CHAPTER 3

Expressions and Interactivity

 3:1

The cin Object

The cin Object
• cin is our standard input function and the keyboard of a computer
is the standard input device. Like cout, requires iostream file
• Used to read input from keyboard
• Information retrieved from cin with >>
• Input is stored in one or more variables
The cin Object
• cin converts data to the type that matches the variable:

int height;
cout << "How tall is the room? ";
cin >> height;
The cin Object in Program 3-1
The cin Object
• Can be used to input more than one value:
cin >> height >> width;

• Multiple values from keyboard must be separated by

spaces

• Order is important: first value entered goes to first

variable, etc.
The cin Object Gathers Multiple Values in Program 3-2
The cin Object Gathers Multiple Values in Program 3-3
 3:2

Mathematical Expressions
Mathematical Expressions
• Can create complex expressions using multiple
mathematical operators
• An expression can be a literal, a variable, or a
mathematical combination of constants and variables
• Can be used in assignment, cout, other statements:
area = 2 * PI * radius;
cout << "border is: " << 2*(l+w);
Order of Operations
In an expression with more than one operator, evaluate in
this order:
- (unary negation), in order, left to right
* / %, in order, left to right
+ -, in order, left to right
In the expression 2 + 2 * 2 – 2
Order of Operations
Associativity of Operators
• - (unary negation) associates right to left
• *, /, %, +, - associate right to left
• parentheses ( ) can be used to override the order of
operations:
2 + 2 * 2 – 2 = 4
(2 + 2) * 2 – 2 = 6
2 + 2 * (2 – 2) = 2
(2 + 2) * (2 – 2) = 0
Grouping with Parentheses
Algebraic Expressions
• Multiplication requires an operator:
Area=lw is written as Area = l * w;
• There is no exponentiation operator:
Area=s2 is written as Area = pow(s, 2);
• Parentheses may be needed to maintain order of operations:
is written as
m = (y2-y1) /(x2-x1);
Algebraic Expressions
 15 mins
Write a complete C++ program that
gets x, y, z numbers from user to
Class
calculate the provided functions Exercise
below.
𝟐𝒙+𝟓𝒛 𝟓𝒙+𝟐𝒚
• 𝒇=
𝒙 𝒚+𝒛

4𝑦 2𝑧+2

• 𝑓= 3𝑥
3𝑥
2
+ 4𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑦
 3:3

When You Mix Apples with

Oranges: Type Conversion
Type Conversion
• Operations are performed between operands of the same type.
• If not of the same type, C++ will convert one to be the type of the
other
• This can impact the results of calculations.
Hierarchy of Types
Highest: long double
double
float
unsigned long
long
unsigned int
int
Lowest:
Ranked by largest number they can hold
Type Coercion
• Type Coercion: automatic conversion of an operand to another
data type
• Promotion: convert to a higher type
• Demotion: convert to a lower type
Coercion Rules
1. char, short, unsigned short automatically promoted to int
2. When operating on values of different data types, the lower one
is promoted to the type of the higher one.
3. When using the = operator, the type of expression on right will be
converted to type of variable on left
 3:4

Overflow and Underflow

Overflow and Underflow
• Occurs when assigning a value that is too large (overflow) or too
small (underflow) to be held in a variable

• Variable contains value that is ‘wrapped around’ set of possible

values

• Different systems may display a warning/error message, stop the

program, or continue execution using the incorrect value
 3:5

Type Casting
Type Casting
• Used for manual data type conversion
• Useful for floating point division using ints: double m;
m = static_cast<double>(y2-y1)
/(x2-x1);
• Useful to see int value of a char variable:
char ch = 'C';
cout << ch << " is "
<< static_cast<int>(ch);
Type Casting in Program 3-9
C-Style and Prestandard Type Cast Expressions
• C-Style cast: data type name in ()
cout << ch << " is " << (int)ch;

• Prestandard C++ cast: value in ()

cout << ch << " is " << int(ch);

• Both are still supported in C++, although static_cast is

preferred
 3:6

Multiple Assignment and

Combined Assignment
Multiple Assignment and Combined Assignment
• The = can be used to assign a value to multiple variables:
x = y = z = 5;

• Value of = is the value that is assigned

• Associates right to left:

x = (y = (z = 5));
Combined Assignment
• Look at the following statement:

sum = sum + 1;

This adds 1 to the variable sum.

Other Similar Statements
Combined Assignment
• The combined assignment operators provide a shorthand
for these types of statements.
• The statement
sum = sum + 1;
is equivalent to
sum += 1;
Combined Assignment Operators
 3:7

Formatting Output
Formatting Output
• Can control how output displays for numeric, string data:

• size
• position
• number of digits

• Requires iomanip header file

Stream Manipulators
• Used to control how an output field is displayed

• Some affect just the next value displayed:

• setw(x): print in a field at least x spaces wide. Use more
spaces if field is not wide enough
The setw Stream Manipulator in Program 3-13
Stream Manipulators
• Some affect values until changed again:
• fixed: use decimal notation for floating-point values
• setprecision(x): when used with fixed, print floating-
point value using x digits after the decimal. Without fixed,
print floating-point value using x significant digits
• showpoint: always print decimal for floating-point values
More Stream Manipulators in Program 3-17
Stream Manipulators
 3:8

Working with Characters and

string Objects
Working with Characters and string Objects

• Using cin with the >> operator to input strings can cause
problems:

• It passes over and ignores any leading whitespace characters

(spaces, tabs, or line breaks)

• To work around this problem, you can use a C++ function named
getline.
Using getline in Program 3-19
Working with Characters and string Objects
• To read a single character:
• Use cin:
char ch;
cout << "Strike any key to continue";
cin >> ch;
Problem: will skip over blanks, tabs, <CR>
• Use cin.get():
cin.get(ch);
Will read the next character entered, even whitespace
Using cin.get() in Program 3-21
Working with Characters and string Objects
• Mixing cin >> and cin.get() in the same program
can cause input errors that are hard to detect
• To skip over unneeded characters that are still in the
keyboard buffer, use cin.ignore():
cin.ignore(); // skip next char
cin.ignore(10, '\n'); // skip the next
// 10 char. or until a '\n'
string Member Functions and Operators
• To find the length of a string:
string state = "Texas";
int size = state.length();

• To concatenate (join) multiple strings:

greeting2 = greeting1 + name1;
greeting1 = greeting1 + name2;

Or using the += combined assignment

operator:
greeting1 += name2;
 3:9

More Mathematical Library

Functions
More Mathematical Library Functions
• Require cmath header file
• Take double as input, return a double
• Commonly used functions:
sin Sine
cos Cosine
tan Tangent
sqrt Square root
log Natural (e) log
abs Absolute value (takes and returns an
int)
More Mathematical Library Functions
• These require cstdlib header file

• rand(): returns a random number (int) between 0 and the

largest int the compute holds. Yields same sequence of numbers
each time program is run.

• srand(x): initializes random number generator with unsigned

int x
 3 : 10

Hand Tracing a Program

Hand Tracing a Program
• Hand trace a program: act as if you are the computer, executing a
program:
• step through and ‘execute’ each statement, one-by-one
• record the contents of variables after statement execution,
using a hand trace chart (table)
• Useful to locate logic or mathematical errors
Program 3-27 with Hand Trace Chart
 3 : 11

A Case Study
A Case Study
• General Crates, Inc. builds custom-designed wooden crates.
• You have been asked to write a program that calculates the:
• Volume (in cubic feet)
• Cost
• Customer price
• Profit of any crate GCI builds
Variables
Program Design
The program must perform the following general steps:
Step 1:
Ask the user to enter the dimensions of the crate
Step 2:
Calculate:
the crate’s volume
the cost of building the crate
the customer’s charge
the profit made
Step 3:
Display the data calculated in Step 2.
General Hierarchy Chart
Get Crate Dimensions
Calculate Volume, Cost, Customer
Charge, and Profit
Display Calculated Data
Psuedocode
1. Ask the user to input the crate's length.
2. Ask the user to input the crate's width.
3. Ask the user to input the crate's height.
4. Calculate the crate's volume.
5. Calculate the cost of building the crate.
6. Calculate the customer's charge for the crate.
7. Calculate the profit made from the crate.
8. Display the crate's volume.
9. Display the cost of building the crate.
10. Display the customer's charge for the crate.
11. Display the profit made from the crate.
Calculations
• The following formulas will be used to calculate the crate’s volume,
cost, charge, and profit:

• volume = length × width × height

• cost = volume × 0.23

• charge = volume × 0.5

• profit = charge − cost

The Program
The Program
The Program
Questions??
Thank you!