Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture 04

Design of Bolted Connections

By:
Engr. Fayyaz ur Rahman (P.E, Structures)
Lecturer, Civil Engineering Department, UET Peshawar
[email protected]

CE 409: Steel Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture Contents
 Types of connectors

 Tightening procedures

 Behavior of Bolted & Riveted connections

 Types of Bolted connections

 Types of connection failures

 Code Requirements

 Design Examples

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Connectors

❑ Background
⚫ Components which make up the complete structure are fastened
together by means of:

⚫ Rivets (Older version)

⚫ Bolts (Newer version)

⚫ Welds

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Connectors

❑ Rivets:
⚫ They are made from rivet bar stock in a machine which forms one
head and shears the rivet to desired length.

⚫ Steel rivets are always heated before driving

⚫ Most rivets are driven by pressure-type riveters which complete

riveting in one stroke.

Typical Round Head Rivet

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Connectors

❑ Rivets:
⚫ Rivets are generally made from steel conforming to ASTM A502
and comes in 2 grades:

⚫ Grade 1(carbon steel)

⚫ Grade 2 (carbon-manganese steel)

Round Head Rivet Countersunk Rivet

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Connectors

❑ Bolts:
⚫ Two common types of bolts are:

1. Unfinished (A307)

⚫ A307 is known by names unfinished, rough, common, ordinary

and machine.

⚫ They are made of low carbon steel having tensile strength of

60Ksi.

2. High strength bolt (A325,A449,A490).

⚫ A325 is made of medium carbon steel whose tensile strength

decreases with increase in dia.

⚫ High strength bolts can be tightened to large tensions.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Tightening procedures

⚫ Research Council on Structural Connections (RCSC) prescribes

four tightening procedures.

1. Turn of the nut method

2. Calibrated-wrench tightening

3. Installation of alternate design bolts

4. Direct-tension-indicator tightening

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Behavior of Bolted & Riveted Connections

T T

T = Tensile Force on Connection

∆ = Joint Displacement

⚫ In riveted connections magnitude of clamping is function of length

of rivet and magnitude of shrinkage after the head is formed.

⚫ Magnitude of slip depends on the extent to which rivet fills the hole.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Bolted Connection

❑ Slip-Critical Connections
⚫ Connection transmits the force by friction produced between the
faying surfaces by the clamping action of the bolts.

⚫ Slip-critical connections are recommended for joints subjected to

stress reversal, severe stress fluctuation, impact, vibration or where
slip is objectionable.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Bolted Connection

❑ Slip-Critical Connections
⚫ The clamping force applied to the bolt brings the two members
close enough so that appreciable friction is produced between them
which is then responsible for resisting the load. The more the
clamping force the more is the friction and strong is the connection
but the clamping force need not to be greater than tensile strength
of the bolt.

⚫ Slip critical connection becomes bearing type connection after the

slip occurs so every slip critical connection is essentially a bearing
type connection also.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Types of Bolted Connection

❑ Bearing Type Connections

⚫ Load is transferred by shearing and bearing on the bolt.

⚫ Capacity in shear depends on whether shear plane intersects the

body of bolt or threaded portion.

⚫ Bearing type connection is the most widely used general type

connection in which the load is resisted by the bolt body without
any friction between faying surfaces.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Type of Connection Failures

1. Shearing Failure of Bolts

2. Bearing Failure of Plate

3. Tearing Failure at edge of plate

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Type of Connection Failures

❑ Shearing Failure of Bolts

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Type of Connection Failures

❑ Shearing Failure of Bolts

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Type of Connection Failures

❑ Shearing Failure of Plate

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Type of Connection Failures

❑ Shear and Bear Area

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Type of Connection Failures

❑ Tearing Failure at edge of Plate

Shearing Failure edge of plate Transverse Tension Failure

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Type of Connection Failures

❑ Tearing Failure at edge of Plate

⚫ Tests showed, failure by tearing through free edge of material will
not occur if Le measured parallel to line of applied force is not less
diameter of bolt multiplied by ratio of bearing stress to tensile
strength of connected part.

Force

Le

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Type of Connection Failures

❑ Tearing Failure at edge of Plate

⚫ Force transmitted by the bolt;

⚫ 𝑃 = 𝑓𝑝 𝐷 𝑡 … … … … … … … … … . 𝐴

⚫ Force to cause failure along two shear planes

𝐷
⚫ 𝑃 = 2 𝐿 𝑒 − 2 𝑡 𝜏𝑢

⚫ 𝜏𝑢 = 0.7 𝐹𝑢

𝐿𝑒 1
⚫ 𝑃 = 1.4 𝐷 𝑡 𝐹𝑢 − 2 ………… 𝐵
𝐷

⚫ Equating A and B

𝐿𝑒 𝑓𝑝 𝐷𝑡 1 0.714𝑓𝑝 1
⚫ = 1.4𝐷𝑡𝐹 + 2 = + 2 … … … . (𝐶)
𝐷 𝑢 𝐹𝑢

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Type of Connection Failures

❑ Tearing Failure at edge of Plate

⚫ Equation (C) can be approximated as

𝐿𝑒 𝑓𝑝
⚫ ≈ … … … . (𝐷)
𝐷 𝐹𝑢

⚫ So Equation becomes

𝑓𝑝 𝐷 𝑓𝑝 𝐷 𝑡 𝑃
⚫ 𝐿𝑒 = = = 𝑡𝐹 … … … . (𝐸)
𝐹𝑢 𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝑢

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Type of Connection Failures

❑ Tearing Failure at edge of Plate

Requirement LRFD ASD

𝑃 2𝑃
𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒 =
Tearing Length or Edge ∅𝐹𝑢 𝑡 𝐹𝑢 𝑡
Distance
∅ = 0.75 With F.O.S=2

𝑃 𝑑ℎ 2𝑃 𝑑ℎ
Spacing between holes 𝐿= + 𝐿= +
∅𝐹𝑢 𝑡 2 𝐹𝑢 𝑡 2

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Type of Connection Failures

❑ Eccentricity of Applied Force

⚫ Plates of lap joint tends to bend.

⚫ Bending produces non uniform bearing of the fastener on the

plates.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Code Requirements

Ref. Text
Topic Ref. LRFD Code
Book

Minimum Edge Distance Table 2-8 Table J3.4

Allowable Working Stress on

Fasteners or Connected Table 2-9
Material
Allowable Load for Slip-
Table 2-10 Table J3.6
Critical Connections
Allowable Stresses A502
Table 2-12
Rivets

Design Strength of Fasteners Table 2-13 Table J3.2

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Code Requirements

❑ AISC Minimum Edge Distance

AISC Minimum Edge Distance (Standard Hole)
Nominal Fastener Diameter, in Sheared Edge Rolled Edge or Gas-Cut Edge [1]
𝟏 𝟕 𝟑
𝟐 𝟖 𝟒
𝟓 𝟏 𝟕
𝟏
𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
𝟑 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝟒 𝟒
𝟕 𝟏 [2]
𝟏
𝟏𝟐 𝟏
𝟖 𝟖
𝟑 [2]
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏𝟒 𝟏
𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟖 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟓
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟒 𝟒 𝟖
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝟏 𝟏 × 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟏 × 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
[1] All
distances in this column may be reduced 1/8 inch if the hole is at a point where the stress in the
element is less than 25% of a maximum allowed stress.
[2] These may be 1 ¼ inch a the ends of beam connection angles.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Code Requirements

❑ Minimum installation tension

Minimum installation tension* (ksi), for high strength bolts in slip-
critical connections and connections in direct tension (Table 2-7)
Bolt size, in A325 A490
𝟏
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟓
𝟐
𝟓
𝟏𝟗 𝟐𝟒
𝟖
𝟑
𝟐𝟖 𝟑𝟓
𝟒
𝟕
𝟑𝟗 𝟒𝟗
𝟖
𝟏 𝟓𝟏 𝟔𝟒
𝟏
𝟏 𝟓𝟔 𝟖𝟎
𝟖
𝟏
𝟏 𝟕𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟐
𝟒
𝟑
𝟏 𝟖𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟏
𝟖
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟏𝟒𝟖
𝟐
∗ 𝟎. 𝟕 × 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Code Requirements

❑ Allowable Stresses
Specification allowable stresses[1] for high-strength structural bolts (ksi)
[Table 2-11]
A325 A490
Condition
AISC/ASD AASHTO AREA AISC/ASD AASHTO AREA

Tension 44 39.5 44 54 48.5 54

Shear, slip- Standard hole 17 16 17.5 22 20 22
critical
connection[2] Oversize hole 15 13.5 15 [4] 19 17 19 [4]
Shear, Threads in
shear plane
21 19.5 --- 28 25 --
bearing-type
connection No threads in
shear plan
30 27 --- 40 36 --

Bearing 1.2 Fu [3] 1.35Fu [3] 1.5Fu [3] 1.25 Fu [3] 1.35Fu [3] 1.5 Fu [3]
1 On unthreaded-body area, also called nominal area.
2 Class A surface, clean mill scale.
3 Ultimate strength of lowest-strength connected material.
4 Special permission by the engineer required.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Code Requirements

❑ Properties of Structural Bolts

Properties of Structural Bolts[Table 2-6]

Minimum yield Proof load;

Bolt Tensile
strength, ksi, [1] length
Strength, ksi [1]
ASTM Designation Diameter, 0.2% offset measurement,
inch
ksi [1]
Minimum Maximum

Low-carbon Grade A All 60

steel:
A307 Grade B All 60
1
A325 and A449 −1 120 92 85
High-strength 2
structural bolts:
1 1
Medium-carbon A325 and A449 1 −1 105 81 74
steel 8 2
3
A449 1 −3 90 58 55
4
1 1
Alloy Steel: A490 −1 150 130 120
2 2
1 𝜋 0.9743 2
On the area 4 𝐷 − ,where D=nominal size and n= threads per inch.
𝑛

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Code Requirements

❑ Allowable load for slip critical connection

Allowable load for Slip critical connection (Slip load per unit of bolt area, ksi) [Table 2-10]

Hole type and direction of load application

Any direction Transverse Parallel

Contact surface of bolted parts Oversize and

Standard Long slots Long slots
short slot

A325 A490 A325 A490 A325 A490 A325 A490

Class A (slip coefficient 0.33):

Clean mill scale and blast-cleaned 17 21 15 18 12 15 10 13
surfaces with Class A coating [1]
Class B (slip coefficient 0.50):
Blast-clean surfaces and blast-cleaned 28 34 24 29 20 24 17 20
surfaces with Class Boating [1]
Class C (slip coefficient 0.40):
Hot-dip galvanized and roughened 22 27 19 23 16 19 14 16
surfaces
[1] Coatingclassified as Class A or Class B include those coatings which provide a mean slip coefficient not less than
0.33 or 0.50, respectively, as determined by testing method prescribed by RCSC.
Source: Ref.7.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Code Requirements

❑ Design strength of fasteners

Specification allowable stresses* for high-strength structural bolts (ksi) [Table 2-11]
Shear strength in
Tensile Strength
bearing-type connections
Condition Nominal Nominal
Resistance Resistance
strength, strength,
factor factor
ksi ksi

A307 0.75 45.0 0.75 24.0

A325 bolts, when threads are not excluded from shear plane 0.75 90.0 0.75 48.0

A325 bolts, when threads are excluded from shear plane 0.75 90.0 0.75 60.0

A490 bolts, when threads are not excluded from shear planes 0.75 113.0 0.75 60.0

A490 bolts, when threads are excluded from shear planes 0.75 113.0 0.75 75.0
Threaded parts meeting the requirements for materials
approved by AISC, when threads are not excluded from the 0.75 0.75 Fu 0.75 0.40 Fu
shear planes
Threaded parts meeting the requirements for materials
approved by AISC, when threads are excluded from the shear 0.75 0.75 Fu 0.75 0.50 Fu
planes

A502, Grade 1, hot-driven rivets 0.75 45.0 0.75 25.0

A502, Grade 2 and 3, hot-driven rivets 0.75 60.0 0.75 33.0

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

❑ Example (AISC/LRFD)
⚫ Determine the number of bolts required and an appropriate layout
to transmit a dead load force of 80 kips and a live load force of 240
kips through two C10x30 to a 1 inch gusset plate as shown in the
figure. All material is A36. Bolts are ¾ inch A325 (Standard Holes)
in a bearing type connection with threads excluded from the shear
planes. Use three lines of bolts across the web of the channel.
1’’ Gusset Plate

C10X30
3''

320kips 320kips
3''

Two Channels (C 10X30)

Le L L L Le
Ag= 8.32 in2 tw= 0.673in
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

❑ Example (AISC/LRFD)
⚫ Design Force = 1.2 (80) + 1.6 (240) = 480 kips (Factored Load)

⚫ Bolts Design: For ¾’’ Dia bolts;

⚫ A = 0.448 inch2 (Nominal Area)

⚫ Resistance Factor, Ø = 0.75

⚫ Nominal Shear Strength = 60 ksi

⚫ As the bolts are in double shear, therefore shear capacity per

bolt is;

⚫ Rb= 2 x Bolt Area x Ø x Shear Strength

⚫ Rb = 2 x 0.44 x 8 x 0.75 x 60= 39.76 kips

480
⚫ No. of bolts = = 12.1 ≅ 12 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
39.76
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Design Example

❑ Example (AISC/LRFD)
⚫ Bearing;

⚫ Bearing Capacity = 2.4 Fu

⚫ Bearing Area = d. t

⚫ Channel;

⚫ Rn = 2.4 Fu x d x t = 2.4x58x3/4x0.673 = 70.26 kips

⚫ Ø Rn = 0.75 x70.26 = 52.7 kips

⚫ There are 24 bearing surfaces, so

⚫ Capacity =24x52.7= 1265 kips > 480 kips………..OK!

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

❑ Example (AISC/LRFD)
⚫ Gusset Plate;

⚫ Rn = 2.4 Fu x d x t = 2.4x58x3/4x1 = 104.4 kips

⚫ Ø Rn = 0.75 x104.4 = 78.3 kips

⚫ There are 12 bearing surfaces, so

⚫ Capacity =12x78.3= 940 kips > 480 kips………..OK!

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

❑ Example (AISC/LRFD)
⚫ Spacing:

⚫ End distance, sheared edge; 1 ¼ in (Minimum)

⚫ End distance Le; 1 ½ d= 1.13 inch ≤ 1 ¼ inch (Table 2.8 and Table2.9)
For Fp= 1.2 Fu
⚫ Center-to-Center Spacing= 3d=2 ¼ inch

As the capacity for both the channels and gusset plate is considerably
larger than required, therefore using Lmin= 1 ¼ inch and Lmin=2 (2/3)d.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

❑ Example (AISC/LRFD)
⚫ Channel:
𝑃 𝑃
⚫ 𝐿𝑒 = ⇒ 1.25 = ⇒ 𝑃 = 36.59 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Ø𝐹𝑢 𝑡 0.75×58×0.673

𝑃 𝑑 P 1 3 1
⚫ 𝐿= + ⇒2= + ( + ) ⇒ P = 46.66 kips
Ø𝐹𝑢 𝑡 2 0.75×58×0.673 2 4 16

⚫ Capacity = 2 (3x36.59+ 9x46.66)= 1059 kips > 480 kips

⚫ Gusset:
𝑃 𝑃
⚫ 𝐿𝑒 = ⇒ 1.25 = ⇒ 𝑃 = 54.38 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Ø𝐹𝑢 𝑡 0.75×58×1

𝑃 𝑑 P 1 3 1
⚫ 𝐿= + ⇒2= + ( + ) ⇒ P = 69.33 kips
Ø𝐹𝑢 𝑡 2 0.75×58×1 2 4 16

⚫ Capacity = 3x54.38+ 9x69.33= 787 kips > 480 kips

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

❑ Example (AISC/LRFD)
⚫ Therefore, 12 bolts in three rows of four are adequate with end
distance of 1 ¼ inch and center to center spacing of 2 inches.

⚫ Although, the calculations show that the minimum spacings may be

used. Most designers would use the end distance of 1 ½ and
between fastener spacing of 3d, which permits a bearing strength
of 2.4Fu. The minimum spacing would ordinarily be used only in
special situations.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

❑ Example (AISC/ASD)
⚫ Determine the number of bolts required and an appropriate layout
to transmit a dead load force of 80 kips and a live load force of 240
kips through two (C10x30) to a 1 inch gusset plate as shown in the
figure. All material is A36. Bolts are ¾ inch A325 (Standard Holes)
in a bearing type connection with threads excluded from the shear
planes. Use three lines of bolts across the web of the channel.
1’’ Gusset Plate

C10X30
3''

320kips 320kips
3''

Two Channels (C 10X30)

Le L L L Le
Ag= 8.32 in2 tw= 0.673in
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

❑ Example (AISC/ASD)
⚫ Design Force = 80 + 240 = 320 kips (Service Load)

⚫ Bolts Design: For ¾’’ Dia bolts;

⚫ A= 0.448 inch2 (Nominal Area)

⚫ Fv= 30 ksi (Shear strength of a bolt in single shear)

⚫ Rv=0.4418x30=13.25 kips/shear surface (Resistance offered by a bolt

in shear; force unit)
⚫ As there are two shear surfaces per bolt;

320
⚫ No. of bolts = = 12.1 ≅ 12 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
2𝑥13.25

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

❑ Example (AISC/ASD)
⚫ Bearing;

⚫ Fp= 1.2 Fu Fp= Specification allowable stresses

(on threaded body area called Nominal Area)
⚫ Fp= 1.2x58 =69.6 ksi

⚫ Le = 1 ½ d
(Table 2-9)
⚫ L = 3d

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

❑ Example (AISC/ASD)
⚫ Channel;

⚫
3
Rp= dt x Fp = × 0.673 × 69.6 = 35.13 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 • Single bearing surface
4 of channel
⚫ For Channel, there are 24 bearing surfaces, so

⚫ Capacity = 24x35.13=843 kips > 320 kips

⚫ Gusset Plate:

⚫
3
Rp= dt x Fp = × 1 × 69.6 = 52.2 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 • Single bearing surface
4
of gusset plate
⚫ For Gusset, there are 12 bearing surface, so

⚫ Capacity = 12x52.2 =626 kips > 320 kips

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

❑ Example (AISC/ASD)
⚫ Spacing:

⚫ End distance, sheared edge; 1 ¼ in (Minimum)

⚫ End distance; 1 ½ d= 1.13 inch ≤ 1 ¼ inch (Table 2.8 and Table2.9)

For Fp= 1.2 Fu
⚫ Center-to-Center Spacing= 3d=2 ¼ inch

Since Rp for both the channel and the gusset is considerably larger
than required. Consider the minimum end distance of 1 ¼ and the
minimum between connector spacing of 2 inches.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

❑ Example (AISC/ASD)
⚫ Channel:
2𝑃 2𝑃
⚫ 𝐿𝑒 = ⇒ 1.25 = ⇒ 𝑃 = 24.4 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝐹𝑢 𝑡 58×0.673

3
2𝑃 𝑑 2P 4
⚫ 𝐿= + ⇒2= + ⇒ P = 31.7 kips
𝐹𝑢 𝑡 2 58×0.673 2

⚫ Capacity = 2 (3x24.4+ 9x31.71)= 717 kips > 320 kips

⚫ Gusset:
2𝑃 2𝑃
⚫ 𝐿𝑒 = ⇒ 1.25 = ⇒ 𝑃 = 36.25 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝐹𝑢 𝑡 58×1

3
2𝑃 𝑑 2P 4
⚫ 𝐿= + ⇒2= + ⇒ P = 47.13 kips
𝐹𝑢 𝑡 2 58×1 2

⚫ Capacity = 3x36.25+ 9x47.13= 533 kips > 320 kips

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Example

❑ Example (AISC/ASD)
⚫ Therefore, 12 bolts in three rows of four are adequate with end
distance of 1 ¼ inch and center to center spacing of 2 inches.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References

 Structural Steel Design 5th edition by Jack C. McCormac & Stephen

F.Csernak.

 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings

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