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Lecture 1

This document provides an introduction to operating systems, covering their significance, historical evolution, and key functions such as resource management, user interface, and security. It discusses various types of operating systems, including desktop, server, mobile, and real-time systems, as well as challenges like security and performance. Additionally, advancements in operating systems, such as virtualization and cloud computing, are highlighted, along with discussion points for further exploration.

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11 views15 pages

Lecture 1

This document provides an introduction to operating systems, covering their significance, historical evolution, and key functions such as resource management, user interface, and security. It discusses various types of operating systems, including desktop, server, mobile, and real-time systems, as well as challenges like security and performance. Additionally, advancements in operating systems, such as virtualization and cloud computing, are highlighted, along with discussion points for further exploration.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture 1

Introduction to Operating Systems


Lecture Overview

Objective:
○ Introduce the fundamental concepts and principles of operating systems.

1.1 Learning Outcomes

- Understand the role and significance of operating systems.

- Recognize the historical context and evolution of operating systems.

- Identify key functions performed by operating systems.


1.2 Key Terms/ Definition of Terms

- Operating system

- Kernel

- User interface

- Multitasking

1.2.1 Abbreviations and Acronyms

- OS: Operating System

- GUI: Graphical User Interface

- CPU: Central Processing Unit

- API: Application Programming Interface


What is an Operating System?

● Definition:
○ An Operating System (OS) is software that acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer
hardware.
● Key Roles:
○ Manages hardware resources (CPU, memory, storage).
○ Provides a platform for software applications to run.
○ Ensures efficient and secure operation of the computer system.
Importance of Operating Systems

● Resource Management:
○ Ensures efficient use of hardware resources (CPU, memory, storage).
● User Interface:
○ Provides a way for users to interact with the computer (e.g., GUI, CLI).
● Security:
○ Protects the system from unauthorized access and malware.
● Multitasking:
○ Allows multiple applications to run simultaneously.
Historical Development of Operating Systems

● 1950s-1960s: Batch Processing Systems


○ Jobs were submitted in batches and executed sequentially.
○ Example: IBM OS/360.
● 1970s: Time-Sharing Systems
○ Multiple users could interact with the system simultaneously.
○ Example: UNIX.
● 1980s: Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
○ GUIs made computers more user-friendly.
○ Example: Apple Macintosh, Microsoft Windows.
● 1990s-2000s: Networked and Mobile Operating Systems
○ OSs evolved to support networking and mobile devices.
○ Example: Linux, Android, iOS.
● 2010s-Present: Cloud and Real-Time Operating Systems
○ Modern OSs support cloud computing, virtualization, and real-time applications.
○ Example: AWS, Azure, FreeRTOS.
Types of Operating Systems

● Desktop Operating Systems:


○ Designed for personal computers.
○ Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux.
● Server Operating Systems:
○ Optimized for servers and data centers.
○ Examples: Windows Server, Linux distributions (e.g., Ubuntu Server).
● Mobile Operating Systems:
○ Designed for smartphones and tablets.
○ Examples: Android, iOS.
● Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS):
○ Used in embedded systems and real-time applications.
○ Examples: VxWorks, FreeRTOS.
● Embedded Operating Systems:
○ Designed for specific hardware devices.
○ Examples: IoT devices, smart appliances.
Components of an Operating System

● Kernel:
○ The core component of the OS, managing system resources and hardware communication.
● User Interface:
○ Provides a way for users to interact with the system (e.g., CLI, GUI).
● Utilities:
○ Tools and programs that perform system maintenance and management tasks.
● Hardware Abstraction:
○ The OS abstracts hardware details, allowing software to interact with hardware without needing to know
specific details.
Functions of an Operating System

● Process Management:
○ Manages running processes, including scheduling and resource allocation.
● Memory Management:
○ Allocates and deallocates memory for processes.
● File Systems:
○ Manages files and directories on storage devices.
● I/O Management:
○ Handles input and output operations for devices.
● Security and Protection:
○ Protects the system from unauthorized access and malware.
Challenges in Operating Systems

● Security:
○ Protecting the system from malware, unauthorized access, and data breaches.
● Scalability:
○ Supporting a growing number of users, devices, and applications.
● Performance:
○ Ensuring efficient resource utilization and minimizing latency.
● Compatibility:
○ Ensuring compatibility with a wide range of hardware and software.
Advancements in Operating Systems

● Virtualization:
○ Running multiple operating systems on a single physical machine.
● Cloud Computing:
○ Operating systems designed for cloud environments (e.g., AWS, Azure).
● Real-Time Systems:
○ Operating systems for time-sensitive applications (e.g., autonomous vehicles, robotics).
● AI Integration:
○ Incorporating AI and machine learning into operating systems for enhanced performance and security.
Activity

● In groups of 5, brainstorm and discuss the potential benefits and real-world applications of the presented
advancement. Think about how this advancement can address challenges in computing or enhance the user
experience. Discuss.
Summary

● Key Points:
○ Operating systems are essential for managing hardware and software resources.
○ They have evolved from simple batch systems to complex multitasking, multiuser systems.
○ Different types of operating systems are designed for specific environments (e.g., desktop, server, mobile).
○ The OS performs critical functions such as process management, memory management, and security.
○ Challenges include security, scalability, and performance, while advancements include virtualization and cloud
computing.
References

● Primary Textbook:
○ Silberschatz, A., Gagne, G., and Galvin, B.P. (2018). Operating System Concepts, 10th Edition. pp 4 – 54.
● Further Reading:
○ https://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/books/mos2/sample-1.pdf
○ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q07PhW5sCEk
Questions and Discussion

● Discussion Points:
○ Why is the operating system considered the most important software on a computer?
○ How have operating systems evolved to meet the demands of modern computing?
○ What are the key challenges faced by operating systems today, and how can they be addressed?

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