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Finance Glossary

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Finance Glossary
Terms Spanish translation Definitions

Assess the value or worth of something. Also

Tasar
(To) Appraise used when evaluating the value of a damage
Valorar
for a vehicle/insurance claim.
An individual's financial capacity to make good
Ability to Re-pay Habilidad para pagar
on a debt.
In the context of a loan, refers to the
declaration by a lender that the loan must be
Acceleration (Debt) Aceleración de pagaré
repaid early, i.e: before the agreed repayment
date.
To accumulate over time—most commonly
Accrued Acumulado used when referring to the interest, income, or
expenses of an individual or business.
Electronic transaction that requires a debit
ACH Transfer (Automated
Transferencia CCA from an originating bank and a credit to a
Clearing House)
receiving bank.
The actual value for which the property could
Actual Cash value Valor en efectivo real be sold, which is always less than what it
would cost to replace it.
Is a supplementary payment applied directly to
Additional Principal Payment Pago adicional al capital
your mortgage loan principal amount.
Is an interest rate on a loan or security that
Tasa de interes variable fluctuates over time because it is based on an
Adjustable interest rate (AIR)
Tasa de interes ajustable underlying benchmark interest rate or index
that changes periodically.
Adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) come with
an interest rate that changes at predetermined
intervals, such as annually or semi-annually.
Adjustable Rate Mortgage Hipoteca con tasa variable
ARMs typically have a low introductory rate,
which translates to more affordable monthly
mortgage payments initially.
An adjustable-rate note is a debt instrument
Adjustable rate note Pagaré de tasa variable with an interest rate that can fluctuate over
time.
An insurance company representative who
investigates claims and makes settlement
Adjuster Ajustador
recommendations based on the estimate of the
damages and the company's liability.
An affidavit is a sworn statement put in writing.
When you use an affidavit, you’re claiming that
the information within the document is true and
Affitdavit Declaración jurada correct to the best of your knowledge.
Like taking an oath in court, an affidavit is only
valid when you make it voluntarily and without
any coercion.
Permitirse To have enough purchasing power / Enough
Afford Poder pagarse money to buy something.
Costearse
Finance Glossary
Affordable Asequible Inexpensive; reasonably priced.
To distribute (resources or funds) for a
Allocate Destinar
particular purpose.
The process of sharing something, or the
Asignación
Allotment amount that you get. / To assign resources
Distribución
(monetary).
The gradual reduction of the debt through the
repayments we agree with the lender. Broadly
Amortization Amortización
speaking, loan amortization only considers
the principal and doesn't include interest.
Can refer to either a series of fixed payments
Series of fixed payments = (annuity) or a financial product with an
Anualidades insurance company that requires either a lump
Annuities
(Retirement) annuity = sum payment or series of payments to collect a
Prestaciones certain amount for retirement. (Retirement
annuity)
A person whose job is to assess the monetary
Appraiser Tasador
value of something.
Appreciation Apreciación An increase in the value of an asset.
Arrears is money that is owed and should
Arrears Atraso
already have been paid.
The dollar value assigned to a home or other
property for tax purposes. It takes into
consideration comparable home sales,
Valor Catastral
Assessed Value location, and other factors. Assessed value is
Valor de tasación
not the same as fair market value (what the
property could sell for) but is often calculated
as a percentage of it.
A tax assessment is basically a way for the
government to figure out how much tax you
owe. It’s like a detailed bill. They look at your
Assessment (Tax) Valoración fiscal income, property, or other factors to determine
your tax amount. After they assess it, they
send you a statement showing what you need
to pay.
An asset is a resource with economic value
that an individual or company owns or controls
Asset Activo(s)
with the expectation that it will provide a future
benefit.
A bank statement is an official document that
summarizes your account activity over a
Estado de cuenta bancario certain period of time—typically one month.
Bank statement Estado de cuenta You'll find records of all transactions—both
Extracto bancario incoming and outgoing—so you know exactly
what was going on with your funds during that
period.
A bill of sale is a written instrument that attests
Comprobante de venta
Bill of Sale to a buyer's purchase of property from a seller.
Factura de venta
In this way, it is similar to a receipt.
Finance Glossary
A bond is a fixed-income instrument and
investment product where individuals lend
money to a government or company at a
Bond Bono certain interest rate for an amount of time. (An
official paper given by the government or a
company to show that you have lent them
money)
Bond ratings are representations of the
creditworthiness of corporate or government
bonds. The ratings are published by credit
Bond rating Clasificación de bonos rating agencies and provide evaluations of a
bond issuer's financial strength and capacity to
repay the bond's principal and interest
according to the contract.
A borrower is a person or organization that
Borrower Prestatario
borrows money
Estimation of income and expenditure for a set
Budget Presupuesto
period of time.
A bull market is commonly defined as a period
of time when major stock market indexes are
generally rising, with market indexes eventually
Mercado al alza
Bull market reaching new highs. (Reminder: A stock
Mercado alcista
market index is a collection of stocks that are
tracked over time to gauge their overall
performance.
Capacidad de compra The financial ability of a person or group to buy
Buying Power
Poder de compra things / The available funds to spend.
Refers to the "limit" of the variable. Interest
rate cap for example is the limit to how much
Cap (interest/rate/payment) Límite an interest can increase to. If the interest rate
cap is 12%, that means it will not go higher
than 12%.
Wealth in the form of money or other assets
owned by a person or organization or available
Capital Patrimonio/Capital
for a purpose such as starting a company or
investing.
Capital gains refers to profits gained from the
sale of capital assets. Almost everything
someone owns and uses for personal or
Ganancia patrimonial/de
Capital gain investment purposes is a capital asset. This
capital
includes a home, personal-use items like
household furnishings, vehicles, or intangibles
such as stocks or bonds held as investments.
Capital markets are financial markets that bring
buyers and sellers together to trade stocks,
Capital market Mercado de capital bonds, currencies, and other financial assets.
Capital markets include the stock market and
the bond market.
A credit card statement is a summary of how
Estado de tarjeta
Card statement you've used your credit card for a billing
Extracto de tarjeta
period.
Finance Glossary
Refers to the net balance of cash moving into
Cash flow Flujo de dinero and out of a business at a specific point in
time.
A certificate of deposit (CD) is a type of
savings account that pays a fixed interest rate
Certificate of deposit (CD) Certificado de depósito
on money held for an agreed-upon period of
time.
Checking accounts allow you to deposit money
that you can then draw against to pay bills or
make purchases. They also may be called
Cuenta Corriente
Checking Account transactional accounts. Checking accounts are
Cuenta de cheque
different from savings accounts because—
rather than being designed to hold money for
the long-term—they're meant for everyday use.
Collateral is an asset of value that a borrower
pledges as a guarantee that a loan will be
repaid. Collateral is a tangible or intangible
asset pledged to secure a loan. If the borrower
Garantía
Collateral stops repaying the loan, the lender can seize
Colateral
and sell the collateral to get their funds back.
(For example: Use a vehicle as a collateral. If
you are unable to pay, the bank holds the
rights over the vehicle).
When borrowers fail to make timely
repayments on their loans or credit obligations,
Collections Cobranzas
financial institutions initiate collection activities
to recover the outstanding amounts
Commodities are economic goods that are
Materia prima
used to either produce other goods or to be
Sometimes used as
Commodity traded for another good/asset. Such are;
"Commodity" as an
agricultural resources, mining products like
acceptable anglicism.
iron, sugar, or grains like rice and wheat.
Compound interest is interest that applies not
only to the initial principal of an investment or a
loan, but also to the accumulated interest from
previous periods. In other words, compound
interest involves earning, or owing, interest on
your interest.This means that every period that
an interest is compounded it's based on the
current balance and not initial balance. (This
Compound interest Interés compuesto applies to debts and investments)
Example:
Year 1: You earn 5% interest on $1,000, which
is $50. So, you now have $1,050.
Year 2: You earn 5% interest on $1,050, which
is $52.50. So, you now have $1,102.50.
Each year, the interest is calculated on the
new, higher balance, allowing your money to
grow faster over time.
Consumer Financial Bureau de protección Agency that implements and enforces Federal
Protection Bureau financiera al consumidor consumer financial Law.
Finance Glossary
A person or organization that signs another
Co-firmante person's application (= request) to borrow
Cosigner
Co-fiador money, rent an apartment, etc. promising to
pay if they do not:
A creditor is an individual or institution that
extends credit to another party to borrow
Creditor Acreedor
money usually by a loan agreement or
contract.
A debt collector is a person or a company that
regularly collects debts owed to others, usually
Debt collector Cobrador de deudas when those debts are past-due. Debt collectors
include collection agencies or lawyers who
collect debts as part of their business.
Debt settlement is the process of negotiating a
payment for less than what you currently owe.
Liquidación de deuda (pago Also: Debt settlement sometimes involves
Debt settlement
total) offering a lump-sum payment to a creditor in
exchange for a portion of your debt being
forgiven.
Debtor Deudor Individual or company that owes money.
A deed is a signed legal document that
transfers ownership of an asset to a new
owner. Deeds are most commonly used to
Escritura
transfer ownership of property or vehicles
Deed Título
between two parties. The purpose of a deed is
Documento de propiedad
to transfer a title, the legal ownership of a
property or asset, from one person or company
to another.
A deed of trust is a document used in real
estate transactions. It represents an
agreement between the borrower and a lender
Deed of trust Escritura fiduciaria
to have the property held in trust by a neutral
and independent third party until the loan is
paid off
Default on Payment means failure to pay a
Debt or its instalment when due stated in the
Loan Agreement. A late payment becomes a
Default Incumplimiento
default when it goes unpaid for a certain
period, typically 30 days or more, depending
on the terms of the loan or credit agreement.
Deferment is an option that allows you to
Deferment Prorroga temporarily pause your loan payments with the
lender's approval.
In accounting: expenses that have been
prepaid, or early receipt of revenues. In other
words, it is payment made or payment
Deferral Prorroga received for products or services not yet
provided.

For loans and payments: Refers to the act of

Finance Glossary
delaying or postponing the payment to a later
date.
This is when a payment is delayed for a later
date. In simple terms, a deferred balance
Deferred balance / interest Saldo/Interes diferido
refers to delaying the recognition of certain
transactions.
Being delinquent refers to the state of being
past due on a debt. Delinquency occurs as
Delinquent Moroso
soon as a borrower misses a payment on a
loan
Is the reduction in the value of an asset over
Depreciation Depreciación
time.
A dividend is a distribution of earnings, often
Dividends Dividendos quarterly, by a company to its shareholders in
the form of cash or stock reinvestment.
Down payments are a portion of a payment
Anticipo
Down payment that is paid upfront. Usually covering a
Deposito inicial
percentage of the total debt, like 3% or 20%.
To make it easy to understand: "assets-minus-
liabilities" or: "Gained value minus debts, or
Asset - Liability approach =
owed values".
Capital
When talking about mortgages and houses:
Equity is the difference between what you owe
Equity For loan (Home-equity) =
on your mortgage and what your home is
Patrimonio neto de la
currently worth. If you owe $150,000 on your
vivienda / Capital de la
mortgage loan and your home is worth
vivienda.
$200,000, you have $50,000 of equity in your
home.
A home equity loan (sometimes called a HEL)
allows you to borrow money using the equity in
Prestamo sobre el capital de
your home as collateral. Equity is the amount
la vivienda
Equity loan your property is currently worth, minus the
Prestamo con garantía
amount of any existing mortgage on your
hipotecaria
property. You receive the money from a home
equity loan as a lump sum.
An agreement between two people or
organizations in which money or property is
Escrow Deposito en garantía
kept by a third person or organization until a
particular condition is met :
An escrow account is a special type of account
Cuenta de depósito en held by a third party, known as the escrow
Escrow account
garantía agent, on behalf of two other parties involved
in a transaction.
The term "escrow amount" refers to the
Importe del depósito en
Escrow amount specific sum of money that is placed in an
garantía
escrow account as part of a transaction.
An Escrow Analysis is a review of your escrow
Analisis de depósito en account to ensure enough funds are collected
Escrow analysis
garantía to pay upcoming installments of your insurance
premium(s) and/or property taxes.
Finance Glossary
An escrow shortage happens when there's not
enough funds to pay the property taxes and
Deficit de depósito en insurance. This usually happens when the cost
Escrow shortage
garantía of these items increase. If a shortage is found,
the amount is evenly divided and added to the
next 12 mortgage payments.
Estado de cuenta de The Escrow Account Statement details your
depósito en garantía escrow account changes and how it will impact
Escrow statement
Extracto de depósito en your monthly mortgage payment for the next
garantía 12 months.
The meaning of FORBEARANCE is a
refraining from the enforcement of something
(such as a debt, right, or obligation) that is due.
Forbearance Aplazamiento
In simple terms, it means that a loan's payment
will be stopped or postponed for a later date.
Typically used for mortgages or student loans.
Ejecución hipotecaria The action of taking possession of a
Forclosure (mortgage) Less common: Embargo de mortgaged property when the mortgagor fails
propiedad to keep up their mortgage payments.
Gross assets are fixed tangible assets (like
machinery) and current assets (cash in the
bank or an asset that can be converted into
Gross assets Activos fijos cash within that financial year). In calculating
the assets, it's the full value of the asset which
should be taken into account - you should not
factor in depreciation.
Gross income for an individual—also known as
gross pay when it's on a paycheck—is an
individual's total earnings before taxes or other
Gross Income Ingreso bruto deductions. This includes income from all
sources, not just employment, and is not
limited to income received in cash; it also
includes property or services received.
The gross margin is the difference between
revenue and the cost of an asset/good. In
Gross margin Margen bruto
terms of loans or financial assets, that "margin"
refers to the profit made out of the transaction.
Home equity represents the difference
Patrimonio neto de la between the market value of the home and the
Home Equity vivienda Capital de la outstanding balance. Same as the Equity
vivienda. example; if you owe $150,000 and the net
value is $200,000 then your equity is $50,000.
Individual Tax Payer Numero de identificación de -
Identification Number ( I.T.I.N) contribuyente
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the
revenue service for the United States federal
Servicio de Rentas Internas
IRS (Internal Revenue government, which is responsible for collecting
Servicio de Recaudaciones
Service) U.S. federal taxes and administering the
Internas
Internal Revenue Code, the main body of the
federal statutory tax law.
Finance Glossary
A levy is a legal seizure of property to satisfy a
debt. Often confused with Lien. A Lien is a
Levy Embargo claim against the rights of a property to secure
a payment while the levy actually takes the
property to satisfy that debt.
In finance you could use: Liability is CONTEXT-DEPENDANT. While it
Obligación/Responsabilidad. means the same, the terms used are different
in some situations.
Liability
In economics when referring A liability IN FINANCE is a legal responsibility
to an item/debt a liability = or obligation to pay a debt.
Pasivo.
A right to keep possession of property
Lien Gravamen belonging to another person until a debt owed
by that person is discharged.
Liquid assets refer to cash on hand, cash on
bank deposit, and assets that can be quickly
Liquid asset Activos líquidos and easily converted to cash. The common
liquid assets are stock, bonds, certificates of
deposit, or shares.
A lump sum payment is an amount of money
Lump Sum Payment Pago único that is paid in one single payment rather than
in installments.
A money order is a paper document, similar to
personal checks in that the person paying
identifies who the money order is payable to
Money Order Giro bancario and sets the dollar amount. Unlike checks, you
must purchase money orders with cash up
front, rather than have the funds come out of
your checking account.
Net assets are the value of a company's
assets minus its liabilities. It is calculated
Net assets Activos netos ((Total Fixed Assets + Total Current Assets) –
(Total Current Liabilities + Total Long-Term
Liabilities)).
Net income is gross income minus expenses,
Net Income Ingreso neto interest, and taxes. Net income reflects the
actual profit of a business or individual.
Net profit margin, or simply net margin,
measures how much net income or profit a
company generates as a percentage of its
Margen neto
Net margin revenue. It is the ratio of net profits to revenues
Margen de beneficio neto
for a company or business segment. Net profit
margin is typically expressed as a percentage
but can also be represented in decimal form.
It is a contract for a loan that specifies when
Note (In context of debts and
Pagaré the loan must be repaid and usually also the
mortgages)
interest payable.
Total amount of compensation a company
Payroll Nómina
gives to employees.
To prorate is to divide something in a
Prorate (Prorated) Prorratear (Prorrateado)
proportional way, based on time. If your new
Finance Glossary
landlord prorates your first month's rent, she
only charges you for the days you've lived in
your apartment.
Buying power and purchasing power are not
the same thing. Buying power is the number of
securities that you could purchase with a given
Pruchasing power Poder adquisitivo amount of money, whereas purchasing power
is how much a unit of currency will buy, such
as how much you can purchase with one
dollar.
The basic revenue definition is the total
amount of money brought in by a company's
operations, measured over a set amount of
time. A business's revenue is its gross income
Revenue Ingresos
before subtracting any expenses. Profits and
total earnings define revenue—it is the
financial gain through sales and/or services
rendered.
A routing number is nine digits that identify the
financial institution that holds your account,
Routing number Número de ruta while an account number is the unique 9-to-12-
digit number that identifies your specific
account within that financial institution.
A salary is a fixed amount that is paid to an
Salary Sueldo employee at regular intervals, irrespective of
the hours or amount of work performed.
A state or situation in which something needed
Shortage Deficit cannot be obtained in sufficient amounts. /
Deficit of an asset or lack thereof.