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 Chapter 14

Partnerships: Formation and Operation

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Cherryhill and Hace had been partners for several years, and they decided to
admit Quincy to the partnership. The accountant for the partnership believed
that the dissolved partnership and the newly formed partnership were two
separate entities. What method would the accountant have used for recording
the admission of Quincy to the partnership?

A. the bonus method.

B. the equity method.

C. the goodwill method.

D. the proportionate method.

E. the cost method.

2. When the hybrid method is used to record the withdrawal of a partner, the
partnership

A. revalues assets and liabilities and records goodwill to the continuing

partner but not to the withdrawing partner.

B. revalues liabilities but not assets, and no goodwill is recorded.

C. can recognize goodwill but does not revalue assets and liabilities.

D. revalues assets but not liabilities, and records goodwill to the continuing
partner but not to the withdrawing partner.

E. revalues assets and liabilities but does not record goodwill.

3. The disadvantages of the partnership form of business organization,

compared to corporations, include

A. the legal requirements for formation.

B. unlimited liability for the partners.

C. the requirement for the partnership to pay income taxes.

D. the extent of governmental regulation.

E. the complexity of operations.

4. The advantages of the partnership form of business organization, compared
to corporations, include

A. single taxation.

B. ease of raising capital.

C. mutual agency.

D. limited liability.

E. difficulty of formation.

5. The dissolution of a partnership occurs

A. only when the partnership sells its assets and permanently closes its
books.

B. only when a partner leaves the partnership.

C. at the end of each year, when income is allocated to the partners.

D. only when a new partner is admitted to the partnership.

E. when there is any change in the individuals who make up the partnership.
6. The partnership of Clapton, Seidel, and Thomas was insolvent and will be
unable to pay $30,000 in liabilities currently due. What recourse was available
to the partnership's creditors?

A. they must present equal claims to the three partners as individuals.

B. they must try obtain a payment from the partner with the largest capital
account balance.

C. they cannot seek remuneration from the partners as individuals.

D. they may seek remuneration from any partner they choose.

E. they must present their claims to the three partners in the order of the
partners' capital account balances.
7. Cleary, Wasser, and Nolan formed a partnership on January 1, 2010, with
investments of $100,000, $150,000, and $200,000, respectively. For division of
income, they agreed to (1) interest of 10% of the beginning capital balance
each year, (2) annual compensation of $10,000 to Wasser, and (3) sharing the
remainder of the income or loss in a ratio of 20% for Cleary, and 40% each for
Wasser and Nolan. Net income was $150,000 in 2010 and $180,000 in 2011.
Each partner withdrew $1,000 for personal use every month during 2010 and
2011.

What was Wasser's total share of net income for 2010?

A. $63,000.

B. $53,000.

C. $58,000.

D. $29,000.

E. $51,000.
8. Cleary, Wasser, and Nolan formed a partnership on January 1, 2010, with
investments of $100,000, $150,000, and $200,000, respectively. For division of
income, they agreed to (1) interest of 10% of the beginning capital balance
each year, (2) annual compensation of $10,000 to Wasser, and (3) sharing the
remainder of the income or loss in a ratio of 20% for Cleary, and 40% each for
Wasser and Nolan. Net income was $150,000 in 2010 and $180,000 in 2011.
Each partner withdrew $1,000 for personal use every month during 2010 and
2011.

What was Nolan's total share of net income for 2010?

A. $63,000.

B. $53,000.

C. $58,000.

D. $29,000.

E. $51,000.
9. Cleary, Wasser, and Nolan formed a partnership on January 1, 2010, with
investments of $100,000, $150,000, and $200,000, respectively. For division of
income, they agreed to (1) interest of 10% of the beginning capital balance
each year, (2) annual compensation of $10,000 to Wasser, and (3) sharing the
remainder of the income or loss in a ratio of 20% for Cleary, and 40% each for
Wasser and Nolan. Net income was $150,000 in 2010 and $180,000 in 2011.
Each partner withdrew $1,000 for personal use every month during 2010 and
2011.

What was Cleary's total share of net income for 2010?

A. $63,000.

B. $53,000.

C. $58,000.

D. $29,000.

E. $51,000.
10. Cleary, Wasser, and Nolan formed a partnership on January 1, 2010, with
investments of $100,000, $150,000, and $200,000, respectively. For division of
income, they agreed to (1) interest of 10% of the beginning capital balance
each year, (2) annual compensation of $10,000 to Wasser, and (3) sharing the
remainder of the income or loss in a ratio of 20% for Cleary, and 40% each for
Wasser and Nolan. Net income was $150,000 in 2010 and $180,000 in 2011.
Each partner withdrew $1,000 for personal use every month during 2010 and
2011.

What was Nolan's capital balance at the end of 2010?

A. $200,000.

B. $224,000.

C. $238,000.

D. $246,000.

E. $254,000.
11. Cleary, Wasser, and Nolan formed a partnership on January 1, 2010, with
investments of $100,000, $150,000, and $200,000, respectively. For division of
income, they agreed to (1) interest of 10% of the beginning capital balance
each year, (2) annual compensation of $10,000 to Wasser, and (3) sharing the
remainder of the income or loss in a ratio of 20% for Cleary, and 40% each for
Wasser and Nolan. Net income was $150,000 in 2010 and $180,000 in 2011.
Each partner withdrew $1,000 for personal use every month during 2010 and
2011.

What was Wasser's capital balance at the end of 2010?

A. $150,000.

B. $160,000.

C. $165,000.

D. $213,000.

E. $201,000.
12. Cleary, Wasser, and Nolan formed a partnership on January 1, 2010, with
investments of $100,000, $150,000, and $200,000, respectively. For division of
income, they agreed to (1) interest of 10% of the beginning capital balance
each year, (2) annual compensation of $10,000 to Wasser, and (3) sharing the
remainder of the income or loss in a ratio of 20% for Cleary, and 40% each for
Wasser and Nolan. Net income was $150,000 in 2010 and $180,000 in 2011.
Each partner withdrew $1,000 for personal use every month during 2010 and
2011.

What was Cleary's capital balance at the end of 2010?

A. $100,000.

B. $117,000.

C. $119,000.

D. $129,000.

E. $153,000.
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13. Cleary, Wasser, and Nolan formed a partnership on January 1, 2010, with
investments of $100,000, $150,000, and $200,000, respectively. For division of
income, they agreed to (1) interest of 10% of the beginning capital balance
each year, (2) annual compensation of $10,000 to Wasser, and (3) sharing the
remainder of the income or loss in a ratio of 20% for Cleary, and 40% each for
Wasser and Nolan. Net income was $150,000 in 2010 and $180,000 in 2011.
Each partner withdrew $1,000 for personal use every month during 2010 and
2011.

What was the total capital balance for the partnership at December 31,
2010?

A. $600,000

B. $564,000

C. $535,000

D. $523,000

E. $545,000
14. Cleary, Wasser, and Nolan formed a partnership on January 1, 2010, with
investments of $100,000, $150,000, and $200,000, respectively. For division of
income, they agreed to (1) interest of 10% of the beginning capital balance
each year, (2) annual compensation of $10,000 to Wasser, and (3) sharing the
remainder of the income or loss in a ratio of 20% for Cleary, and 40% each for
Wasser and Nolan. Net income was $150,000 in 2010 and $180,000 in 2011.
Each partner withdrew $1,000 for personal use every month during 2010 and
2011.

What was the amount of interest attributed to Wasser for 2011?

A. $17,600

B. $18,800

C. $20,100

D. $17,800

E. $30,100
15. Cleary, Wasser, and Nolan formed a partnership on January 1, 2010, with
investments of $100,000, $150,000, and $200,000, respectively. For division of
income, they agreed to (1) interest of 10% of the beginning capital balance
each year, (2) annual compensation of $10,000 to Wasser, and (3) sharing the
remainder of the income or loss in a ratio of 20% for Cleary, and 40% each for
Wasser and Nolan. Net income was $150,000 in 2010 and $180,000 in 2011.
Each partner withdrew $1,000 for personal use every month during 2010 and
2011.

What was Wasser's total share of net income for 2011?

A. $34,420.

B. $75,540.

C. $65,540.

D. $70,040.

E. $61,420.
16. Cleary, Wasser, and Nolan formed a partnership on January 1, 2010, with
investments of $100,000, $150,000, and $200,000, respectively. For division of
income, they agreed to (1) interest of 10% of the beginning capital balance
each year, (2) annual compensation of $10,000 to Wasser, and (3) sharing the
remainder of the income or loss in a ratio of 20% for Cleary, and 40% each for
Wasser and Nolan. Net income was $150,000 in 2010 and $180,000 in 2011.
Each partner withdrew $1,000 for personal use every month during 2010 and
2011.

What was the remainder portion of net income allocated to Nolan for 2011?

A. $45,440

B. $58,040

C. $70,040

D. $72,000

E. $82,040
17. Cleary, Wasser, and Nolan formed a partnership on January 1, 2010, with
investments of $100,000, $150,000, and $200,000, respectively. For division of
income, they agreed to (1) interest of 10% of the beginning capital balance
each year, (2) annual compensation of $10,000 to Wasser, and (3) sharing the
remainder of the income or loss in a ratio of 20% for Cleary, and 40% each for
Wasser and Nolan. Net income was $150,000 in 2010 and $180,000 in 2011.
Each partner withdrew $1,000 for personal use every month during 2010 and
2011.

What was Nolan's total share of net income for 2011?

A. $34,420.

B. $75,540.

C. $65,540.

D. $70,040.

E. $61,420.
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operations must be greatly enlarged. We may one day see the whole
of the printing of the Museum a special department, like the
Clarendon or Cambridge University press, with a head and a staff of
its own, and carrying on operations by the side of which those I
have been describing will appear diminutive. At present the Museum
force and the Museum grant are nicely adapted to each other. With a
stronger staff we could easily spend much more money, with a
weaker staff we could not spend what we do. Every effort is of
course made to expend the full amount within the year, not only that
it may not return unused into the Exchequer, but, from consideration
to the just claims of our printers, who have engaged a number of
extra hands whom they cannot afford to keep idle. Hence, as I have
stated, we are content with a single revise, and deliberately prefer
systematic energy to minute accuracy. Misprints and other oversights
will, no doubt, be detected, which a more deliberate procedure
would have obviated. I do not desire to have the air of apologising
for a catalogue which, even if tried by a severe standard, will, I am
persuaded, be pronounced a creditable work; but I wish it to be
understood that these blemishes, as well as some defects of
arrangement manifested in long sets of cross-references, are not
unknown or overlooked. They will diminish as the work proceeds;
confident, meanwhile, of a generous construction, we are
deliberately of opinion that it is infinitely better to run the risk of
letting them pass than to open a door to the capital enemy of all
good administration—arrear. Other shortcomings are necessitated by
the fact that the Museum Library is not an inert mass, but a living
organism. You have not to deal with a closed collection of books like
the King's Library, whose authors are dead, and to which no addition
can ever be made. The very titles before you have been prepared
during the last forty years by twice forty persons of various
idiosyncrasies, whose work, with every care, it is often no easy
matter to harmonise. While the product of their heterogeneous
authorship is at press, the Accession Catalogue is in progress under
independent management; thousands of titles are annually written
and entered which will one day have to be amalgamated with the
general series, and discrepancies must sometimes occur. Moreover,
the catalogue of the world's literature partakes of the mobility of the
world itself. Designations are altered, as when successful generals
become barons, or popular churchmen bishops; anonymous authors
are brought to light; periodicals and works in progress are completed
or relinquished; errors are detected and corrected; improvements
and modifications are introduced. The catalogue of an institution like
the British Museum, dealing with a mass of matter already
accumulated, and intended to register an ever-accumulating mass of
matter for ever and ever, must not aspire to absolute perfection, and
can never attain finality.
A few words, in conclusion, upon the duty and interest of the
public to support the Museum undertakings, and the practical end at
which, as it seems to me, we ought to aim. The catalogue cannot, at
the present rate of progress, be completely printed in much less
than forty years. We shall all agree that this progress ought to be
accelerated, but this can only be by increased liberality from the
Treasury. This will be accorded in proportion to the Treasury's
conviction of the value of our work, and this conviction will greatly
depend upon the appreciation of this usefulness manifested by the
public. If we are to do a national work, we must have national
recognition. I am not at all using the language of complaint or
disappointment. It would be well worth the Museum's while to print
the catalogue for its own sake, even if it did not dispose of a single
copy; and in fact the number of subscriptions is very much what was
expected. I wish, however, that we could succeed in this, as in some
other things, beyond expectation. Something is probably to be
ascribed to the peculiarly quiet manner in which this great change
was effected. Mr. Bond's reforms "come not with observation." A
question which had been so long and clamorously agitated while
unripe was, being ripe, settled in a few conversations, and with a
little official correspondence, so noiselessly and unostentatiously,
that many of those most interested in the matter have never heard
of it. Many who have heard of it are probably under the impression
that the original high terms of subscription have been maintained.
This is not so. All the sections of the Accession Catalogue are now
issued for an annual subscription of £3; and all volumes of the
General Catalogue for an annual subscription of £3, 10s. This does
not bring it within the reach of every purse: still there must be many
students and men of letters in easy circumstances who would find it
well worth their while to secure on such terms a register of the
literature of the world. Our late lamented friend and colleague,
Professor Jevons, was a type of the class I have in my mind; and I
know that on the eve of his death he had determined to become a
subscriber. From another point of view it may be urged that to
support the Museum Catalogue is to take a long step towards the
attainment of the still grander object of a Universal Catalogue. At
present a Universal Catalogue is a Utopian Catalogue. I have the
greatest respect for those who have advocated it as an undertaking
immediately practicable. I have no doubt that the twentieth century
will speak of them as men before their age. But they are before it.
Their project is at present intricate, indefinite, intangible. They want
a base of operations. As Sir Henry Cole himself discerned when he
made his not altogether fortunate experiment of printing a specimen
article from the Museum Catalogue, this catalogue supplies such a
base. Let us know clearly what is in it and what is not; let whatever
it contains be put clearly before the world in type; and we shall be
able to proceed systematically and intelligently to fill up its lacunæ
from the catalogues of other libraries, and from the special
bibliographies which are increasing and multiplying year by year. In
saying "then" I would not foreshadow a date which many of this
generation may not hope to see. My aspiration is that the completion
of the Museum Catalogue in print may coincide with the completion
of the present century. This is an age of anniversary demonstrations.
When a great man dies he bequeaths to his country—his centenary.
It may be predicted that if the twentieth century finds the world at
peace it will be inaugurated with more displays and solemnities than
all preceding centuries together. Well, I do not know how we could
offer it a more acceptable gift than a register of almost all the really
valuable literature of all former centuries. Such a register the British
Museum Catalogue, if then completed, would afford; and a
precedent would be set for a similar issue every succeeding century,
or half or quarter century, as might be found most expedient, which
would show at one view what that particular interval of time had
effected for mankind in literature. Evidently, however, the catalogue
cannot at the close of this century be absolutely complete as
respects the Museum, as a host of accession titles will have been
growing up, a great part of which, coming after the volume which
would otherwise have included them has been printed, will be too
late to be comprised in the general alphabetical series. It may not,
perhaps, be too much to hope that the claims of culture upon the
State will by that time be sufficiently recognised to induce the
Government to bear the cost of reprinting the whole catalogue with
these titles, that the literary register may be as complete as possible,
and to provide for the regular repetition of the process at definite
intervals. If, however, this is not done, there is still another agent
that may be invoked. When the Museum shall have adopted
Photography as it has adopted Electricity; when it shall possess—and
I trust that long ere that period it will possess—a photographic
department, an established branch of its organisation in which, the
salaries of the staff being defrayed as in other departments by the
State, there will be no expense to be considered beyond the mere
cost of chemicals, there need be no limit to the reproduction of its
treasures. Sculptures, coins, and prints can be disseminated over
every hamlet; manuscripts can be multiplied indefinitely and
exchanged with foreign libraries for corresponding donations,
illustrative of English history and antiquities; foreign and country
scholars will be able to consult rare books and unique manuscripts
without leaving their arm-chairs; and, above all, the scattered
portions of the nearest approach the world will have made to a
Universal Catalogue may be brought together, digested into
alphabetical order, and, reproduced in facsimile by this beautiful art
—fit mate of Printing in that she too preserves what would else
perish, and brings light into many a dark place—be given to the
world.[86:1]
 FOOTNOTES:
[67:1] Read before the Library Association, Cambridge, Sept.
1882.
[86:1] This forecast of the service which photography might
render to library catalogues would seem to have been inspired by
the very spirit of prophecy. See, in the American Library Journal
for March 1899, an account by A. J. Rudolph of the success of the
Newberry Library, Chicago, "in printing a catalogue of the
accessions accumulated in the British Museum since 1880 to date,
in one general alphabet by the so-called blue-print process, a
method of photo-printing." If the Newberry Library can do this,
the British Museum ought to be able to incorporate its accession-
titles with the general catalogue, and reissue the latter from time
to time, as frequently recommended in this volume, and in a
remarkable article in the Quarterly Review for October 1898.
 THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM CATALOGUE[87:1]
The present and the future of the British Museum Catalogue are
so much more important than its past, that this part of our subject
must be touched with brevity. Resisting, therefore, every temptation
to expatiate upon the desert of ancient cataloguers, further than by
the observation that Moses and Homer were of the brotherhood, we
begin with June 21, 1759, when the Trustees of the British Museum,
which institution had been opened to the public in the preceding
January, recorded the following remarkable minute:—
"The Committee think proper to add that the requiring the
attendance of the officers during the whole six hours that the
Museum is kept open is not a wanton or useless piece of severity, as
the two vacant hours (if it is not thought a burden upon the officers)
might very usefully be employed by them in better ranging the
several collections; especially in the Department of Manuscripts, and
preparing catalogues for publication, which last the Committee think
so necessary a work that till it is performed the several collections
can be but imperfectly useful to the public."
From this we learn that the officers of the Museum had at that
primitive period of its history but two hours to spare from conducting
visitors over the building; that the Committee rather expected to be
censured for requiring any other duty from them; and that, though
the Trustees themselves thought catalogues useful and even
necessary, there were those who deemed otherwise. The Museum
Library dispensed with a printed catalogue until 1787, when one was
issued in two volumes folio, the work of three persons, two-thirds of
whose time was otherwise occupied. It would therefore be unjust as
well as unbecoming to criticise its many defects with asperity. The
compilers seem to have adopted as their principle that the
cataloguer who looks beyond the title-page is lost. They therefore
enter "The London Prodigal" and "Mucedorus" under Shakespeare
with no impertinent scepticism as to the authorship; bewilder
themselves with no nice distinctions between the William Bedloe
who wrote against Mahometanism in 1615, and the William Bedloe
who swore away the lives of Roman Catholics in 1680; and achieve
their crowning glory by cataloguing the thirty-three thousand Civil
War tracts at a stroke under "Anglia" as "a large collection of
pamphlets." If they had tried to do more they would probably have
done nothing. Their list, meagre in every sense, and at the present
day less interesting for what it contains than for what it does not
contain, served for twenty years, when a beginning was made
towards superseding it by the more elaborate performance of Sir
Henry Ellis and Mr. Baber. This catalogue, commenced in 1807, was
completed in 1819. The portion executed by Sir Henry Ellis has been
severely criticised. It was certainly unfortunate that pastor paganus
should have been treated as the equivalent of sacerdos ethnicus,
and Emanuel Prince of Peace mistaken for Emanuel King of Portugal.
Its virtue, however, of portable brevity, has rendered it so useful a
substitute for its colossal successor on those not unfrequent
occasions when the wood could not be seen for the trees, that those
thus beholden to it will be little inclined to deal hardly with its
notorious errors and deficiencies.
Ellis and Baber's catalogue had scarcely been completed ere the
need of a new one began to be felt, partly on account of the
magnificent donation of the 60,000 volumes and 20,000 pamphlets
of the King's Library. Notions of classification were then in the
ascendant, and in 1826 the Rev. T. Hartwell Horne, a bibliographer
famed for strict method and plodding industry, was engaged as a
temporary assistant to carry them out; together with Mr. (afterwards
Sir Frederic) Madden, Mr. Tidd Pratt, and other persons of literary
ability. Seldom has an undertaking so extensive left so little trace
behind it. Mr. Horne's assistants ascended to higher spheres, or
evaporated entirely, and when called upon in 1834 to report the
progress of the previous year, he could only state that he had
personally arranged the classes of "chemical and medical
philosophy"; the latter, indeed, under twenty divisions, with such
subdivisions as "Treatises on Plethora," "Treatises on the Vis
Medicatrix Naturæ," ""Use of Flagellation, Friction and Philtres." The
list may be commended to the study of those who think classification
a simple matter, or a classed catalogue serviceable otherwise than as
an index to an alphabetical one. Seven thousand pounds had been
expended upon the simple sorting of titles, a task merely preliminary
to that of printing them, which might be considered as at least
nearly half done, if only the influx of new titles could be stopped,
which was impossible. The Trustees wisely determined to throw no
more good money after bad; and the episode of classification came
to an end in July 1834. Mr. Baber, Keeper of Printed Books, had
already proposed a plan for a new printed catalogue, to be executed
under the superintendence of a single competent person, a
description denoting Panizzi, then "an extra assistant librarian." This
scheme was set aside in favour of a far inferior plan, by which the
execution of the catalogue was entrusted to four persons of very
unequal degrees of capacity, virtually independent of each other. The
consequence was that the little they did required to be done again.
Panizzi became head of the Printed Book Department in 1837, and
the long discussions which ensued between him and the Trustees
resulted eventually in the ninety-one famous rules which have since
formed the foundation of scientific cataloguing drawn up by him with
the assistance of Messrs. Winter Jones, Watts, Parry, and Edwards.
Their number has afforded a theme for much good-natured and ill-
natured satire; on examination, however, it will be found that a third
of them relate merely to arrangement, and that the remainder are
far from providing for all conceivable cases. It may be granted that
their complexity was incompatible with the Trustees' desire to
produce a printed catalogue at an early date, a desire in which their
officer was far from participating. The Trustees defeated their own
object, partly by allowing the catalogue to be commenced on so
extensive a scale; partly by requiring, or rather letting themselves be
thought to have required, that it should be actually printed, instead
of merely ready for press, by December 1844. This decision
necessitated printing in alphabetical succession, hence diverting
much of the force which should have been applied to compiling the
catalogue, to the correction of the press. It further condemned the
work to inevitable imperfection, since it was impossible to foresee
what titles would be required to be written under A, and such titles,
excluded from the printed volume embracing that letter, kept
continually turning up during the entire progress of the work. As the
imperfections of this volume (published in 1841) became more
notorious, the demand for a printed catalogue gradually died away,
and Panizzi was left in possession of his ideal—a manuscript
catalogue, executed with a thoroughness and on a scale which
seemed to render printing for ever impossible. This, as we shall see,
was destined to break down in its turn; and the great librarian's
objections to print have met with a practical refutation. At the same
time it must be candidly acknowledged that, although Panizzi was
wrong in abstract principle, he was right as regarded the
requirements of his own day. The collection of books was at the time
too limited to justify a printed catalogue, and not too extensive to
render a manuscript catalogue inconveniently unwieldy. Panizzi's
opposition to print was justifiable under the circumstances then
existing; his error was in failing to foresee and provide for the far
different state of things which he himself was calling into existence.
If, while maintaining the old order, he had recognised and promoted
the inevitable advent of the new, he would not have left the renown
of the introduction of print to a young officer of the Manuscript
Department, who, during the heat of the strife over the question of
print in 1848, was, as Sir Frederic Madden informed the Royal
Commission, "employed in seeing through the press the general
index to the Manuscript catalogues in the Reading Room. And I must
say that Mr. Bond has proved a most efficient and most praiseworthy
assistant."
Panizzi wanted a catalogue: he had framed the rules for it with
completeness and precision never imagined before his time, but he
was entirely averse to the catalogue being printed. In his report of
November 17, 1837, he declared it unreasonable to expect that the
public should spend the enormous sum that the printing of a
catalogue of the whole of such a library requires, to suit the
convenience of a small portion of the community. There was much
weight in the argument, and the propounder of it could not foresee
that he would himself in the long run overthrow it by the
extraordinary development he was destined to impart to the library,
and by consequence to the catalogue. When, eight years after the
date of the report just quoted, Panizzi's persevering efforts obtained
an annual grant of £10,000 to remedy the deficiencies of the library,
he started the catalogue on a road whose inevitable goal was print.
Library and catalogue increasing pari passu, it became abundantly
clear that recourse must some day be had to print for the mere sake
of reducing the bulk of the latter. This consummation was
accelerated by another of Panizzi's great measures—the introduction,
at the independent and almost simultaneous suggestion of Mr.
Wilson Croker and the late Mr. Roy, of the Library, of the system of
keeping up the catalogue by slips pasted on the leaf, and therefore
easily removable, thus preventing the disturbance of alphabetical
order. As this gave three thicknesses to the leaf, and the slips were
at first pasted widely apart, and were not, moreover, transcribed
with any special regard to economy of space, the hundred and fifty
volumes placed in the Reading Room in 1850 had swollen to fifteen
times that number by 1875. This development was attended by
another unforeseen consequence; it became actually more
expensive to transcribe the catalogue than to print it. The number of
transcribers employed to copy titles, of incorporators required to
assign these to their proper places, of binders' men to perform the
manual work, the incessant shifting and relaying, inserting new
leaves and dividing and rebinding old volumes, were attended by
financial results which frequently elicited communications from the
Treasury. One of these happened to arrive in 1875, shortly after the
writer of these pages had become Superintendent of the Reading
Room. Being now in a position to report upon the subject, he
pointed out what had long been exceedingly plain to him, that the
space available for the accommodation of the catalogue was all but
exhausted, and that on this ground alone it would be imperative to
reduce its bulk by printing at least a portion of it. In 1878 his
representations were renewed, this time with great encouragement
from Sir Charles Newton, then acting as Principal Librarian, but
nothing decisive was done until the accession of the late Principal
Librarian, Mr. E. A. Bond, in the autumn of the same year. Mr. Bond
had long made up his mind, on literary grounds, that the catalogue
ought to be printed; and finding himself now enabled to give effect
to his views, initiated negotiations with the Treasury which led in due
course to the desired result. In 1880 print was adopted for the
entries of all future additions to the library, thus putting an effectual
curb upon the growth of the catalogue. In 1881 the printing of the
catalogue as a whole was commenced, and has since been carried
on uninterruptedly. The order of publication was not at first
alphabetical, the Treasury's support having been partly gained by the
promise to deal, in the first instance, with the overgrown volumes in
various parts of the catalogue which would otherwise have required
rebinding and relaying. This accomplished, however, publication, as
had always been Mr. Bond's intention, glided into as close an
alphabetical sequence as is consistent with the fact that different
portions of the same letter are necessarily taken up simultaneously,
and that some are much more difficult to prepare for press than
others. With the adoption of print the history of the Museum
Catalogue may be said to terminate for the present, while its actual
condition will appear from the statement now to be given of the
progress hitherto made.
By the time that these pages see the light about 190 parts or
volumes of the catalogue will have been issued. Averaging the
number of entries as 5000 to a volume (notwithstanding that the
volumes have of late been made thicker), it will appear that 950,000
titles have been printed, or nearly one-third of the entire work,
allowing for the constant accession of new material during its
progress, as will be explained further on. This gives an average of
about twenty-four parts annually since the commencement of
printing in 1881; but as the amount of the Treasury grant did not
admit of the publication of more than fifteen parts annually for the
first two years, the average publication at present may be taken as
thirty. Speaking generally, it may be said that the catalogue is in type
from A to the end of G, and from V to the end of the alphabet. This
is nearly a third of the whole, and at the present rate of progress it
seems reasonable to conclude that the printing may be completed in
about twelve years. It should be hardly necessary to explain to the
reader who may be familiar with the appearance of the catalogue in
the Reading Room, that the ponderous folio he is accustomed to
there presents little resemblance to the parts as issued to
subscribers. Special copies of the latter, printed on one side of the
paper only, are laid down for Reading Room use on considerably
larger sheets of the strongest and toughest vellum paper procurable,
and thus the quartos are converted into folios. The printed strip
when pasted down occupies only the left side of the leaf, the blank
portion opposite, as well as that above and below, being reserved
for the additions continually accruing from the titles of new books
received after the printing of the volume,[96:1] which is further
supplied with guards to allow of interleaving. It has been computed
that each volume would contain 9000 titles, after which it must be
divided, and that the Reading Room will accommodate 2000
volumes, providing room for eighteen millions of titles, or, at the
present rate of cataloguing, for the accumulation of three centuries
to come. In 1880, just before the introduction of printing, there was
not room to place another volume. A column of the type used in
printing the catalogue weighs ten pounds, so that supposing the
work, when through the press, to consist of 600 volumes averaging
250 columns each, a million and a half pounds' weight of type will
have been employed.
From the preparation of the catalogue for strictly Museum
purposes, we pass to the arrangements for its issue to the public.
Here we are confronted by two very remarkable facts—one as
gratifying as the other is the reverse. For the original subscribers the
Museum Catalogue is one of the cheapest books in the world. At its
commencement it was not expected that more than fifteen parts
could be issued annually, and the annual subscription was fixed at
three pounds. In fact, however, the rate of publication has for some
years past averaged thirty parts, while the terms of subscription
remain unaltered. The subscription is, therefore, virtually reduced by
one-half, and the cost of each part, with its 250 columns and 5000
titles, is just two shillings. It may be doubted whether equal liberality
has ever been shown by any public institution. The case, however, of
the subscribers of the future is far otherwise, or rather say would be,
if such subscribers could exist. Nobody will take an imperfect
catalogue, and the sum required for the parts already printed is an
almost insuperable obstacle in the way of new subscribers, and an
effectual bar to the further dissemination of the catalogue, except by
donation. It would be well worth while to offer the parts already
printed as a bonus, at a nominal or greatly reduced price.
Unfortunately, however, the number of copies printed during the first
year was comparatively limited, and the impression, as regards
these, would be exhausted almost immediately. The difficulty would
disappear if the Museum possessed that indispensable auxiliary to its
progress, a photographic department, in which the photographer's
salary and the cost of chemicals should be paid by the State; thus
allowing photographic work to be done gratuitously for the
institution, and at a merely nominal rate for the public. In this case
the deficient volumes would be supplied without any expense
whatever, and the offer of the perfected sets to the public at a
nominal cost would probably ensure sufficient subscribers for the
remainder of the work. Until this great step towards the popular
dissemination of the Museum's treasures in all departments has
been taken, it will be necessary to reprint the earlier volumes of the
catalogue; and the £1500 required for this purpose might probably
be obtained from subscribers on condition of the other back volumes
being thrown in as a bonus at a greatly reduced price. The longer
the operation is delayed the more costly will it be for the Museum,
which runs the risk of eventually finding itself with a hundred sets,
mostly imperfect, on its hands, of which it will be impossible to get
rid otherwise than by donation. A subscription once commenced is
not likely to drop, as the value of a set of the catalogue depends
upon its completeness.
 It will now be naturally inquired, at what period may the
completion of the catalogue be looked for? The answer will be,
about the end of the century, if the Treasury grant is maintained at
its present figure. The amount expended in printing, inclusive of that
incurred for printing the titles of books added to the library, is about
£3000 annually. Two years ago the grant for purchases throughout
every department of the institution was reduced by two-fifths, and
only half the amount has as yet been restored. If a similar mistaken
spirit of economy had affected the grant for printing, the completion
of the catalogue must have been proportionately delayed. Any
expectation, therefore, which may be held out of the
accomplishment of the work by the end of the century, or any other
date, must be understood to be entirely subject to the action of the
Chancellor of the Exchequer, who has it in his power to retard
progress indefinitely, or interrupt it altogether. It must be
acknowledged that the behaviour of the Treasury towards this
department of the Museum service has hitherto been very liberal;
and that the grant for printing is as large as, with the numerous
other demands upon the library staff, can be employed to
advantage. The preparation of copy for the press, and its
subsequent correction and revision, occupy the entire time of several
of the best assistants; and, were absolute bibliographical accuracy
aimed at, would require that of several more. This cannot be had,
and all pretension to minute accuracy has invariably been
disclaimed. It has been felt all along that a number of trifling errors
are preferable to the huge and unpardonable error of not
accomplishing the work at all. From what has been said, it will be
apparent that the publication of this catalogue is carried on under
very different conditions from those habitual in similar undertakings.
Three thousand pounds a year must be spent upon it; or, as regards
Museum purposes, must be thrown away. Any balance unexpended
at the end of the financial year must revert to the Treasury, and
would be an uncompensated loss as regards the Museum. This
misfortune has hitherto been avoided—partly by an energy and
diligence on the part of the gentlemen employed, of which it is
impossible to speak too warmly or too gratefully—partly by a
resolute determination not to aim at an ideal perfection, which,
under the circumstances, would be absolutely mischievous.
Ordinary visitors to the library may from one point of view be
divided into two classes, those who are astonished that it has not
got every book in the world, and those who marvel that it possesses
so many books as it does. Nothing is commoner than the remark, "I
suppose you have everything that ever was printed," unless it is the
exclamation, "You surely do not keep all the rubbish!" These two
sets of ideas may be taken to represent the two tendencies which
affect every public library; and by consequence every complete
catalogue of its contents, that of mechanical accretion, and that of
intelligent selection. The operation of the Copyright Act is, of course,
responsible for most of the element of "rubbish" in the catalogue;
while a moment's thought will show the impossibility of making the
librarian a censor, and allowing him to exclude whatever might not
square with his prejudices or fancies. A considerable part of the
catalogue, therefore, must be devoted to recording publications of
little intrinsic value, but even here there is an important reservation
to be made. Time, which in so many instances abates the value of
what is really precious, makes in a fashion amends by bestowing
worth on what was once of little account. What would we not give
for a Court Gazette of the days of Augustus, or a list of odds at the
Olympic games? There is absolutely no telling what value the most
insignificant details of the nineteenth century may possess for the
nineteenth millennium: even now men of letters might find the same
intellectual stimulus in many a trivial page of the Museum Catalogue,
as a distinguished living orator is said to find in Johnson's Dictionary.
Next to this automatic factor in the increase of the catalogue may be
named the element of seeming accident—the addition to the library
of various classes of books, now at one time, now at another, as
apparent chance, but actual law has prescribed. If we can imagine
the various constituents of the Museum Library piled upon one
another in chronological sequence, and a shaft driven down from the
top, we may conceive ourselves coming upon a succession of strata,
as the geologist finds when he bores for coal, or the archæologist
when he explores the site of a city where men have dwelt from the
age of Hercules to the age of Heraclius. The Museum was founded
by a great physician; the library, therefore, rests upon a sound
substratum of old medical books. The King was the next important
benefactor; next above early medicine and natural history,
accordingly, comes a stratum of royal libraries from the first Tudor to
the last Stuart, each a miniature representative of the best literature
of its time. The Hanoverian sovereigns, though no great patrons of
letters, were diligent collectors of pamphlets: hence the priceless
collection of Civil War and other important tracts which immediately
succeeded the donations already mentioned. As the growth of the
Museum attracted further liberality ("To him that hath shall be
given"), the collection naturally took an impress from the tastes of
the private collectors by whom it was enriched. Hence abundant
wealth in classics and the early literature of the Latin family of
languages, accompanied by poverty in languages which the
collectors did not understand, and subjects for which they did not
care. When, thanks to Panizzi, the library at last obtained an
adequate grant for purchases, the librarian's own intelligence
became a much more important factor than formerly. To continue
our metaphor, the contents of the recent strata would be found far
more composite than of old, and more puzzling to the intellectual
geologist. He would come upon various fragmentary formations, as it
were, in which, trifling and remote effects of prodigious causes, he
would discern vestiges of the great events of the time. Thus the
growth of Greater Britain is legible in piles of colonial newspapers,
and the Paris Commune is represented by a mass of caricatures and
the scorched books of an Imperial Prince, literally saved out of the
fire. It is the librarian's business at once to profit by this tendency to
the accumulation of specialities, and to counteract it: to take
advantage of every opportunity that may arise of enriching the
library in definite directions, and at the same time of providing for
the steady influx of miscellaneous literature, alike of the past and of
the present as regards foreign nations: of English contemporary
literature the Copyright Act, as above explained, takes sufficient
care. It seems paradoxical, but it is true, that the Museum should be
the home both of the books which every one expects to find in it,
and of those which no one expects to find—of the literary freight
which can ride the ocean, and of that which would perish without
the haven of a public library. The catalogue must be the mirror of
the library, and it is not the least of the many advantages of print
that the public have now much better means than formerly of
judging how the most difficult functions of librarianship have been
understood and discharged at the Museum. In this connection
mention may be made of a minor feature of the publication of the
catalogue of considerable importance: the issue of extra copies of
special articles as excerpts, sold separately at the lowest possible
price. In this manner bibliographies, complete as far as the Museum
collections are concerned, of Aristotle, Bacon, Bunyan, Byron, Dante,
Goethe, and other writers of special importance have been issued.
These should be of great value to students, and would probably
have a large sale if their existence were more generally known. At
present, like other Museum publications, they suffer from imperfect
publicity. Another very valuable appendix to the catalogue of printed
books is the catalogue of maps and plans, reduced, under Professor
Douglas's direction, from upwards of three hundred of MS. to two
volumes of print as issued to the public, or fourteen as laid down for
use in the Reading Room. The four hundred and fifty MS. volumes of
the catalogue of music, it is hoped, are on the eve of undergoing
similar treatment.
Apart from the errors which must inevitably creep into so vast a
work, dealing with such a variety of languages and literatures, and
now in progress for more than fifty years, a considerable amount of
imperfection is evidently inseparable from the very nature of the
undertaking. It does not and cannot represent the condition of the
library at any given moment. The volumes containing A, for
example, will comprise the books under that letter possessed by the
Museum in 1882 or 1883; but T, which for reasons which we have
no space to explain, will probably be the last letter to be printed, will
represent the condition of the library, as regards that letter, about
the year 1900. During the whole progress of the catalogue an
incessant shower of new titles representing the new books
continually being acquired, will have been descending at the rate of
some 40,000 a year. Those belonging to letters not yet at press will
have been taken up and absorbed by the catalogue in its progress;
those belonging to the letters already in type must fall into a
supplement. The article Thackeray, therefore, will be more complete
than Dickens, and Thucydides than Herodotus. As concerns the
student at the Museum, this is of no importance; the additions being
regularly incorporated in the Reading Room catalogue in the manner
above described. The catalogue as issued to subscribers, however, is
necessarily imperfect and irregular. Supposing, for example, that
Lord Tennyson and Mr. Browning were to simultaneously publish
translations of Homer when the printing of the catalogue had
reached the article Jones, Lord Tennyson's version would appear
under Tennyson, but not under Homer, and Mr. Browning's version
would not appear at all. There is but one way of obtaining a perfect
index to the condition of the national library at a given time: the
catalogue must be reprinted along with the numerous accessions
which have been accumulating while the first edition has been going
through the press—a national undertaking which will commend itself
to men of letters more readily than to ministers of finance. Should,
however, the completion of the catalogue nearly coincide with the
commencement of the twentieth century, it may be hoped that this
will be one of the many ways in which, if the new century does not,
like its predecessors, find the nation traversing a crisis, the epoch
will assuredly be commemorated. It would remain to provide for the
regular reprinting of the catalogue with its accessions at intervals,
say of a quarter of a century. England would then possess a
complete index to the growth of the national library, and the world
would have the nearest approach to a register of all literature that,
in the absence of any feasible scheme for a universal catalogue by
co-operation among public libraries, it seems likely to obtain. Even
this more ambitious project might be promoted if public libraries
would consent to take the Museum Catalogue as a basis, and publish
lists of such of their own books as are not to be found in it. By this
means the expense and labour of cataloguing would be very greatly
reduced, and the combination of these lists with the Museum
Catalogue, when this came to be printed for the third time, say
about 1925, would at last provide the desideratum of a universal
register of literature.
Ambitious undertakings like these, however, depend upon the co-
operation of many governments and many institutions. We can
speak with more confidence of the efforts of the Museum to provide
what is only second in importance to the catalogue itself—a
classified index of its contents. With this object in view several
copies of the catalogue are printed on one side only, that when
completed they may be cut up, and the titles sorted according to
subject, and re-arranged in classified lists. Thus by simply putting
together all titles bearing the press mark E, we shall obtain a
separate catalogue of the Civil War Tracts; and a similar proceeding
as respects the titles marked F, will afford a similar catalogue of the
Croker collection of pamphlets on the French Revolution. Classed
indexes to the literature of any subject can be made with equal
facility, and as several copies of the catalogue will be available for
treatment in the manner suggested, they may be varied for different
objects, or to suit different systems of classification. For all strictly
Museum purposes it would suffice to paste the titles excerpted on
sheets of paper, but any of the indexes thus prepared might be
printed and published. The only difficulty or delay would arise from
the incorporation of the supplementary titles, which, as already
explained, will have been continually added during the printing of
the catalogue, and even this could be obviated by reprinting the
entire catalogue as suggested above.
These hints, imperfect as they are, should convince the reader
that the future of the Museum Catalogue, supposing the institution
to be maintained in its present condition of efficiency, will not be less
remarkable than its past. It will continue to make demands on the
liberality of successive generations, which will be the more readily
met the more the voluminous development of literature enforces the
conviction that, next to positive addition to the world's stock of
information, the most important service to culture is the preserving,
arranging, and rendering accessible the stores which the world
already possesses. The recovery of the catalogue of the Alexandrian
Library, if a less delightful, would probably be a more substantial
gain to knowledge than the recovery of any individual author. But
what the literature of the world is to the literature of ancient Greece,
the Catalogue of the British Museum is to that of the Alexandrian
Library.

FOOTNOTES:
[87:1] Universal Review, October 1888.
[96:1] Soon after this was printed, three columns instead of
one were left blank, as the writer had recommended from the
first.
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