1.​ Development means different things to different people.
2.​ Income is important, but non-material aspects matter too (freedom, equality, security).
3.​ Per capita income is an incomplete measure; we also need to look at health, education, and public
facilities.
4.​ HDI is a better measure of development than income alone.
5.​ Sustainability is crucial – resources should be used wisely for future generations.

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SHRUTI CHOUDHARY_SHIS