Integral Calculus

Multiple integrals:
Double integrals
Dr. Vivek Singh
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Manipal University Jaipur
Definite Integrals
 Definite Integrals
 If f(x) is defined for a ≤ x ≤ b, we start by dividing the interval [a, b] into n
subintervals [xi–1, xi] of equal width ∆x = (b – a)/n.

 We choose sample points xi* in these subintervals.

n

 We form the sum

i =1
 f ( x ) x
*
i

n
f ( x) dx = lim  f ( x ) x
b

 The integral is given by *
i
a n →
i =1
 Rectangle
A closed rectangle R
R = [a, b]  [c, d] = {(x, y )  R 2 |a  x  b, c  y  d}
Example: Rectangle
1. [1,2]  [1,x] = {(x, y )  R 2 |1  x  2, 1  y  x}
2. [1,4]  [2,3]
R :1  x  4
2y3
 Double Integrals and Volumes
 Consider a function f of two variables x and y defined on a rectangle
R = [a, b] x [c, d].

 The graph of f is a surface with equation z = f(x, y).

 Double Integrals and Volumes

z=f(x,y) ≥ 0
on rectangle
R=[a,b]×[c,d]

S={(x,y,z) in R3 | 0 ≤ z ≤ f(x,y), (x,y) in R2}

Volume of S = ?
 Double Integrals and Volumes

 The first step is to divide the rectangle

R into subrectangles.

 We divide the interval [a, b] into m subintervals

[xi–1, xi] of equal width ∆x = (b – a)/m.

 Then,we divide [c, d] into n subintervals [yj–1, yj]

of equal width ∆y = (d – c)/n.
Double Integrals and Volumes

 Next, we draw lines parallel to

the coordinate axes through
the endpoints of these
subintervals.
 Double Integrals and Volumes

 Thus,we form the subrectangles

Rij = [xi–1, xi] x [yj–1, yj]
= {(x, y) | xi–1 ≤ x ≤ xi, yj–1 ≤ y ≤ yj}
each with area ∆A = ∆x ∆y
 Double Integrals and Volumes

Let’s choose a sample point (xij*, yij*)

in each Rij.
 Double Integrals and Volumes
We can approximate the part of S that lies above each Rij by a thin rectangular
box (or “column”)
with:
 Base Rij
 Height f (xij*, yij*)
 Double Integrals and Volumes

Compare the figure with

the earlier one.
 Double Integrals and Volumes

m n
V   f ( xij* , yij* ) A
i =1 j =1

m n

Definition V = lim  f ( xij* , yij* ) A

m, n → i =1 j =1
 Double Integrals and Volumes

The double integral

of f over the rectangle R is  f ( x, y)dA
R

Definition of Double Integral

If f is defined on a closed, bounded region R in the xy-plane, then the
double integral of f over R is given by
m n

 f ( x, y)dA = lim f ( x , y ) A
* *
ij ij
R m,n → i =1 j =1
provided the limit exists. If the limit exists, then f is integrable over R.
Example

z=16-x2-2y2
0≤x≤2
0≤y≤2

Estimate the volume

of the solid above
the square and
below the graph
m=n=4 m=n=8 m=n=16
V≈41.5 V≈44.875 V≈46.46875

Exact volume? V=48

 Computation of double integrals
 If f (x,y) is defined on rectangle R=[a,b]×[c,d] then double integral is equal to
iterated integral

d b b d

 f ( x, y)dA =   f ( x, y)dxdy =   f ( x, y)dydx

R c a a c
y
d
y
constant constant

c
x
a x b
 Example 1: Evaluate the iterated integral

3 2

  y dydx The order the dx

2
x
0 1 dy is in determines
3 2 which you do first.
  y dy ] dx
2
[ x We integrate with
respect to y
0 1
3
 x2 y 2 2  x 2 22 x 212   3 x 2  holding x term like
0  2 1 dx and since  2 − 2  =  2 

a constant.
  Evaluate it at its
3
 3x 2  3 x 3 x 3 3 27 27 limits.
0  2 

dx =
6
= =
2 0 2
− 0 =
2 Then we integrate
with respect to x
and evaluate it at
its limits.
 More general case
 If f (x,y) is defined on A={(x,y) | x in [a,b] and h (x) ≤ y ≤ g (x)} then double
integral is equal to iterated integral

y
g(x) b g ( x)

 f ( x, y)dA =   f ( x, y)dydx
A a h( x)
A
h(x)
x constant
a b
x
Vertically simple
Example 2: Use an integral to find the area of the region.

 x2 + y 2 = 4 Y goes from 0 to 4 − x2
x goes from 0 to 2


2 4− x 2

 
0 0
dydx
Using a table of integrals

 2  4− x 2  2
1 x 2
0  0  0
  = − = − +
2 2
dy dx 4 x dx  x 4 x 4 arcsin 
2 2 0
  x

    

1 2 1 0
 2 4 − 4 + 4 arcsin  −  0 4 − 0 2
+ 4 arcsin =
− 2 2 2 2

2 arcsin1 − 2 arcsin 0 = 2 − 20 = 
2

Since we know this is ¼ of a circle we can verify

by using the traditional formula.
 Similarly
 If f (x,y) is defined on
A={(x,y) | y in [c,d] and h (y) ≤ x ≤ g (y)} then double integral is equal to
iterated integral

y d g ( y)
d
A  f ( x, y)dA =   f ( x, y)dxdy
R c h( y )

y
h(y) g(y)

c constant
x

Horizontally simple
it is Type I region! 1

−1
(
=   (x + 2 y)dy dx
1+x 2

2x2
)
=  (xy + y )
1 y=1+x 2
2
−1 y=2 x 2
dx
• • =  (x(1 + x ) + (1 + x ) − 2x − 4x )dx
1 2 2 2 3 4
−1

=  (− 3x − x + 2x + x + 1)dx
1 4 3 2
−1


1
 x x x 5 4 3
x
= − 3 − + 2 + + x 
 5 4 3 2 −1
32
=
15
Example Find the volume of the solid that lies under the
paraboloid z = x +y and above the region D in the xy
2 2

-plane bounded by the line y = 2x and the parabola y = x .

2

• •

• •

Type I Type II
D = {(x, y) | 0  x  2, x  y  2x}
2
y
D = {(x, y) | 0  y  4, x  y}
2
Solution 1 Type I
 (x + y )dA =  ( (x + y )dy)dx
2 2x 2 2
2 2
D 0 x2

 2 1 y3 
y=2x

=  (2x + 3 x − x − 3 x )dx
8 1
=   x y+
2 2 3 3 4 6
dx
0
 3 y=x 2 0

= 0 (− 3 x − x4 + 143 x3 )dx
2 1 6
= − 21
1 7
x −5x
1 5
+6x
7 4

0
2
=
216
35
Type II
 (x + y )dA =   (x + y )dxdy
4 y
Solution 2 D
2 2
0 y /2
2 2

=
4

0
 1 3
3
x +yx2
x= y

x= y /2
dy =  0 (
4 1 3/ 2
3
y + y − 1 y − 1 y dy
24
5/ 2

2
3 3
)
= 2 y5/ 2
15
+ 2 y7 / 2
7
13 4 4
0

216
− 96 y = 35
 Exercise: Use an iterated integral to find the area of the
region bounded by the graphs of the equations.
xy = 9, y = x, y = 0, x = 9

Triangle area
1 9
3 x
x2 3 9 
y
xy = 9
2
( 3)( 3) = and
2 0 0 dydx = 2 0 = 2 

area on right
9 



y=x x=9
 
9 x 9
9 9 9
3  0  3 x
dy dx = dx = ln x
3
= 9 ln 9 − 9 ln 3 = 9 ln
3
= 9 ln 3 

  

  

9
T otal A rea + 9 ln3 

2 

         

− y=0
 Note

If f (x, y) = φ (x) ψ(y) then

d b
b  d 

R
f ( x, y )dA =    ( x) ( y )dxdy =   ( x)dx    ( y )dy
c a a  c 
Example 4: Evaluate the iterated integral

3 2

  y dydx
2
x
0 1
3 2
(  x 2 dx)(  y dy )
0 1

27
[ x / 3] [ y / 2] = (9)(2 − 1/ 2) = 9(3 / 2) =
3 3
0
2 2
1
2
Questions?