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Practical 1_Hardware

The document outlines a practical exercise for calculating asymmetrical fault currents in a power system involving a three-phase alternator and transformer. It details methods for measuring positive, negative, and zero sequence impedances using specific circuit configurations, as well as formulas for calculating fault currents for different types of short circuits. The practical aims to enhance understanding of power system fault analysis through hands-on measurement and calculation.

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Aphilile Alex
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5 views

Practical 1_Hardware

The document outlines a practical exercise for calculating asymmetrical fault currents in a power system involving a three-phase alternator and transformer. It details methods for measuring positive, negative, and zero sequence impedances using specific circuit configurations, as well as formulas for calculating fault currents for different types of short circuits. The practical aims to enhance understanding of power system fault analysis through hands-on measurement and calculation.

Uploaded by

Aphilile Alex
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University of KwaZulu-Natal

School of Engineering
Howard College Campus
Power Systems 2 (ENEL 4WA H1)
Practical – 1: Calculation of asymmetrical fault currents

Objectives:
The objective of this practical is to calculate asymmetrical fault currents in a power system consisting
of a three-phase alternator and three-phase transformer.

Method:
Neglecting all resistances present in the system, the sequence reactances of the alternator and
transformer are to be measured using following methods:

Positive sequence impedance of alternator:


For determination of positive sequence impedance measurement use circuit configuration 1 and with
the shorting switch closed and excitation set to zero, run the machine up to rated speed. Increase the
excitation until full-load current flows in each stator phase. Check the speed and correct if necessary.
Then without changing the excitation, open the shorting switch and readjust the speed if necessary.
Take the readings of the line voltages. Positive sequence of the alternator is:
𝑉𝑉
𝑋𝑋𝑔𝑔1 =
3𝐼𝐼
(1)
√
V= line voltage; I= average current of the stator phases.

A A
Rotor R V Shorting
Suppy Rectifier A
Y Switches
A
B
Generator

Circuit 1: Alternator positive sequence impedance measurement

Negative sequence impedance of alternator:


For measurement of negative sequence of the alternator use the circuit configuration 2.

A
Rotor R V
Suppy Rectifier
Y
A
B
Generator

Circuit 2: Alternator negative sequence impedance measurement

Follow the same procedure as for determination of positive sequence impedance measurement, but in
this case, only white and blue phases are short-circuited and run the machine up to rated speed. Again,
increase the excitation until full-load current flows in the stator phases. Negative sequence of the
alternator is:
𝑉𝑉
𝑋𝑋𝑔𝑔2 =
3𝐼𝐼
(2)
√
V= line voltage; I= average current of the stator phases.
Zero sequence impedance of alternator:
For measurement of zero sequence of the alternator use the circuit configuration 3.
A
R
Rotor V
220 V
Shorted
AC
Y B Variac
Generator
Circuit 3: Alternator zero sequence impedance measurement

With the rotor shorted and stator connected in open-delta as shown in circuit 3, run the machine up to
rated speed and inject a single-phase current in the open-delta. Take the current and voltage readings.
The zero sequence impedance of the alternator is given by:
𝑉𝑉
𝑋𝑋𝑔𝑔0 = (3)
3𝐼𝐼

Sequence impedances of transformer:

For measurement of zero sequence of the alternator use the circuit configuration 4. Apply a three-
phase short-circuit to the secondary side of the transformer, run the machine up to rated speed, and
increase excitation until full-load current flows in the stator phases. Transformer reactances are given
by:
𝑉𝑉
𝑋𝑋𝑡𝑡1 = 𝑋𝑋𝑡𝑡2 = 𝑋𝑋𝑡𝑡0 =
3𝐼𝐼
(4)
√

A A
Rotor R L-L Fault
V
Suppy A example
Rectifier
Y
A
B N
Generator
Transformer

Circuit 4: Transformer sequence impedance measurement

Calculation of fault currents:


The fault currents in amperes for each of the three types of three-phase faults are calculated as
follows:
(i) Symmetrical (three-phase) short-circuit
𝑉𝑉
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
3�𝑋𝑋 +𝑋𝑋
(5)
√ 𝑔𝑔1 𝑡𝑡1 �
(ii) Phase to earth (neutral) short-circuit
√3𝑉𝑉
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = (6)
�𝑋𝑋𝑔𝑔1 +𝑋𝑋𝑔𝑔2 +3𝑋𝑋𝑡𝑡1 �
(iii) Phase to phase short circuit
𝑉𝑉
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = (7)
�𝑋𝑋𝑔𝑔1 +𝑋𝑋𝑔𝑔2 +2𝑋𝑋𝑡𝑡1 �

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