THE EFFICACY OF GREEN VITAMINS TO MUSTARD PRODUCTION

BY:

MARK GUILLERMO D. MARQUITA III

MARA JANE R. TORRES

 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

The Problem and its Background

Crops are plants grown on the longer area for food or other use. Branch of the

agriculture connected with rearing and management of crop plant is called agronomy. For the

successful crop production, understanding of how crops develop and grow, how various

factors affect its growth and development and how each factor can be modified or managed.

Growing population necessitates an increase in food production. Food is something that

provides nutrients. Food is required by all living beings for their maintenance and survival.

Nutrients provide energy for activity, growth, and all functions of the body such breathing,

digesting food and keeping warm; and materials for the growth and repair of the body, and

for keeping the immune system healthy. (More, 2019)

Organic fertilizer is good for rapid growth of plants because the nutrients are already

water soluble. Therefore, the effect is usually immediately and fast, contains all necessary

nutrients that are ready to use. Inorganic fertilizer is quite high in nutrient content and only

relatively small amounts are required for productivity. Correct amount applications of

inorganic fertilizer can increase soil organic matter through higher levels of root mass and

crop residues. (Chen, 2018)

The continuous and steady application of inorganic fertilizers leads plant tissues to

frequently absorb and accumulate heavy metals, which consequently decrease the nutritional

and grain quality of crops. According, overuse of inorganic fertilizers has caused soil, air and

water pollution through nutrients leaching, destruction of soil physical characteristics,

accumulation of toxic chemicals in water bodies and so on. As well as causing severe

environmental problems and loss of biodiversity.

Organic farming reduces non-renewable energy use by decreasing agrochemical

needs (these require high quantities of fossil fuel to be produced). Organic agriculture

contributes to mitigating the greenhouse effect and global warming through its ability to

sequester carbon in the soil. Organic food contributes to better health through reduced

pesticide exposure for all and increased nutritional quality. Organic farming produce costs

more since the yield from a land is not as much as what farmers produce through the

conventional methods. Also, the production cost is high since a lot of labor and time are

involved. There exists a lot of gaps in distributing and marketing organic products.

As it is known, the sustainable crop cultivation needs appropriate treatment of

nutrient resources and conservation of soil fertility in order to maintain the growth and good

yield. But for some instances depletion of soil fertility is a main problem to sustain

agricultural production. Soil fertility is defined as the capacity of a soil to supply nutrients in

adequate amounts and in proper balance for sustainable biological productivity, maintain

environmental quality and promote plant and animal health. In relation to this in Mondragon

Agro-Industrial High School, one of their goals is to promote environmental awareness and

promote the welfare for plant and animal health. They make their own fertilizer to be used or

input into the soil for the growth of the crop. Organic ones supplies plants with the necessary

nutrients for their growth and maximum yield. Continuous use of inorganic fertilizer resulted

in a deficiency of micronutrients, imbalanced in soil and unsustainable crop production

(Jeyathilake et., 2006). To ensure soil productivity, plants must have an adequate and

balanced supply of nutrients management where both natural and man-made sources of plant

nutrients are used. (Gruhn et., 2000).

 Not only in Mondragon Agro Industrial High School but in the whole Mustard

Industry Farming in general, despite of its reliable information and knowledge on soil fertility

in agriculture productivity is the most challenging issue with that in order to attain the

sustainable crop production improving crop nutrition through appropriate soil fertility

management is highly essential. The integrated nutrient management system is an alternative

and is characterized by reduce input of inorganic fertilizer and combined use of inorganic

fertilizers with organic materials such animal manure,Vermicast, Chicken Dung, and Cow

manure.use of organic plays a significant role in sustaining soil fertility and use organic

fertilizer, has a higher positive effect and enhances soil health. This study tried to identify the

organic farming practices in Mondragon Agro Industrial High School comparing organic

farming production of Vermicast, Chicken Dung, and Cow manure.

Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study was to identify the organic farming practices in

Mondragon Agro-Industrial High School. To support the main objective, the following

specific objectives were presented:

1. determine the performance of mustard grown with different organic fertilizer using

sack;

2. identify the insects pest and disease of mustard grown in different organic fertilizer

using sack;

3. identify which organic fertilizer can give the highest production of mustard using

sack;

4. determine the economic feasibility of growing mustard using organic manure in sack.
Significance of the Study

This study is most particularly beneficial to the following:

Mondragon Agro-Industrial High School – Results of the study will help attain the

objective of the farm in promoting organic farming. Soil analysis results can be used as basis

in improving practices to achieve sufficient nutrient requirements for specific crop raised.

The comparison of the production between organic farming practices fertilizers can be used

as baseline data in improving production while promoting human health and environmental

benefits

Mustard Farmers – results of the study will serve as reference in improving

production of Mustard farmers. Results and methods of soil analysis can be used by farmers

for further characterization of their soil media for production.

Department of Agriculture – Results of the study can be used as baseline data and

take off point for further studies of the department in its aim of sustainable agricultural

production in the province and in whole nation in general.

Future Researcher– This study will serve as practical experience of the researchers

in conducting research and in applying the theoretical knowledge gained in the course.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study was conducted in Mondragon Agro-Industrial High School, Chitongco,

Mondragon, Northern Samar. This study utilized Comparative set - up for the use of Four
treatments- In treatment 1 (T1-) vermicast, treatment 2 (T2)- chicken dung, treatment 3 (T3)-

Cow manure , treatment control (TC) or treatment controlled with pure garden soil is applied

to the mustard plants. Productions were established in Mondragon, Northern Samar. Tests for

the production were only be limited in raising Mustards. The tests and comparison were

limited to ten (10) sacks per treatment.

This study was conducted in three different terms. Term 1 was done last September 5,

2024- October 19, 2024; its second term was conducted last October 19, 2024- December 3,

2024; and term 3 was conducted last January 3, 2025-Febuary 16,2025. All these

experimental schedules were made in Mondragon Agro-Industrial High School. The test were

applied the same numbers of Treatment, with varying simulated climatic conditions to insure

credible results.

Hypothesis

1. Mustards will not significantly grow in vermicast;

2. Mustards will not significantly grow in chicken dung;

3. Mustards will not significantly grow in cow manure;

4. Mustards will not significantly grow in vermicast;

5. Mustards will significantly grow in pure soil.

Definition of Terms

Organic, conceptually and operationally, it relates to yielding or involving the use of

food produced with the use of feed or fertilizer of plant or animal origin without employment
of chemically formulated fertilizers, growth stimulants, antibiotics, or pesticides. (Meriam-

Webster,n.d)

Organic farming conceptually and operationally, it can be defined as a system of

management and agricultural production that combines a high level of biodiversity with

environmental practices that preserve natural resources and has rigorous standards for animal

welfare. Furthermore, organic farming responds to consumer growing demand for natural

products and simultaneously allows to preserve the environment in the context of sustainable

rural development. (Charles, 2018)

Garden Soil is the loose surface material that covers most land. It consists of

inorganic particles and organic matter. Soil provides the structural support to plants used in

agriculture and is also their source of water and nutrients. Soil varies greatly in their chemical

and physical properties. (Winsome,2015)

Vermicast conceptually and operationally the earthworm is one of nature’s pinnacle

“soil scientists.” Earthworms are liberated and cost-effective farm relief. The worms are

accountable for a variety of elements including turning common soil into superior quality.

They break down organic matter and when they eat, they leave behind castings that are an

exceptionally valuable type of fertilizer (www.bjmp.gov.ph, 2010).

Chicken Dung conceptually and operationally is referred to as poultry manure, chicken

manure is an excellent source of nutrients. Its nitrogen and phosphorus content is at least

twice as high as other farm manures such as cow manure. In addition to chicken droppings,

chicken manure contains everything else that gets wiped up when a chicken coop is cleaned

out, including urine, feathers, leftover feed, and coop bedding material such as straw and hay,
pine or cedar shavings, grass clippings, shredded leaves, and recycled paper. That’s why the

NPK ratio in chicken manure varies greatly (Hassani 2024).

Cow manure. Conceptually it is known as cow dung, is mostly digested grass and,

depending on the cattle’s diet, grain, fruits, or vegetables. It’s not just cow droppings, as it

contains tracks of hay, straw, bedding, grains, and other organic matter used to feed the

animals. Cow manure is rich in nutrients and is suitable for plant growth. It has 3% nitrogen,

2% phosphorus, and 1% potassium—3-2-1 NPK, making it the right type of fertilizer for

almost all types of plants and crops. That’s because it brings back nutrient balance to fields

organically. (www.homebiogas.com 2024)

Treatment, conceptually and operationally it is defined as the manipulation or intervention

applied to one or more groups of participants to observe its effect on the outcome or response

variables.

Chapter II
 Review of Literatures

Mustard grown in different organic fertilizer using sack

According to Zahra the study investigates the use of plant growth-promoting

rhizobacteria (PGPR) enriched vermicompost as an alternative to chemical fertilizers for

sustainable turnip (Brassica rapa L.) production. It resulted beneficial effects on turnip

growth, including a 43% improvement in germination rate and a 30% increase in yield

compared to a control group. These PGPR strains enhanced various growth parameters such

as leaf number, length, and plant weight, while also improving soil nutrient levels,

particularly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The study concludes that using

vermicompost augmented with specific PGPR strains is an effective and eco-friendly method

for enhancing turnip growth and soil fertility, offering a sustainable alternative to chemical

fertilizers.

Obida Beenish conducted a field experiment at the Research Farm of Sam

Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad during 2016-17

and 2017-18 to study the organic manures and biofertilizers: Effect on the growth and yield

of Indian mustard varieties. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with

three replications. The treatments consisted of five mustard varieties and 10 fertilizer

treatments. The result of the study revealed that the variety Rani recorded significantly tallest

plant highest, number of primary branches, number of siliquae/ plant, seeds per siliqua, seed

and straw yields, whereas secondary branches were significantly highest with variety yellow

Goldey. Amongst fertilizer treatments T7 (75% N through vermicompost + Azotobacter)

produced significantly tallest plants, the highest number of primary The purpose of this study
was to determine the effects of various fertilizers and mustard cultivars on the growth and

seed production of mustard plants. Over the course of two years, they experimented with ten

different fertilizer mixes and five different types of mustard.Overall, the results indicated that

the "Rani" variety was the best. It generated the most seed pods, had the most branches, grew

the tallest, and yielded the most seed and side branches

According to Samar Pal the study conducted at Pantnagar, India, explored the effects

of irrigation scheduling, planting techniques, and mulching on the growth, yield, and quality

of field mustard (Brassica rapa var. trilocularis) in sandy loam soil during the winter seasons

of 2014–15 and 2015–16. Results indicated that an irrigation water to cumulative pan

evaporation ratio (IW/CPE) of 1.2 led to higher yields, nutrient uptake (N, P, K, S), oil

quality, and fertilizer productivity, particularly in years with low winter rainfall. In normal

rainfall years, a lower ratio of 0.9 IW/CPE was sufficient for optimal results. Additionally,

the study found that raised bed planting combined with mulching using rice straw at 5000

kg/ha significantly outperformed flat bed planting without mulch in terms of yield, nutrient

uptake, and productivity. While higher irrigation levels improved yields, they reduced water

productivity, indicating a need for more water to achieve the same output. Overall, the study

provides valuable insights for farmers in India, suggesting that the right combination of

irrigation, planting method, and mulching can enhance mustard crop quality, yield, and

resource efficiency the study discussed that, in contrast to conventional flat planting and no

mulch, mustard yield and nutrient uptake were greatly increased when planted in raised beds

with rice straw mulch. This combination improves soil drainage and moisture retention,

which benefits crop growth. Higher yields were achieved by increasing irrigation levels, but

this also decreased water productivity, requiring more water to produce the same quantity of

food. All things considered, this study offers insightful information about how to maximize

mustard production in the sandy loam soils of India. Farmers can attain improved quality,
increased yields, and more economical use of fertilizer and water by employing the proper

planting technique, mulch, and irrigation schedule. According to Vipin Kumar a field

experiment conducted in the rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2019-20 at Panwari Village, Agra

district, investigated the effects of fertilizers, bio-fertilizers, and farmyard manure (FYM) on

the yield and nutrient uptake of mustard (Brassica jincea). The study utilized a split plot

design with four levels of fertilizers and bio-fertilizers, along with two levels of FYM,

replicated three times. Results showed that the highest NPK application (N100 + P60 + K40

kg/ha) led to significant increases in seed yield (19.74 q/ha) and stover yield (65.16 q/ha),

with improvements of 52.9% and 54.1% over the control, respectively. The same treatment

also enhanced the uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S) in

both seed and stover. Additionally, dual inoculation of Azotobacter and PSB (phosphate-

solubilizing bacteria) resulted in a 13.8% increase in seed yield and a 14.1% increase in

stover yield compared to no inoculation. The application of 5 t FYM/ha alone increased seed

and stover yields by 12.7% and 10.2%, respectively, and also improved nutrient uptake. The

study concluded that FYM could supplement about 25% of the inorganic fertilizer

requirements. Overall, the use of fertilizers, FYM, and bio-fertilizers significantly improved

the quality of mustard in terms of oil and protein content, highlighting their importance for

enhancing crop yield and nutrient efficiency. Overall, the study emphasizes how crucial it is

to maximize mustard crop yield by utilizing a mix of fertilizers, bio-fertilizers, and FYM.

This method raises the crop's quality in terms of its protein and oil content in addition to

increasing output. By boosting organic carbon and nutrient availability, it also enhances soil

health.

According to Hadiyal JG, A field experiment conducted during the rabi season of

2017-18 at Junagadh Agricultural University investigated the response of Indian mustard

(Brassica juncea L.) to various levels of organic manures and bio-fertilizers. The study
included sixteen treatment combinations with four types of organic manure (no manure,

FYM at 5.0 t/ha, vermicompost at 1.0 t/ha, and castor cake at 1.0 t/ha) and four types of bio-

fertilizer (no inoculation, inoculation with Azotobacter spp. at 10 ml/kg seed, inoculation

with PSB spp. at 10 ml/kg seed, and dual inoculation with both Azotobacter and PSB).

Results indicated that applying FYM at 5.0 t/ha significantly improved growth parameters,

including plant height and the number of branches, as well as yield attributes like the number

of siliquae per plant and seeds per siliqua. This treatment resulted in higher seed and stover

yields, with net returns of ₹82,037/ha and a benefit-cost ratio (B:C) of 2.97 compared to the

control. Furthermore, dual inoculation with Azotobacter and PSB also enhanced growth and

yield attributes, leading to even greater seed and stover yields, with net returns of ₹86,629/ha

and a B:C ratio of 3.40 over the control. Overall, the study demonstrates that both FYM and

bio-fertilizer inoculation significantly boost the growth and yield of Indian mustard. This

study looked at the effects of several biofertilizers and organic fertilizers on Indian mustard

yield and growth. 16 combinations of biofertilizers (such as Azotobacter and PSB) and

organic manures (such as FYM, vermicompost, and castor cake) were examined in the study.

According to the results, 5.0 tons of FYM applied per hectare greatly enhanced plant growth,

producing taller plants, more branches, and a greater output of stover and seeds. With a

benefit-to-cost ratio of 2.97, this therapy enhanced farmers' profitability. With a benefit-to-

cost ratio of 3.40, applying a combination of Azotobacter and PSB biofertilizers also

increased plant growth and yield, leading to even greater profits. All things considered, the

study emphasizes how beneficial it is to use biofertilizers and organic fertilizers to increase

mustard plants. According to Pauline Vimala the study evaluated the effects of four rates of

organic fertilizer (0, 15, 30, and 45 t/ha) on the yield of three leaf-mustard cultivars grown

organically under shelter. The yield responses for all cultivars exhibited a quadratic trend

with respect to increasing organic fertilizer rates. For the first cultivar (V1), the optimal rate
of processed poultry manure was found to be 39.1 t/ha, resulting in a yield of 14.7 t/ha,

represented by the equation Y = –0.0088x² + 0.6887x + 1.241. The second cultivar showed

an optimal fertilizer rate of 51.1 t/ha, yielding 8.0 t/ha, described by the equation Y = –

0.0028x² + 0.2859x + 0.699. The third cultivar had an optimal rate of 33.6 t/ha, yielding 13.6

t/ha, with the equation Y = –0.0112x² + 0.7517x + 0.971. The application of organic fertilizer

significantly affected the uptake of essential nutrients such as phosphorus (P), potassium (K),

manganese (Mn), boron (B), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Additionally, a second crop grown

on plots with residual fertilizers produced yields ranging from 60% to 76% of those from

plots that received fresh fertilizer application. Overall, the study highlights the importance of

optimizing organic fertilizer rates for improving the yield of leaf-mustard cultivars.

According to the study, yields increased with increasing rates of organic fertilizer,

with a quadratic trend observed for all cultivars. The production was maximized by the

distinct optimal rate of organic fertilizer that each cultivar displayed. The highest yield (14.7

t/ha) was attained by cultivar V1 with 39.1 t/ha of organic fertilizer, for instance. Likewise,

the largest yields were produced by cultivars 2 and 3, which were 51.1 t/ha and 33.6 t/ha,

respectively. The study also found that the amount of vital elements such as phosphorus,

potassium, manganese, boron, copper, and zinc in the soil was greatly affected by the use of

organic fertilizer. Moreover, the yields of a second crop planted on plots with leftover

fertilizer were consistently lower than those of plots where fertilizer was applied directly,

highlighting the significance of ongoing fertilization for the best crop production.

Insects pest and disease of mustard growth.

 According to Pradeep Kumar Verma, Avinash Varma, Gaurav Aggarwal Biological

Forum-An International Journal 15 (5), 529-533, 2023 This study identified numerous insect

species that are associated with rapeseed mustard, portending a potential threat to rapeseed

mustard production. Rapeseed mustard also contains species of natural enemies, including as

parasitoids and carnivores. It is known that every reported predator and parasitoid has a direct

relationship to their prey population. It is suggested that important biological control agents

can be exploited in the management of the major insect pests of rapeseed mustard. The issue

was that numerous bug species were linked to rapeseed mustard, according to the study.

Since some of these insects are pests that might harm plants and lower crop, this could be

terrible news. The good news is that the study also discovered that these pests are preyed

upon by natural enemies such as predators and parasitoids. They can aid in the management

of the pest population, which is good news. The study's recommendation for a biological

control method is to use these natural enemies. This entails managing the bugs with them

rather than chemicals. This is considered a more environmentally friendly approach. Imagine

a garden where you have some tasty plants (rapeseed mustard) but also some unwanted bugs

(pests) that want to eat them. The study found that there are also some helpful bugs (natural

enemies) that like to eat the bad bugs. This means we can use these helpful bugs to keep the

bad bugs under control, instead of spraying harmful chemicals.

It shows that there are bugs that help kill bad bugs that are harmful. It also says that

helpful bugs are better than using harmful chemicals.

According to Akshay Kumar Singh Pratihar, MM Sundria, Shalini PandeyAnnals of

Arid Zone 63 (1), 73-77, 2024 Conclusively, the results of present investigation suggested

that aphid population increased with minimum temperature while it raised with increased

morning RH. Likewise, painted bug population build up occurred with increased maximum
temperature while it reduced with increased evening RH. Further, the population of leaf

webber and flea beetle was higher when minimum temperature dropped. In conclusion the

current study's findings indicated that the aphid population rose with rising morning relative

humidity and decreased with rising minimum temperatures. Similarly, as the maximum

temperature rose, the painted bug population increased, and as the nighttime relative

humidity rose, it decreased.The study shows a relationship between weather conditions and

insect populations. Aphids their numbers went up when morning humidity was high, but

down when minimum temperatures were high. This suggests aphids thrive in humid, but not

necessarily cold, conditions. Painted Bugs their numbers increased with higher maximum

temperatures but decreased with higher nighttime humidity. This indicates painted bugs

prefer warmer days but dislike humid nights.This shows that there is a communication

between weather conditions and insects.This also shows that there are pests whose numbers

increase in the morning and decrease in the evening.

According to Sijan Poudel, Pawan Lamichhane, Bimal Roka Magar.INWASCON

Technology Magazine (i-TECH MAG) 3, 31-33, 2021Lipaphis erysimi is one of the major

insect pests seen in the mustard which causes heavy damage of plant and oil content of

mustard. Different above mentioned management strategies must be applied to overcome the

damage of the pest. Not only mechanical, chemical, and cultural are effective for the

management of the pest. Furthermore, other strategies like integrated pest management,

resistant varieties, host plant resistance and ideotype varieties should be taken into

consideration. resistance. A major pest of mustard crops, Lipaphis erysimi lowers oil content

and seriously damages plants. Effective management of this pest requires a mix of tactics.

Below is a summary of the main strategies: Mechanical control entails taking pests out of the

crop by hand. Aphids can be captured by handpicking or by use nets. However, this approach

requires a lot of work and might not be practical for large-scale production. Lipaphis erysimi
is frequently controlled chemically with insecticides. Overuse of insecticides, however, can

damage beneficial insects and cause resistance in the pest population. Using insecticides

sparingly and adhering cultural control is the process of lowering the number of pests through

agricultural methods. Among the successful cultural activities are Crop Rotation: One way to

help control the pest population is to alternate mustard with non-host crops. Clean

ultivationPest harborage can be decreased by eliminating weeds and agricultural leftovers

sowing pest pressure can be decreased by planting mustard at the best time of year for the

area. The right amount of space between plants can enhance airflow and lessen pest

infestation. The goal of integrated pest management (IPM) is to manage pests in a sustainable

way by combining several control techniques. IPM places a strong emphasis on minimizing

the use of pesticides while preserving efficient pest management by combining cultural,

biological, and chemical control. Long-term solutions include creating mustard cultivars that

are immune to Lipaphis erysimi. In order to introduce resistance genes into the mustard

genome, breeding programs are used. The requirement for chemical management and pest

damage can be greatly decreased by using resistant cultivars. Resistance of the Host Plant:

Certain types of mustard are naturally resistant to Lipaphis erysimi. The shape of the plant,

the chemicals it produces, or its capacity to draw in the pest's natural enemies can all

contribute to this resistance.Ideotype Varieties: Ideotype breeding is the process of creating

mustard varieties with certain desired characteristics, such as high oil content, disease

resistance, and insect tolerance. These cultivars can support sustainable agriculture and

higher yields. Farmers can efficiently control Lipaphis erysimi and lessen its influence on

mustard output by combining these tactics.

This article about lipaphis erysimi is the major insect pests in mustard is frequently

breeding the process of creating mustard varieties with certain desired characteristics such as
high oil content disease resistance and insect tolerance farmers can efficiently control

lipaphis erysimi and lessen its influence on mustard.

According to Shaila, S Ramesh, S Srinivas Reddy, K Vijaya Laxmi, M Sujatha, Ch Damodar

Raju The Pharma Innovation Journal 11 (3), 612-616, 2022 During the period of

investigation, the population of insect pests was fluctuating and present throughout the crop

season. Population buildup of insect pests and the influence of several weather parameters on

their population were presented in the Simple correlation and regression equation of major

insect pests and their natural enemies maximum and minimum temperature, morning and

evening relative humidity and rainfall are presented in the Table 2.Mustard aphid, Lipaphis

erysimi (Kalt.) (Hemipter)Table 2: Statistical analysis is likely shown in this table. It

displays: Correlations: The degree to which climatic variables (temperature, humidity, and

rainfall) influence the populations of each insect pest (and its natural enemies). The

regression equation is a mathematical model that forecasts the number of an investigation

into insect pests in mustard fields is described in this passage. This is a summary Focus of the

Study Insect Pest Population Fluctuation: Throughout the growing season, the study found

that the number of insect pests in the mustard crop fluctuated. This indicates that there were

fluctuations in the quantity of pests. The study's objectives were to determine how the

population of these pests grew (population building) and how different environmental

conditions affected this growth. Data Display table 1 this table most likely displays the

particular insect pests, their numbers during Table 2: Statistical analysis is likely shown in

this table. It displays: Correlations: The degree to which climatic variables (temperature,

humidity, and rainfall) influence the populations of each insect pest (and its natural enemies).
The regression equation is a mathematical model that forecasts the number of pests based on

meteorological factors. Table 2: Statistical analysis is likely shown in this table. It displays:

Correlations: The degree to which climatic variables (temperature, humidity, and rainfall)

influence the populations of each insect pest (and its natural enemies). The regression

equation is a mathematical model that forecasts the number of pests based on meteorological

factors. Important Insect Hazard: One notable aphid species hu that poses a serious threat to

mustard crops is Lipaphis erysimi.It is categorized as a member of the Hemiptera order,

which also includes aphids and true insects. Important Takeaways the study looks into how

the number of insect pests in mustard crops is affected by the weather. Better pest control

techniques for mustard growers may result from an understanding of the relationship between

weather and pest population using the data in Tables 1 and 2. This article is the study found

that the number of insects pests in mustard crop fluctuated and the productivity decrease one

notable serious threat to mustard crops is the pest that affects on mustard better control the

pest.

Organic fertilizer for mustard production.

According to. JITENDRA KUMAR SHARMA, GAJANAND JAT, R.H. MEENA,

H.S. PUROHIT AND R.S. CHOUDHARY, The increasing levels of vermicompost

significantly increased the seed and stover yield of mustard (Table 1). The highest values of

seed and stover yield (1.68 and 4.16 t ha-1) were recorded in 5 t vermicompost ha-1.

Application of 5 t vermicompost ha-1 significantly increased the seed and stover yield by

47.4 and 41.5 % as compared to control. It is an established fact that vermicompost improves

the physical and biological properties of soil including supply of almost all the essential plant

nutrients for the growth and development of plants. Thus, balanced nutrition under
favourable environment might have helped in production of new tissues and development of

new shoots. The beneficial effect of vermicompost on these parameters might also be due to

its contribution in supplying additional plant nutrients and increasing the availability of

native soil nutrients due to increased microbial activity. Another reason could be efficient

and greater partitioning of metabolites and adequate location of nutrients to developing plant

structures. As a result almost all growth and yield of crop resulted into significant

improvement due to application of vermicompost. These results are in agreement with those

of Kansotia et al. (2013) and Singh et al. (2014).A study by Jitendra Kumar Sharma et al.

found that increasing vermicompost application significantly boosted mustard seed and

stover yields. The highest yields (1.68 and 4.16 t ha-1 for seed and stover, respectively) were

achieved with 5 t vermicompost ha-1, representing a 47.4% and 41.5% increase over the

control group. This improvement is attributed to vermicompost's enhancement of soil

properties, nutrient supply, microbial activity, and efficient nutrient partitioning within the

plant, leading to better growth and overall yield. These findings corroborate previous

research by Kansotia et al. (2013) and Singh et al. (2014).This study suggests that the

application of vermicompost significantly enhances the growth and yield of understanding.

There was a notable increase compared to a control with no vermicompost. This

improvement is mainly due to the positive effects of vermicompost in soil health, and

enhanced nutrient availability. This contribute to improve nutrients uptake, better plant

development, and more efficient distribution of nutrients within the plant, ultimately leading

to higher yields. This aligns with previous studies, confirming the beneficial role of

vermicompost in boosting crop production, particularly in mustard.

According to Shivam Verma, Deen Dayal Yadav, Praveen Kumar Yadav, Shikhar

Verma, Mausmi Rastogi, Vineet Dheer, Vikash Singh, Based on the findings of the present

study, it can be inferred that the application of vermicompost @ 6 tonnes ha-1 (V4) resulted
maximum yield attributes which results more biological, seed and stover yield and net

returns. Application of 100% RDF (120,60,60 kg ha-1 NPK) resulted maximum yield

attributes which results more biological, seed and stover yield and net returns. Application of

vermicompost @ 6 tonnes ha-1 with 100% RDF got maximum growth and yield attributes

which resulted more biological, seed yield and stover yield and net returns.The study by

Shivam Verma et al. concluded that applying 6 tonnes of vermicompost per hectare

significantly enhanced yield attributes, leading to increased biological, seed, and stover

yields, as well as higher net returns. Additionally, the application of 100% recommended

dose of fertilizers (120, 60, 60 kg ha-1 NPK) also maximized yield attributes. The

combination of 6 tonnes of vermicompost with 100% RDF produced the best results in terms

of growth, yield attributes, and net returns.

This study found that using a combination of vermicompost and chemical fertilizers resulted

in the highest crop yield, making it the most effective method for growing mustard.

According to Budiasih, R.a € Sandi Hadiana Mohamad Agus Salim b M. Suband,

iThis research was aimed to test the efficacy of organic liquid fertilizer and to know its

effect on the growth and yield of sawi plant. The environmental design used was

Randomized Block Design (RBD), consisting of nine treatments and each repeated three

times. The combination treatment of chicken manure and liquid organic fertilizer were

tested, namely : A = Stable chicken manure 0 ton ha-1 + LOF 0 ml L-1 Solution, B

= Stable chicken manure 0 ton ha-1 + LOF 3 ml L-1 Solution, C = Stable chicken manure 0

ton ha-1 + LOF 6 ml L-1 Solution, D = Stable chicken manure 10 ton ha-1 + LOF 0 ml L-

1 Solution, E = Stable chicken manure 10 ton ha-1 + LOF 3 ml L-1 Solution, F =

Stable chicken manure 10 ton ha-1 + LOF 6 ml L-1 Solution, G = Stable chicken manure
20 ton ha-1 + LOF 0 ml L-1 Solution, H = Stable chicken manure (dung) 20 ton

ha-1 + LOF 3 ml L-1 Solution, I = Stable chicken manure 20 ton ha-1 + LOF 6 ml L-1

Solution. The results showed that the combination of chicken manure and liquid organic

fertilizer had a significantly different effect on all growth parameters and yield of

Shinta variety mustard plants, using a combination of chicken manure dosage of 20 tons

ha-1 and liquid organic fertilizer with a concentration of 6 ml L- 1 Solution give a better

influence on the growth and yield of Shinta variety mustard plants.

The research by Budiasih et al. Focused on assessing how different combination of

chicken manure and liquid organic fertilizer(LOF) affected the growth and yield of variety of

mustard. The combination significantly enhances all measured growth parameters and overall

yield of the mustard plants, suggesting that the right balance of organic fertilizers can have a

strong positive impact on plant development.

According to Md. Selim Reza a≡*, Md. Babul Akter a#, Md. Moshiur Rahman a≡

Md. Ibrahim Ali b≡ and Md. Bulbul Ahmed c≡,The effect of organic manures

(vermicompost, poultry manure, and cow dung) in combination with inorganic fertilizers on

the 50% flowering days, growth maturity (days), plant height (cm), and branches/plant of

Binasarisha-9 have been presented in (Table 3). Significant variations (P≤0.05) were

observed in 50% flowering days, growth maturity (days), plant height (cm), and

branches/plant of Binasarisha-9 when vermicompost, cow dung, and poultry manurewere

incorporated into the soil. Among the treatments, T3 treatment showed the early flowering

(40.33 days), growth duration (83.67 days), highest plant height (92.0 cm) of Binasarisha-9.

There was significant variation in the number of branches/plant (8.33) of Binasarisha-9

where 50% recommended dose chemical fertilizers with 5 ton/ha vermicompost were used

and the least mean of 50% flowering (47.00), growth duration (92.00), plant height (66.00)
and branches/plant (2.33) were recorded from T1 (absolute control) where no fertilizers were

used. This study looked at how different types of fertilizer affect the growth of a plant,

chicken manure and chemical fertilizers. They found that chicken manure helped the plants

grow the fastest and tallest, while the plants that didn't get any fertilizer grew the slowest and

shortest.

According to Nur Humairoh Arzad1), Yohanis Tambing2), Bahrudin2) Based on the

above description it can be concluded that the application of cow manure had a

significant effect on the observation of plant height, the number of leaves, the fresh

weight of the plant, the total leaf area and total dry weight of the plant and the

dosage of 25 tons/ha of cow manure was the best for mustard plant result. The

study by Nur Humairoh Arzad et al. concluded that applying cow manure significantly

improved several growth parameters of mustard plants, including plant height, number of

leaves, fresh weight, total leaf area, and total dry weight. The optimal dosage for these

benefits was determined to be 25 tons per hectare of cow manure. The research by Nur

Humairoh Arzad et Al. Found that cow manure application had a significant positive impact

on the growth of mustard plants,. The study highlighted improvements in various growth

indicators such as plant height, leaf count, fresh weight, and dry weight. According to E

Hanudin*, W Iskyati, N W Yuwono, Cow manure is widely used by Indonesia vegetable

farmers but the nutrients content is relatively low (paticularly for K and Ca). Wood and husk

ash as a by-products from the pottery burning process are widely available in the villages and

have not been fully utilized. The ash is rich in K and Ca nutrients, so it is useful for

increasing the nutritional value of cow manure. This study was aimed to determine the effect

of enricment cow manure (ECM) on soil chemical properties, growth and K-Ca uptaken by

mustard on Inceptisols. The green house experiment conducted by using 5 kg of soil, with a

completely randomized design. As treatment 1: Mixed cow manure (CM)+Husk Ash (HA)
with doses of 0+100, 900+100, 925+75, 950+50, 975+25 g/pot); Treatment 2: CM+Wood

Ash mixture (WA) with the same dose. While there are 3 controls, namely: soil without

fertilizer, soil + CM 1000 g/pot, and soil + CM 123 g/pot. The results showed that ECM

significantly increased the soil fertility and plant growth. The highest K and Ca uptake in the

shoot was obtained at CM + HA treatment with dose of 925 + 75 and 900 + 100 g/pot,

respectively. This research is part of a step towards grounding the organic agriculture

concept, so there is still an opportunity to research other materials as materials for manure

fortification. This study shows that cow manure used as fertilizer for mustard has a low

nutrient content, which is poorly absorbed by the mustard plant. This low nutrient availability

may result in slow growth and reduced mustard production.

economic feasibility of growing mustard using organic fertilizers

According to: Dwi Ta Indra Rosa This literature review examines the economic

feasibility of using organic fertilizers in sack-grown mustard. Three studies are summarized:

Dwi Ta Indra Rosa (2020) showed that rabbit urine-based liquid organic fertilizer yielded

economically viable results, with a return-to-cost ratio exceeding 2. Premi et al. (2013)

demonstrated significant yield increases (up to 63.9%) and improved profitability through

green manuring and residue recycling. Anggraini and Fiteriani (2022) found that combining

organic and inorganic fertilizers enhanced both yield and profitability. The overall

conclusion is that organic fertilizer use in sack-grown mustard is economically viable and

sustainable, increasing yields and aligning with environmentally friendly practices.

This RRL is examining the economic feasibility of using fertilizer in mustard that was placed

in a bag according to Dwi Ta Indra Rosa (2020) who said that the combination of organic and

inorganic fertilizers gives farmers a good mustard yield

According to:Singh et Al This review of related literature (RRL) assesses the

economic feasibility of growing mustard using organic manure in sacks. Three studies are

summarized: Singh et al. (2020) found that organic manures (FYM and vermicompost)

significantly increased mustard yield, resulting in a high net return and benefit-cost ratio.

Choudhary et al. (2022) confirmed the economic benefits of organic manure and boron

application in mustard, showing increased gross returns. Jat et al. (2021) highlighted the

sustainability and profitability of organic mustard farming under conservation agriculture,

emphasizing improved soil health and economic efficiency. Overall, the RRL strongly

suggests that using organic manure in sack-grown mustard is economically viable and

sustainable, increasing yields and profitability for farmer. this is evaluating the growth of

mustard using organic fertilizer according to Kay shing et al. The significant growth of

mustard results in its high yield. The maintenance and utilization of organic fertilizer in

mustard cultivation under agriculture emphasizes on improving soil health

According to Sanjay Kumar the maximum oil and protein content in grain (40.56%)

and (18.56%) was found in (50% RDF + FYM 6 t ha-1 + Vermicompost 2 t ha-1 + bio-

fertilizers), which was 22.16 and 10.80 percent highest than T1 and remain higher than all of

the treatments except treatment, Minimum oil content in grain (33.20%) and (16.75%) was

recorded in (Control) Application of nutrient management treatment significantly improved

the available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil over control. It indicated that highest

available N. P and K 191.25, 19.50 and 233.78 in soil recorded with the treatment application

(50% RDF + FYM 6 t ha-1 + Vermicompost 2 t ha-1 + bio-fertilizers), significantly higher

than the rest of the treatments. Lowest available N. P and k 160.73, 16.38 and 203.49 was

recorded in control plots. The highest available sulphur and organic carbon 9.75 and 0.49 in

soil recorded with the treatment application of (50% RDF + FYM 6 t ha-1 + Vermicompost 2

t ha-1 + bio-fertilizers) was significantly higher than the rest of the treatment. Lowest

available sulphur 7.40 and 0.40 was recorded in control plots.

The study identified an optimal nutrient combination for grain production that

includes 50% of the recommended fertilizers, 6 tons of farm yard manure (FYM) per hectare,

2 tons of vermicompost per hectare, and biofertilizers. This mix resulted in the highest oil

content (40.56%) and protein content (18.56%) in grains, surpassing the control group's oil

(33.20%) and protein (16.75%). Additionally, the nutrient management approach

significantly increased the availability of essential nutrients in the soil, achieving the highest

levels of nitrogen (191.25), phosphorus (19.50), and potassium (233.78), compared to lower

levels in the control group. The treatment also led to greater amounts of sulfur (9.75) and

organic carbon (0.49) in the soil, whereas the control had the lowest levels. Overall, the study

highlights the importance of effective nutrient management for enhancing soil health and

grain quality. According to Mentham Sasidhar Reddy a field experiment was conducted

during Rabi season of 2021 at Crop Research Farm (CRF). Department of Agronomy,

SHUATS, Prayagraj (UP) on soil with sandy loam in texture to investigate the effect of

organic manures and micronutrients (Zn & B) on growth and yield of Indian mustard. The

treatments consists of three organic manures viz., Poultry manure, Farm Yard manure and

Vermicompost and micronutrients Zinc (0.5%), Boron (1ppm), and Zinc+ Boron (0.5%

+1ppm respectively) whose effect is observed on Indian mustard (var. VARUNA T-59). The

experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with Nine treatments replicated thrice.

The treatment with application of Vermicompost (4t/ha) + 50% RDF+ Zinc+ Boron

(0.5%ZnSO4& 1.0ppm B) recorded significantly higher plant height (179.6cm), number of

Branches per plant (11.0) and plant dry weight (35.3 g), number of siliquae per plant (296.9),

number of seeds per siliqua (14.2), test weight (5.32g), seed yield (2.12 t/ha) and Stover yield

(3.84 t/ha) compared to other treatment combinations.The effects of organic manures and

micronutrients on the growth and production of Indian mustard (var. VARUNA T-59) were

investigated in a field experiment carried out during the Rabi season of 2021 at the Crop

Research Farm (CRF) of the Department of Agronomy at SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar

Pradesh. Three forms of organic manures—poultry manure, farm yard dung, and

vermicompost—as well as the administration of the micronutrients boron (1 ppm) and zinc

(0.5%) separately and in combination were the subject of the study. Nine distinct treatment

combinations were used in the experiment, each of which was reproduced three times using a

Randomized Block Design. Among the many treatments, the addition of four tons of

vermicompost per hectare, half of the recommended fertilizer dosage (RDF),produced

noticeably improved growth and yield metrics when combined with both zinc and boron. In

particular, this treatment produced a plant height of 179.6 cm, 14 seeds per siliqua, 296.9

siliquae per plant, an average of 11 branches per plant, a plant dry weight of 35.3 grams, a

test weight of 5.32 grams, a seed output of 2.12 tons per hectare, and a stover yield of 3.84

tons per hectare. These findings underline the significance of efficient nutrient management

in agricultural practices by showing that the combined application of organic manures and

micronutrients can greatly increase the growth and productivity of Indian mustard. According

to Mentham Sasidhar Reddy and Biswarup Mehera, Based on the above experimental

findings, it is concluded that application of nutrients in combination of Vermicompost (4t/ha)

+ 50% RDF+ Zinc+ Boron (0.5%ZnSO4& 1.0ppm B) accomplished better growth

parameters, yield attributes, higher seed yield, higher gross returns and net returns in mustard

crop under eastern Uttar Pradesh conditions. Reddy and Mehera's research found that a

combination of 4 tons per hectare of vermicompost, 50% of the recommended fertilizer dose
(RDF), and supplemental zinc and boron resulted in the best growth, yield, and economic

returns for mustard crops in eastern Uttar Pradesh.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Locale of the Study

This study was conducted in the Mondragon Agro Industrial High School, Brgy.

Chitongco, Municipality of Mondragon, Northern Samar. It one of the big schools in the

province which offers courses on Technical-Vocational and livelihood tracks. Among its

offerings is Horticulture.

As to its environment- it is situated at the center of coconut crops, allowing a finer

surroundings for cultivating herbs and vegetables for production and income generating

projects. Additionally, it maintains a sandy soil type which is best for root crop production.
 As to facilities, it has gardening tools sufficient enough to support gardening and plant

rearing activities. More to that, it has two (2) horticulture teachers which could become a

resource for knowledge on the know-how of agricultural processes and systems.

Figure 1. Map of Northern Samar showing the location of Mondragon. (Colored red)

Figure 2. Showing the map of Mondragon Agro Industrial High School, Brgy.
Chitongco, Mondragon, Northern Samar
Research Design

To achieve objectives number one and two, experimental research design was

utilized. Experimental research is a kind of study that rigidly follows a scientific research

design. It involves testing or attempting to prove a hypothesis by way of experimentation. As

such, it uses one or more independent variables, manipulating them and then using them on

one or more dependent variables. This type of research was used to compare the production

of mustard between organic farming of controlled sacks using organic fertilizers and a sack

containing plain garden soil.

To attain objectives number three and four, descriptive type of research was utilized.

Descriptive research is used to describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon

being studied. It does not answer questions about how/when/why the characteristics occurred.

Rather it addresses the “what” question. This was utilized in describing which organic

farming practices would result to better economic feasibility relative to mustard growing.

Sampling Technique

Survey technique was used to attain objective number 1 and 2. A thorough

observation of the practices in Mondragon Agro-Industrial High School was done coupled

with interview with the workers/researchers to completely document the activities for organic

farming of mustard. Random sampling for collection of soil sample was imposed for the

analysis biological properties of mustards. This technique was viewed helpful in recording

plant growth for the comparison of production.

Data Gathering Procedure

Preliminary Activities

After the approval of the research proposal, corresponding permissions were insured.

Approval for the conduct of the study was ask from the adviser. Formal permission letter was

forwarded to Mondragon Agro Industrial High School , noted by the Faculty Adviser and

Mondragon Agro industrial High School, to conduct the study.

Organic Farming Practices of the Mondragon Agro Industrial High School

To ascertain organic farming practices of the school, the researchers stayed for several

weeks in the study area to observe and document practices to fetch information on organic

materials- vermicast, chicken dung and the cow manure.

Soil Analysis

Soil samples were collected from the soil media used for mustard production in the

school. Samples was collected each of different practices (like soil combination or organic

materials used) randomly and insuring enough replicates per treatments. Sample of each

species was collected and photographed for identification purposes. Number of mustard per

species was also recorded for abundance and species diversity computation.

Comparison of three kinds of Organic fertilizer

 Production of mustard in Mondragon Agro-Industrial High School was recorded. This

included measurements of plant growth in every significant stage of mustard production or at

least in every week from planting to harvesting.

Comparative set -The researchers conducted Four treatments by using sacks. There is

T1 vermicast,T2 chicken dung, T3 cow manure , and Tc or treatment controlled with 100%

garden soil. Nutrient requirement of mustard will be applied based on references. Plant

growth measurements were also be made to compare results with the organic farming

production of Mondragon Agro Industrial High School.

Establishment of Control Set-up

To compare the three types of organic fertilizer namely- vermicast, chicken dung and

cow manure, the researchers in Mondragon Agro Industrial High School had conducted 40

sacks in four treatments. Per treatment, there are 10 sacks to be exact. The mustard seedlings

were given concentrated amount of treatments which were incorporated in the soil at a ratio

of 30:70, which would likely supply the plants’ nutrient intake to facilitate easy mustard

cultivation. Such set-up was applied only ones.

Statistical Treatment of Data

Simple summation, means, and averages was used to treat data gathered.
 Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. Growth performance of mustard grown with different organic fertilizer using sack.

A. This is the record of mustard’s (Brassica Juncea) growth performance in 30 days.

Fertilizers Number Height Length Pest Deseases

of leaves
Vermicast 5 S1 16.2cm S1 7.5cm Cabbage Downy
Looper mildew
8 S2 16.1cm S2 6.9cm

5 S3 11.5cm S3 4.6cm

4 S4 15.9cm S4 7cm
 4 S5 9cm S5 4.3cm

7 S6 11.2cm S6 3.3cm

4 S7 13.2cm S7 4.6cm

8 S8 19.7cm S8 2.7cm

7 S9 20.7cm S9 10.6cm

7 S10 18.7cm S10 8.1cm

TOTAL: 59 leaves 15.22cm 5.96cm

Chicken 5 S1 13.1cm S1 6.1cm Flea Downy
Dung Bettles mildew
7 S2 19.9cm S2 9.5cm

5 S3 15.7cm S3 7.9cm
Cabbage Bacterial leaf
5 S4 15cm S4 5.9cm looper spot

3 S5 12cm S5 5.3cm

4 S6 13.2cm S6 4.6cm

4 S7 8.3cm S7 4.4cm

4 S8 7.4cm S8 5.1cm

5 S9 9.9cm S9 4.7cm

8 S10 18.1cm S10 9.8cm

TOTAL:
50 leaves 13.26 cm 6.33 cm
Cow Manure 4 S1 18.8cm S1 4.8cm Flea Downy
Bettles mildew
7 S2 11.4cm S2 7.6cm

5 S3 13.6cm S3 5.9cm
Cabbage Alternaria
4 S4 15.4cm S4 6.4cm looper Disease (black
spot)
3 S5 10.3cm S5 4.6cm

4 S6 11.9cm S6 3.9cm

5 S7 12cm S7 5.7cm

6 S8 16.4cm S8 8.9cm

7 S9 15.5cm S9 8cm

TOTAL: 6 S10 19.1cm S10 8cm

 51 leaves 14.44 cm 6.38 cm
Control 6 S1 14.1cm S1 4.2cm Flea Downy
Bettles mildew
5 S2 10.7cm S2 4.2cm

5 S3 13.3cm S3 5.7cm
Cabbage Black root
5 S4 11.1cm S4 4.4cm looper

5 S5 10.6cm S5 3.3cm
Anthracnose
5 S6 14.2cm S6 5.8cm

4 S7 12cm S7 5.1cm

5 S8 7cm S8 2.2cm

4 S9 6.2cm S9 2.1cm

3 S10 11.2cm S10 4.7cm

TOTAL: 47 leaves 11.04 cm 4.17cm

B. record of mustard (Brassica Juncea) growth performance in 45 days.

Fertilizer Number Height Length Pest Diseases

of leaves

Vermicast 8 S1 19.9cm S1 8.7cm Cabbage Downy

mildew
Looper
6 S2 16.8cm S2 9.1cm

5 S3 11.1cm S3 5.8cm

7 S4 16.6cm S4 7.8cm
 4 S5 16.1cm S5 7.5cm

5 S6 6.5 cm S6 3.4cm

7 S7 17.1cm S7 7.5cm

8 S8 20.4cm S8 9.2cm

8 S9 25.1cm S9 12.4cm

7 S1025.2cm S10 11.9cm

TOTAL:
65 leaves 17.48 cm 8.33 cm

Chicken 6 S1 17.3cm S1 8.7cm Cabbage Bacterial

leaf spot
Dung Looper
9 S2 23.4cm S2 10.9cm Downy
mildew

5 S3 14.2cm S3 8.7cm

Flea
5 S4 19.3cm S4 10cm
Bettles

6 S5 8.4cm S5 3.8cm

4 S6 11.9cm S6 5.6cm

4 S7 5.9cm S7 2.1cm

5 S8 4.9cm S8 3cm

4 S9 12.9cm S9 5.2cm

5 S10 18.4cm S10 11.1cm

TOTAL:

53 leaves 13.66cm 6.91cm

Cow 6 S1 15cm S1 6.9cm Cabbage Alternaria

Disease (black
Manure spot)
 Looper
8 S2 17.1cm S2 9cm

7 S3 3.4cm S3 7cm

Flea
5 S4 12.5cm S4 6.4cm
Bettles

4 S5 7.9cm S5 4cm

6 S6 15.3cm S6 6.4cm

4 S7 4.4cm S7 2cm

6 S8 13.9cm S8 9.2cm

6 S9 18.6cm S9 11.4cm

TOTAL:
5 S10 17.8cm S10 8.9cm

51 leaves 12.59 cm 7.12 cm

Control 7 S1 17.2cm S1 8cm Flea Black root

Anthracnose
Bettles
5 S2 15.2cm S2 6.3cm

5 S3 14.8cm S3 7cm

Cabbage
5 S4 12cm S4 5.4cm
looper

5 S5 13.1cm S5 5.3cm

4 S6 15.4cm S6 6.5cm

5 S7 16.5cm S7 8.2cm

4 S8 7.2cm S8 2.5cm

4 S9 9.4cm S9 2.3cm
 4 S10 9.1cm S10 2.2cm

TOTAL:
48 leaves 12.99 cm 5.37 cm

this table showed

Insects pest and disease of mustard grown in different organic fertilizer using sack.

Treatment Pest Deseases

Vermicast -Cabbage Looper Downy mildew

Chicken Dung -Flea Bettles -Downy mildew

-Cabbage looper -Bacterial leaf spot

Cow Manure -Cabbage Looper -Downy mildew

-Flea Bettles -Alternaria Disease (black spot)

Control -Flea Bettles -Downy mildew

-Cabbage looper -Black root

-Anthracnose

As the table showed the different fertilizers and the pests and diseases that land on each tree

treatment, in vermicast the pests that land on it are cabbage looper and in Disease it is downy

mildew, in chicken dung it is cabbage looper and flea beetles, in Disease it is downy mildew

and bacterial leaf spot, in cow manure the pests that land on it are cabbage looper and flea

beetles and in Disease it is downy mildew and black spot, in control it is pure 100% garden
soil and in this case flea beetles and cabbage looper land on it, in Disease it is black root,

anthracnose and black root

3. Organic fertilizer can give the highest production of mustard using sack;

Fertilizer Pest Diseases Number of

Productivity of all

treatments

Vermicast 1 1 3\4

Chicken Dung 2 2 1\2

Cow Manure 2 2 1\2

Control 2 3 1\4

TOTAL:
7 8

In the table shown above, from what we saw and observed in vermicast fertilizers, only one

pest and disease landed but the productivity of vermicast was high and its weight was 1/4.

Meanwhile, in chicken dung, we observed two and landed on mustard, two on pest and

disease and had a weight of 1/2. In cow manure, two also landed on pest and disease, they

were the same as chicken dung. In the control, there were more diseases and pests and had a

weight of 1/4. identify which organic fertilizer can give the highest production of mustard

using sack.The researchers observed among the four treatments, vermicast has the highest or

most harvest and chicken dung has only an average harvest and the same goes for cow
manure and the control has the least harvest among the four treatments and vermicast has

only one pest and disease that landed but chicken dung and cow manure have two pests and

diseases each and it is equal to the number of pests and diseases that landed here and the

control has only one pest and one disease that landed here, And for me, the one with the most

harvest among the four treatments is Vermicast

to determine the economic feasibility of growing mustard using organic manure in sack.

A.

Fertilizer Pest Deseases Number of

Productivity of all

treatents

Vermicast 1 1 3\4

Chicken Dung 2 2 1\2

Cow Manure 2 2 1\2

Control 2 3 1\4

In the table shown above, from what we saw and observed in vermicast fertilizers, only one

pest and disease landed but the productivity of vermicast was high and its weight was 1/4.

Meanwhile, in chicken dung, we observed two and landed on mustard, two on pest and

disease and had a weight of 1/2. In cow manure, two also landed on pest and disease, they

were the same as chicken dung. In the control, there were more diseases and pests and had a

weight of 1/4.