ART GCLASS FILE 1

INTRODUCTION TO ART APPRECIATION

PRELIMINARY GROUP ACTIVITY

LEARNING OUTCOMES
UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF HUMANITIES AND ART APPRECIATION .
DIFFERENTIATE ART HISTORY FROM ART APPRECIATION; AND
CREATE A COLLAGE OF YOUR EXPERIENCES WITH THE ART.

GROUP TASK #1
Why study humanities?
What is art history?
What is art appreciation?

HUMANITIES
VISUAL ARTS
MUSIC
LITERATURE
DRAMA/ THEATER
DANCE


HUMANITIES
- Broadly defined, the humanities study human culture through art, literature,
philosophy, music, and languages.

Why do we need to study humanities?

The humanities play a number of roles in a man’s life, including:
 providing greater insight into the world,
 helping to better understand both the past and the future and
 fostering a sense of empathy

 Humanities, those branches of knowledge that concern themselves with

human beings and their culture or with analytic and critical methods of
inquiry derived from an appreciation of human values and of the unique
ability of the human spirit to express itself.
 humanities include the study of all languages and literatures, the arts, history,
and philosophy

APPRECIATION/ PAGPAPAHALAGA SA SINING

 This is not the same as Humanities subject name Arts in the current GEC.
 That subject focuses on art as art ( in other words aesthetics).
 Students are usually taught how to view a work of art, what to look for, how to
tell if an artwork is good or bad
.
 Art is not meant to be looked at only for what it is.
 It is meant to stimulate thought because it allows viewers to draw their own
emotions and pull from their personal experiences when viewed.
 It is very powerful in this way and it naturally develops critical and innovative
thinking skills.
 Art also teaches many important qualities such as listening, observing and
responding to multiple perspectives.

GRAPHIC ARTS (VISUAL ARTS)

 PAINTING -is the application of pigment to a surface (such as canvas, paper,
wood, or walls) using tools like brushes, knives, or sponges. It is one of the
 oldest forms of visual art, often used to express emotions, depict scenes, or
convey ideas.
Examples:
 Oil Painting: Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci.
 Watercolor Painting: Landscape artworks using water-based pigments.
 Acrylic Painting: Modern art on canvas using fast-drying acrylic paint.

GRAPHIC ARTS (VISUAL ARTS)

 DRAWING -is the creation of images using lines, shapes, and shading,
typically with tools like pencils, charcoal, or ink. It can serve as a preliminary
sketch for other artworks or as a standalone piece.
Examples:
 Pencil Sketch: Portraits or still life sketches using graphite pencils.
 Charcoal Drawing: Black-and-white sketches for dramatic effect.
 Ink Drawing: Architectural or comic designs using ink pens.

GRAPHIC ARTS (VISUAL ARTS)

 COMMERCIAL ART -refers to art created for commercial purposes, such as
advertising, branding, or promotional materials. Its goal is to attract attention
and communicate a message effectively.
Examples:
 Billboards: Creative advertisements like Coca-Cola’s iconic outdoor designs.
 Logos: Nike’s swoosh logo, which represents motion and simplicity.
 Packaging Design: Eye-catching cereal box designs to attract buyers.

GRAPHIC ARTS (VISUAL ARTS)

 MECHANICAL PROCESSES - These involve the use of machines or tools to
replicate or produce art or designs. They are often used in printing,
engraving, and mass production of artworks.
Examples:
 Printing: for creating posters or book illustrations.
 Engraving: Decorative metal plates for coins or trophies.

GRAPHIC ARTS (VISUAL ARTS)

PHOTOGRAPHY -is the art of capturing images using a camera. It involves
framing, lighting, and composition to create visually appealing or meaningful
pictures.
Examples:
 Portrait Photography: Professional headshots or family photos.
 Nature Photography: Images of landscapes, wildlife, or natural phenomena.
 Documentary Photography: Capturing real-life events, such as war
photography or photojournalism.

PLASTIC ARTS (VISUAL ARTS)

ARCHITECTURE -The art and science of designing and constructing buildings and
structures, considering aesthetics, functionality, and sustainability.
Examples:
 Classical Architecture: The Parthenon in Greece.
 Modern Architecture: The Sydney Opera House.
 Sustainable Architecture: The Bosco Verticale (Vertical Forest) in Milan.
PLASTIC ARTS (VISUAL ARTS)
LANDSCAPE -The design and arrangement of outdoor spaces like gardens, parks,
and open areas to enhance their beauty and functionality
Examples:
 Public Parks: Central Park in New York City.
 Botanical Gardens: Singapore’s Gardens by the Bay.
 Recreational Spaces: Golf courses and resorts.

PLASTIC ARTS (VISUAL ARTS)

CITY PLANNING -The process of designing and organizing urban areas, focusing
on
infrastructure, transportation, zoning, and community needs to ensure efficient
and
livable cities.
Examples:
 Planned Cities: Brasília, Brazil.
 Smart Cities: Masdar City in the UAE.
 Urban Revitalization: The High Line in New York City.

PLASTIC ARTS (VISUAL ARTS)

INTERIOR DESIGN -The art of designing and arranging indoor spaces to make
them aesthetically pleasing, functional, and safe.
Examples:
 Residential Design: Modern minimalist apartments.
 Commercial Spaces: Luxurious hotel lobbies.
 Themed Spaces: Children’s playrooms designed like castles.

PLASTIC ARTS (VISUAL ARTS)

SCULPTURE -A three-dimensional visual art created by carving, molding, or
assembling materials like stone, metal, or clay.
Examples:
 Classical Sculpture: Michelangelo’s David.
 Contemporary Sculpture: Anish Kapoor’s Cloud Gate (The Bean) in Chicago.
 Functional Sculpture: Sculptural fountains like Rome’s Trevi Fountain.

PLASTIC ARTS (VISUAL ARTS)

CRAFTS -Handmade artistic works, often functional or decorative, created using
traditional techniques.
Examples:
 Textile Crafts: Weaving or embroidery.
 Ceramic Crafts: Hand-thrown pottery.
 Woodwork: Hand-carved furniture or figurines.

PLASTIC ARTS (VISUAL ARTS)

INDUSTRIAL DESIGN -The process of designing and developing products that
are both functional and aesthetically appealing for mass production.
Examples:
 Consumer Electronics: Apple’s iPhone.
 Household Appliances: Dyson vacuum cleaners.
 Automobiles: Tesla electric cars.

PLASTIC ARTS (VISUAL ARTS)

DRESS AND COSTUME DESIGN -The creation of clothing and costumes for
everyday wear or specific performances, focusing on style, function, and
storytelling.
Examples:
 Fashion Design: Haute couture collections by Dior.
 Historical Costumes: Period costumes for films like Pride and Prejudice.
 Theatrical Costumes: Elaborate outfits for The Lion King musical.
PLASTIC ARTS (VISUAL ARTS)
THEATER DESIGN -The art of designing sets, lighting, and props to create an
environment that enhances the narrative and mood of a theater production.
Examples:
 Set Design: The rotating barricade in Les Misérables.
 Lighting Design: The dynamic lighting in Phantom of the Opera.
 Prop Design: The detailed objects used in Hamilton for period accuracy.

INTRODUCTION
 For as long as man existed in this planet, he has cultivated the land, altered
the conditions of the fauna and the flora, in order to survive.
 Alongside these necessities, man also marked his place in the world through
his works. Through his bare hands, man constructed infrastructures that
tended to his needs, like his house
 He sharpened swords and spears.
 He employed fire in order to melt gold.
 The initial meaning of the word “ ART” has something to do with all these
craft

 The word “ ART ” comes from the latin word, “ARS” which means a “ craft or
specialized form of skill, like carpentry or smithying or surgery”
(Collingwood,1938)

 Art then suggested the capacity to produce an intended result from carefully
planned steps or method.
 When a man wants to build a house, he plans meticulously to get to what the
prototype promises and
 He executes the steps to produce the said structure, then he is engaged in
art.
 The ancient world did not have any conceived notion of art in the same way
that we do now.
 To them, art only meant using the bare hands to produce something that will
be useful to one’s day-to- day life.

MEANING OF THE WORD “ ARS”¨

 Medieval Latin- ¨ “any special FORM OFBOOK LEARNING, such as grammar
or logic, magic or astrology
 Early Renaissance- artist saw their activities merely as CRAFT -MANSHIP
 17th Century - ¨The study of BEAUTYBEGAN TO UNFOLD distinctly from the
notion of technical workmanship
 18th Century- ¨ the fine arts mean "not too delicate or highly skilled arts but
BEAUTIFUL ARTS.

ART HISTORY - The academic study of the history and development of the visual
arts.
ART APPRECIATION - The application of basic tools of visual literacy to
understand and
appreciate works of art.

Methods Used in Art History

Art historians use various methods to analyze and interpret artworks. These
include:
1. Formal Analysis
 Focuses on the visual elements of art such as color, shape, line, texture, and
composition.
 Evaluate the artist's use of techniques and medium.

2. Iconography
 Studies the symbols and motifs within the artwork to understand its meaning
or themes.
 Often involves analyzing religious, mythological, or cultural references.
3. Contextual Analysis
 Investigates the social, political, and historical context in which the artwork
was created.
 Considers the artist's background, patrons, and audience.

4. Comparative Analysis
 Compares artworks from different periods, cultures, or styles to identify
similarities and differences.

5. Technical Analysis
 Use scientific methods like X-rays, spectroscopy, and pigment analysis to
study the materials and techniques used by the artist.

6. Stylistic Analysis
 Examines how the style of an artwork aligns with a specific art movement or
period (e.g., Baroque, Renaissance).

Purpose of Art History

The study of art history serves several purposes:
1. Preservation of Cultural Heritage
 Documents and safeguards artworks and monuments for future generations.
2. Understanding Historical Contexts
 Provides insights into different societies' beliefs, values, and lifestyles through
their visual culture.
3. Appreciation of Aesthetic Development
 Traces the evolution of artistic styles, techniques, and innovations over time.
4. Interdisciplinary Learning
 Combines insights from anthropology, sociology, religion, and literature to
offer a holistic understanding of human history.
5. Critical Thinking and Interpretation
 Encourages analyzing visual information, fostering critical thinking skills, and
understanding diverse perspectives.
6. Inspiration for Modern Art
 Inspires contemporary artists and designers by connecting them with
traditional art forms and techniques.

ART HISTORY - The academic study of the history and development of the visual
arts.
ART APPRECIATION - The application of basic tools of visual literacy to
understand and
appreciate works of art.

Visual Literacy
 is all about understanding what you see
 The ability to interpret, negotiate, and make meaning from information
presented in the form of an image, extending the meaning of literacy, which
commonly signifies interpretation of a written or printed text.
 Based on the idea that pictures can be "read" and that meaning can be
through a process of reading.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE INTRODUCTION OF ART

 The humanities constitute one of the oldest and most important means of
expression developed by man (Dudley et al., 1960)
 After visiting the Altamira cave paintings in northern Spain, Pablo Picasso
famously exclaimed “” . He wasn’t kidding. after Altamira, all is decadence
 The art in this cave and in many others that dot parts of France, Spain and
other regions in the world are among the greatest pieces of art ever created.
 Like all great art they provide an insight into the way that people thought,
even though it was tens of thousands of years ago.
Altamira Cave
 Discovered in the late 19th century, the Altamira Cave in northern Spain was
the first cave in which prehistoric paintings were discovered.
 The paintings were of such an astounding quality that the scientific society
doubted their authenticity and even accused it’s discoverer Marcelino Sanz de
Sautuola of forgery.
 Many people simply did not believe prehistoric man had the intellectual
capacity to produce any kind of artistic expression.
 It was not until 1902 when the paintings were acknowledged as genuine. The
charcoal and ochre images of horses, bison and handprints in the Altamira
Cave are among the best preserved cave paintings in the world.

ART GCLASSS FILE 2

ART APPRECIATION: CREATIVITY, IMAGINATION AND EXPRESSION

ART APPRECIATION AS A WAY OF LIFE.

 Jean-Paul Sartre, A famous french philosopher of the 20th century, described

the role of art as creative work that depicts the world in a completely different
light and perspective, and the source is due to human freedom
 Each artwork beholds beauty of its own kind, the kind that the artist sees and
wants the viewers to perceive.
 More often than not, people are blind to this beauty and only those who have
develop a fine sense of appreciation can experience and see the art the same
way that artist did.
 Hence, refining one’s ability to appreciate art allows him to deeply
understand the purpose of an artwork and recognize the beauty it possesses.
 In cultivating an art appreciation, one should also exercise and develop his
taste for things that are fine and beautiful.
 This allows individuals to make intelligent choices and decisions in acquiring
necessities and luxuries, knowing what gives better value for time or money
while taking into consideration the aesthetic and practical value.
 Frequenting museums, art galleries, performing arts, theaters, concert halls,
or even malls that display art exhibitions that are free in admission during
leisure time will not only develop an understanding of the art, but also serve
as a rewarding experience.
 Learning to appreciate art no matter what vocation or profession you have
will lead to a fuller and more meaningful life

WHAT DOES THE TERM “ CREATIVITY “ MEANS?

 Creativity requires thinking outside the box
 In art, creativity is what sets apart one artwork from another

When can we say that something is creative?

 When we have not seen anything like it
 When it is out of the ordinary
 When it is not just a copy or imitation of someones work
 There is originality

 Nowadays, being creative can be quite challenging

 For instance, the campaign ad “ It’s More Fun in the Philippines” used by the
Department of Tourism (DOT) boomed popularity in 2011.
 But later on , it was found out that it was allegedly plagiarized from
Switzerland, back in 1951
ART AS A PRODUCT OF IMAGINATION, IMAGINATION AS A PRODUCT OF
ART
 "Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to
all we now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire
world, and all there ever will. be to know and understand." -Albert Einstein
 lmagination is not constrained by the walls of the norm, but goes beyond
that.
 Through imagination, one is able to craft something bold, something new, and
something better in the hopes of creating something that will stimulate
change.
 ln artist's mind sits a vast gallery of artworks
 An artwork does not need to be a real thing, but can be something that is
imaginary.
 However, something imaginary does not necessarily mean it cannot be called
art. Artists use their imagination that gives birth to reality through creation.

 Imagine being in the empty room surrounded by blank, white walls and floor.
 Would you be inspired to work in such a place?
 Often, you will find coffee shops, restaurants and libraries with paintings hung
or sculptures and other pieces of art place around the room to add beauty to
the surroundings.
 This craving and desire to be surrounded by beautiful things dates back to our
early ancestor.
 Cave walls are surrounded by drawings and paintings of animals they hunted;
wild boars, reindeers and bison.
 Clay were molded and stones were carved into forms that resemble men and
women.
 Burial jars were created with intricate designs on them.
 This creative pieces were made not only because they were functional to
menbut also because beauty gave them joy.

ART AS EXPRESSIOM
- What an artist does to an emotion is not to induce it, but express it. Through
expression, he is able to explore his own emotions and at the same time, create
something beautiful out of them - Robin George Collingwood

 Creations that fall under this category are those that appeal to the sense of
sight and are mainly visual in nature.
 Artist produce visual arts driven by their desire to reproduce things that they
have seen in the way that they perceived them. ( Collins & Riley, 1931)
 Artistic disciplines that also involve a visual aspect such as performance arts,
theater and applied arts.
 Some mediums of visual arts include paintings, drawings, letterings, printing,
sculptures, digital imaging and more

FILM
 refers to the art of putting together successions of still images in order to
create an illusion of movement.
 Filmmaking focuses on its aesthetic, cultural and social value and is
considered as both an art and an industry

Film can be created by using the following techniques:

 Motion-Picture Camera (Movie Camera)
 Animation Techniques
 Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI)
 Film making simulates experiences or creates one that is beyond the scope of
our imagination as it aims to deliver ideas, feelings or beauty to its viewers.
 The art of filmmaking is so complex.
 Account many important elements such as lighting, musical score, visual
effects, direction and more.

PERFORMING ARTS
Is a live art and the artist’s medium is mainly the human body which he or she
uses to perform.
Also employs other kind of art such as visual art, props or sound.

FOUR ELEMENTS
 Time
 Where the performance took place
 The performer’s body
 Relationship between the audience and the performer

The fact that performance art is live makes intangible, which means it cannot be
bought or traded as commodity, unlike the previously discussed art expression.

POETRY
 An art form where the artist expresses his emotions not using paint, charcoal
or camera , but expresses them through words.
 These words are carefully selected to exhibit clarity and beauty and to
stimulate strong emotions of joy, anger, love, sorrow etc.
 It uses a word’s emotional, musical and spatial values that go beyond its
literal meaning to narrate, emphasize, argue or convince.
 These words, combined with movements, tone, volume and intensity of the
delivery, add to the artistic value of the poem.

ARCHITECTURE
 Art is the pursuit and creation of beautiful things while architecture is the
making of beautiful buildings.
 However, not all buildings are beautiful. Some buildings only embody the
functionality they need, but the structure, line, forms and color are not
beautifully express
 Thus, not all buildings can be considered architecture.
 Buildings should embody these three important elements namely: plan,
construction and design.if they wish to merit the title ARCHITECTURE

DANCE
 A series of movements that follows the rhythm of the music accompaniment.
 A form of expression.
 A creative form that allows people to express themselves
 It has no rules
 You may say that choreography does not allow this, but in art expression,
dancers are not confined to set steps and rules but free to create and invent
their own movements as long as they deem them graceful and beautiful

LITERATURE
 Artist who practice literary arts use words-not paint, musical instruments or
chisel -to express themselves and communicate emotions to the readers.
 However, simply becoming a writer does not make one literary artist.
 Simply constructing a succession of sentences in a meaningful manner is not
literary art.
 Literary arts goes beyond the usual professional, academic, journalistic, ad
other technical forms of writing.
 It focuses on writing using a unique style not following a specific format or
norm.
 It include both fiction and non-fiction such as novels, biographies and poems.
Example:
 The little Prince –Antoine de Saint-Exupery
 Romeo and Juliet –William Shakespeare
THEATRE
 Theater uses live performers to present accounts or imaginary events before
a live audience.
 Usually follow a script, though they should not be confused with literary arts.

Elements to consider
 Acting
 Gesture
 Lighting
 Sound effects
 Musical score
 Scenery
 Props

APPLIED ARTS
 Applied art is incorporating elements of style and design to everyday items
with the aim of increasing their aesthetical value.
 Artist in this field bring beauty, charm and comfort into many things that are
useful in everyday life.
 Industrial Design, Interior Design, Fashion Design and Graphic Design are
considered applied arts.
 Applied is often compared to fine arts, where the latter is chiefly concerned
on aesthetic value. Through exploration and expression of the needs and
careful choice of materials and techniques, artist are able to combine
functionality and style.

A.WHAT ART FIELD WILL YOU EXPLORE? WHY?

B.HOW CAN YOU UTILIZE THE ART TO EXPRESS YOURSELF, YOUR COMMUNITY,
AND YOUR RELATION TO OTHERS?

Explain the following questions:

1. Why is art ageless and timeless?
2. Why is art not nature?
3. Why does art involve experience?

Assumptions of Art
Art is universal.
Literature has provided key works of art. Among the most popular ones being
taught in school are the two Greek epics, the liad and the Odyssey. The Sanskrit
pieces Mahabharate and Ramayana are also staples in this field. These works,
purportedly written before the beginning of recorded history, are believed to be
man's attempt at recording storles and tales that have been passed on, known,
and sung throughout the years. Art has always been timeless and universal,
spanning generations and continents through and through.

In every country and in every generation, there Is always art. Oftentimes, people
feel that what is considered artistic are only those which have been made long
time ago. This is a misconception. Age Is not a factor in determining art. An "...art
is not good because it is old, but old because It is good" (Dudley et al.; 1960).'In
the Philippines, the works of Jose Rizal and Francisco Balagtas are not being read
because they are old. Otherwise, works of other Filipinos who have long died
would have been required in junior high school too. The pieces mentioned are
read in school and have remained to be with us because they are good. They are
liked and adored because they meet our needs and desires. Florante at Laura
never fails to teach high school students the beauty of love, one that is universal
and pure. Ibong Adara, another Filipino masterpiece, has always captured the
imagination of the young with its timeless lessons. When we recite the Psaims, we
feel in cornmunion with King David as we feel one with him in his conversation
with God. When we listen to a kundiman or perform folk dances, we still enjoy the
way our Filipino ancestors whiled away their time in the past. We do not
necessarily like a kundiman for its original meaning. We just like it. We enjoy it. Or
just as one of the characters in the movie BAr ar Boys thought.. kundiman makes
one concentrate better.

The first assumption then about the humanities la that art has been crafted by all
people regardless of origin, time, place, and that it stayed on because it is liked
and enjoyed by people continuously. A great piece of work will never be obsolete.
Some people say that art is art for its intrinsic worth. In John Stuart Mill's
Utilitarianism
(1879), enjoyment in the arts belongs to a higher good, one that lies at the
opposite end of base pleasures. Art will always be present because human beings
will always express themselves and delight in these expressions. Men will
continue to use art while art persists and never gets depleted.

Art is not nature.

In the Philippines, it is not entirely novel to hear some consumers of local movies
remark that these movies produced locally are unrealistic. They contend that local
movies work around certain formula to the detriment of substance and
faithfulness to reality of the movies. These critical minds argue that a good movie
must reflect reality as closely as possible, Is that so?

Paul Cézanne, a French painter, painted a scene from reality entitled Well and
Grinding Wheel in the Forest of the Chatoau Noir, The said scene is inspired by a
real scene in a forest around the Cháteau Noir, area near Aix in Cézanne's native
Provence. Comparing the two, one can see that Cézanne's landscape is quite
different from the original scene. Cezanne has changed some patterns and details
from the way they were actually in the photograph. What he did is not nature. It is
art.

One important characteristic of art is that it is not nature. Art is man's expression
of his reception of nature. Art is man's way of interpreting nature. Art is not
nature. Art is made by man, whereas nature is a given around us. It is in this
juncture that they can be considered opposites. What we find in nature should not
be expected to be present in art too. Movies are not meant to be direct
representation of reality. They may, according to the movie-maker's perception of
reality, be a reinterpretation or even distortion of nature.

Figure 4. The Flephant and the filing Men

This distinction assumes that all of us see nature, perceive its elements in myriad.
different, yet ultimately valid ways. One can only imagine the story of the five
blind men who one day argue against each other on what an elephant looks like.
Each of the five blind men was holding a different part of the elephant. The first
was touching the body and thus, thought the elephant was like a wall. Another
was touching the beast's car and was convinced that the elephant was like a fan.
The rest were touching other
different parts of the elephant and concluded differently based on their
perceptions. Art is like each of these men's view of the elephant. it is based on an
individual's
subjective experience of nature, It is not meant, after all, to accurately define
what the elephant really like in nature. Artists are not expected to duplicate
nature just as even scientists with their elaborate laboratories cannot make
nature.

Once this point has been made, a student of humanities can then ask further
questions such as: What lessons might the artist have in creating something? Why
did Andres, Bonifacio write"Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa"? What motivation did
Juan Luna have in cresting his masterpiece, the Spolarium? In whatever work of
art. one should always ask why the artist made it. What is it that he wants to show

Art Involves experience.

Getting this far without a satisfactory definition of art can be quite weird for some.
For most people, art does not require a full definition. Art is just experience. By
experience, we mean the "actual doing of something" (Dudley et al.. 1960). When
one says that he has an experience of something, he often means that he knows
what that something is about. When one claims that he has experienced falling in
love, getting hurt, and bouncing back, he in effect claims that he knows the
(sometimes) endless cycle of loving. When one asserts having experienced
preparing a particular recipe, he in fact asserts knowing how the recipe is made.
Knowing a thing is different from hearing from others what the said thing is. A
radio DJ dispensing advice on love when he himself has not experienced it does
not really know what he is talking about. A choreographer who cannot execute a
danco alep himself is a bogus. Art is always an experience. Unlike fields of
knowledge that involve data, art is known by experiencing. A painter cannot claim
to know how to paint if he has not tried holding a brush. A sculptor cannot
produce a work of art if a chisel is foreign to him. Dudley et al. (1960) affirmed
that "[all art depends on experience, and if one is to know art, he must know it
not as fact or information but as experience.*

A work of art then cannot be abstracted from actual doing. In order to know what
an artwork is, we have to sense it, see or hear it, and sec AND hear it. To fully
appreciate our national hero's monument, one must go to Rizal Park and see the
actual sculpture. In order to know Beyoncé's music, one must listen to it to
actually. experience them. A famous story about someone who adores Picasso
goes something like this:
"Years ago, Gertrude Stein was asked why she bought the pictures of the then
unknown artist Picasso. 'I like to look at them." said Miss Stein* (Dudley et al.,
1960). At the end of the day, one fully gete acquainted with art if one immerses
himself into it. In the case of Picasso,one only learns aboutPicasso's work by
looking at it. That is precisely what Miss Stein did .

Figure 6. Pablo Picassa

In matters of art, the subject's perception is of primacy. One can read hundreds of
reviews about a particular movie, but at the end of the day, until he sees the
movie himself, he will be in no position to actually talk about the movie. He does
not know the movie until he experiences It. An important aspect of experiencing
art is its being highly personal, individual, and subjective. In philosophical terms,
perception of art is always a value judgment. It dépends on who the perceiver is,
his tastes, his biases, and what he has inside him. Degustibus non disputandum
est (Matters of taste are not matters of dispute). One cannot argue with another
person's evaluation of art because one's experience can never be known by
another.
Finally, one should also underscore that every experience with art is accompanied
by some emotion. One either likos or dislikes, agrees or disagrees that a work of
art is beautiful. A stage play or motion picture is particularly one of those art
forms that evoke strong emotions from its audience. With experience comes
emotions and feelings, after all. Feelings and emotions are concrete proofs that
the artwork has been experiences

GCLASS FILE 4

SUBJECT AND CONTENT

LEARNING OUTCOMES
 DIFFERENTIATE CONTENT FROM SUBJECT.
 CLASSIFY ARTWORKS ACCORDING TO SUBJECT; AND
 CHARACTERIZE SOURCES AND KINDS OF SUBJECTS.

MICHAEL ANGELO “ CREATION OF ADAM”

FROM THE CEILING OF THE SISTINE CHAPEL

DEFINITION OF SUBJECT
 In art, the definition of the subject is referring to the main character, object,
or anything else that is presented as the main focus in the work of art. 
 The subject can appear in the center of the piece, or in any other part of it,
but it is always the most recognizable thing in the entire work of art,
regardless of its size.

DEFINITION OF CONTENT
 In the world of art, the definition of content is referred to as the general
meaning or intention of the piece. It is the way to manifest the message that
the artist wants to say with his work.
 Content is the message given by the piece of art. It involves the subject, the
techniques used to make the piece, the colors used, and anything that was
used by the artist to make a statement and give a message.

Basic Comparison
Definition
 Subject- The Main Object In An Artwork
 Content- The meaning of the work of art

Determination
 Subject- Very recognizable
 Content- Must be analyzed

In the work of art

 Subject- is one of the parts of a work of art
 Content- Involves and unifies all parts of the artwork

TYPES OF SUBJECT

REPRESENTATIONAL ART
 Also called as figurative art
 Artwork aims to represent actual objects or subjects from reality usually
looking easily recognizable.
 For example, a painting of a cat looks very much like a cat– it's quite obvious
what the artist is depicting.
 Subcategories under representational art include Realism, Impressionism,
Idealism, and Stylization. All of these forms of representation represent actual
subjects from reality.
 Abstract art is always connected to something visual from the real world
.

Example:
STARRY NIGHT by VINCENT VAN GOGH
Starry Night has shapes and forms that represent hills and trees, houses and a
steeple.
Starry Night is a landscape, therefore it is representational.
Abstract art doesn't try to represent an accurate depiction of the real world, it
tries to create a representation that stands for something in the real world.

Example:
MONA LISA (1503) BY LEONARDO DA VINCI
 It is a visual representation of the idea of happiness suggested by the word
"gioconda" in Italian.
 Leonardo made this notion of happiness the central motif of the portrait:
 it is this notion which makes the work such an ideal. The nature of the
landscape also plays a role.
 Painted by Leonardo da Vinci (1503)

ABSTRACT ART
 Art that does not attempt to represent an accurate depiction of a visual
reality but instead use shapes, colors, forms and gestural marks to achieve its
effect.
 Abstract art, non-figurative art, non-objective art, and non-representational
art, are closely related terms. They are similar, but perhaps not of identical
meaning.
 Abstraction indicates a departure from reality in depiction of imagery in art.
This departure from accurate representation can be slight, partial, or
complete.
Example:
Tableau I by Piet Mondrian

NON-REPRESENTATIONAL ART
 Art does not make a reference to the real world, whether it is a person,
place ,thing or even a particular event.
 It is stripped down to visual elements such as shapes, lines and colors that
are employed to translate a particular feeling, emotions and even concept.
 Is highly subjective and can be difficult to define.
 We can focus on the elements of the artwork (form, shape, line, color, space,
and texture) in terms of the aesthetic value of the work,.
 but the meaning will always be personal to the viewer unless the artist has
made a statement about his or her intentions.

Example:
Theo van Doesburg’s Counter-Composition VI 1925 Tate

De Stijl / Neo-plasticism (c.1919): The movement, which aimed to create paintings

in their ‘purest state’ , was a direct response to the chaos of World
War I. Only primary colours and non- colours were used in the form of
squares, rectangles, straight, horizontal or vertical lines in order to stick to the
core elements of painting: colour, line and form.

SOURCES OF SUBJECT
 NATURE
 HISTORY
 GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY
 JUDEO-CHRISTIAN TRADITION
 SACRED ORIENTAL TEXT
 OTHER WORK OF ART

KINDS OF SUBJECT
STILL LIFE
 A work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter.
 typically common place objects which are either natural (food, flowers, dead
animals, plants, rocks, shells, etc.) or man-made (drinking glasses, books,
vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, etc.).

Middle Ages and Early Renaissance

In the late Middle Ages, still-life elements, mostly flowers but also animals and
sometimes inanimate objects
Hans Memling (1430–1494), Vase of Flowers (1480), Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza,
Madrid. According to some scholars the Vase of Flowers is filled with religious
symbolism

Later Renaissance
"The Butcher Shop" by Aertsen's nephew Joachim Beuckelaer (1568), with its
realistic depiction of raw meats dominating the foreground, while a background
scene conveys the dangers of drunkenness and lechery. The type of very large
kitchen or market scene developed by Pieter Aertsen and his nephew Joachim
Beuckelaer typically depicts an abundance of food with a kitchenware still life and
burly Flemish kitchen- Maids

LANDSCAPE
 A LANDSCAPE refers to an artwork whose primary focus is natural scenery,
such as mountains, forests, cliffs, trees, rivers, valleys, etc.
 For instance, a landscape painting can be created in an abstract manner, in
which the imagery is imbued with a deeper spiritual meaning.

SEASCAPE
 A seascape is a photograph, painting, or other work of art which depicts the
sea, in other words an example of marine art.
 The word originated as a formation from landscape, which was first used of
images of land in art.

CITYSCAPE
 In the visual arts, a cityscape (urban landscape) is an artistic representation,
such as a painting, drawing, print or photograph, of the physical aspects of a
city or urban area.
 It is the urban equivalent of a Landscape

FANTASIES
 a genre of art that depicts magical or other supernatural themes, ideas,
creatures or settings. ...
 Fantasy art is strongly linked to fantasy fiction. Indeed fantasy art pieces are
often intended to represent specific characters or scenes from works of
fantasy literature.

MYTHOLOGY
 Mythology (from the Greek mythos for story-of-the-people, and logos for word
or speech, so the spoken story of a people)
 The study and interpretation of often sacred tales or fables of a culture known
as myths or the collection of such stories which deal with various aspects of
the human condition: good and evil;
MYTH
 A myth is defined as a story without an author that is passed along and is
usually intended to teach a lesson, or something that is untrue.
 The stories the Ancient Greeks told to explain the sun and the Earth are an
example of myths

.DREAM
 Dream art is any form of art directly based on material from dreams, or which
employs dreamlike imagery.

NATURE
 Nature in art can take many visual forms, from photorealism to abstraction.
 Art can mimic nature, by seeking to visually replicate objects as they actually
appear in real life.
 This artwork was based on the forms that I observed in nature, which I used
as a starting point to create an imaginative, abstract work of art.

ANIMALS
 Animals have been a source of inspiration for many artists.
 From art about rural life and growth, to myths and legends, animals are used
in art in many different ways.
 Art can help us explore our relationship to wildlife and can help us think about
how we care for animals and the environment

HISTORY
 As a resource for artist in search of subjects, brings into consideration events
that are familiar and sometimes even common or shared in world context.
 The establishment of nations and states ( discovery, conquest, and
colonization ).
 And the resulting ideologies that they breed (democracy, liberty, freedom and
rights)
 These works serve as documentary and commemorative artworks that
illustrate subjects such as important leaders and figures; events as they were
recorded to have happened and representations of ideologies or values

FIGURES
 for thousands of years the human figure has appeared in art. ... In ancient
Greece human figures were the main subject on decorated vases.
 Through the ages the human figure has appeared in portraits, has been used
to tell stories or express beliefs, or used to explore what it is to be human.
 In painting and sculpture, it is a reference to the depiction of the human
 body, and in design, it refers to a repeated decorative motif such as a vine or
flower

CONTENT IN ART
LEVELS OF MEANING
FACTUAL - PERTAINS TO THE MOST RUDIMENTARY LEVEL OF MEANING FOR IT
MAY BE EXTRACTED FROM THE IDENTIFIABLE OR RECOGNIZABLE FORMS IN THE
ARTWORK AND UNDERSTANDING HOW THESE ELEMENT RELATE TO ONE
ANOTHER.

CONVENTIONAL- ON THE OTHER HAND,PERTAINS TO THE ACKNOWLEDGE

INTERPRETATION OF AN ARTWORK USING MOTIFS, SIGNS, SYMBOLS, AND OTHER
CYPHERS AS BASES OF ITS MEANING.
SUBJECTIVE- PERTAINS TO MULTIPLE MEANINGS TO ITS VIEWERS.

GCLCASS FILE 5

ARTIST AND ARTISAN

LEARNING OUTCOME
 Differentiate artist from artisan.
 Define the role of Manager, Curators, Buyers, Collectors and Art Dealer.
 Identify National and GAMABA artists 'notable works and their contribution to
the society

ORTIZ et al (1976)
ARTIST - Generally defined as an ART PRACTITIONER such as painter, sculptor,
choreographer, dancer, writer, poet, musician, and the like who produces or
creates indirectly functional arts with aesthetic value.

ARTISAN - CRAFTSMEN such as carpenters, carvers, plumbers, weavers,

embroiderers, and the like who produce directly functional and or decorative

Artists and artisans articulate a vision through their art or craft. Fine artists work
with paint, watercolor, pen and ink, or illustrations, while artisans craft work like
jewelry, glasswork, pottery or other functional products. Artists focus on creating
aesthetically pleasing works, while artisans' work focuses on accessorizing and
functionality more than aesthetics. The work of artists tends to be shown in
museums or galleries, while artisans sell their crafts at fairs and shops.

CREATIVE PROCESS
Three Stages of Creative Process
1. Germination
 The initial moment when you conceive the next project in your life; the
moment with a lot of energy coming out of the future you envision.
 In this stage, you are planting the seeds of your creation. The most important
and difficult thing in this stage is choosing.
 It is also important to choose what you want to do instead of avoiding what
you do not want to do. You will have to take in your own power and not to
give it circumstances.

2. Assimilation
 A crucial step in the creative process. During this phase you will internalize
and assimilate or incorporate the idea you want to create. Plan, analyze it,
and cultivate it with all available resources.
 This stage of the creative process follows an organic path, with its own
rhythms and needs. Sometimes it will look like everything is working in order
and in harmony.
 You need to be critical in this process and do not adapt it to your
convenience. Otherwise, you will be unsuccessful and put the whole project in
danger

3. Completion
 It is difficult time because your energy will be small and likely dispersed with
a new vision.
 Put a deadline to your projects and do not get entangled in small and never
ending details.
PRODUCTION PROCESS
The Production Process
1. PREPRODUCTION
 The ideation process of the artist
 May take time or be quick as lightning
 Sometimes seep into production stage
 May not necessarily be fully formulated and maybe explored while doing the
artwork
 May overlap the production in terms of gathering and sourcing of materials

2. PRODUCTION
 Execution of the artwork
 May vary depending on the medium and technique of the artist
 May overlap of preproduction in terms of gathering and sourcing of materials.

3. POST-PRODUCTION
 Includes allowing the artwork to set, tweaking the artwork, preparing the
artwork for transport and display, and promotion and inclusion of the artwork
in publications and discussions
 Consideration of how the finished artwork will be circulated and accepted by
the target audience.

PLAYERS IN THE WORLD OF ART

CURATOR
 is more of the interpretation and development of the artwork(s) and
collection(s).
 is in charge of a collection of exhibits in a museum or art gallery, and is
responsible for assembling, cataloguing, managing, presenting, and
displaying artworks, cultural collections, and artifacts.
 Skills required: research, art/cultural history and awareness, organization,
project management, communication, presenting, and creative flair.

ART DEALER
 is a person or company that buys and sells works of art with the aim of
making a profit.
 Skills required: A great eye for art, awareness of trends, negotiation,
communication and networking, sales, finances.
 is a person or company that buys and sells works of art or acts as the
intermediary between the buyers and sellers of art.

BUYERS
 are those who initially assess and survey the artwork that collectors are
interested in.

PRESS OFFICER
 represents a public or private organization as the main media contact.
 represents an organization as their main contact for the media. They handle
all dealings with the media. The role entails a wide range of responsibilities,
from preparing press releases and organizing press conferences and
interviews to liaising with media contacts and monitoring media coverage of
the organization.
 are employed by a variety of private businesses, local authorities, charities,
and other organizations.
ART CRITIC
 An art critic specializes in interpreting, analyzing, and evaluating art. Art
critics produce written critiques or reviews that are published in newspapers,
magazines, books, exhibition brochures, and catalogues as well as on
websites. Art critics are highly influential and can make or break careers with
their words.
 Skills required: Observation, writing and editing, analytical, objective, and
research.

ART HANDLER
 also sometimes called an art preparator, is a trained individual who works
directly with objects in museums, art galleries and various other venues
including private collectors, corporate art collections, public art collections
and various other institutions.
 Work in coordination with registrars, collection managers, conservator-
restorers,exhibition designers, and curators, among others, to ensure that
objects are safely handled and cared for.
 Often they are responsible for packing and unpacking art, installing art in
exhibitions, and moving art around the museum and storage spaces. They are
an integral part of a museum and collections care.

COLLECTORS
 Collectors are different than donors who support the cultural production by
giving money. Collectors are totally involved in the art market and have
generally important artistic knowledge; they often are specialized in a specific
sector. The collection is very personal, it reflects what you like, and it reflects
who you are.
 Buying art provides a rush, an adventure, a feeling of being alive and a
chance to express individuality. The different things which drive a collector
are the knowledge, the art interest, the financial aspect, the collecting
strategies and some others personal motives. But the collectors are not
simply a buyer, they are more implicated, they create a universe around their
acquisitions. They support the artistic creation, develop the art market.

GALLERY OWNER/MANAGER
 A gallery owner or manager chooses and presents art for sale. Galleries may
specialize in specific areas. A gallery owner or manager’s responsibilities
include managing both the creative and business sides of running an art
gallery, organizing exhibitions, private sales, and loaning out art.
 Skills required: An eye for art, creative flair, and an awareness of trends,
business, financial, marketing, sales, negotiation, and communication.

MUSEUM DIRECTOR
 also called curator, supervise all aspects of a museum's collection, including
loans, authentication, and educational programs.
 They are also responsible for overseeing administrative tasks and fundraising
for a museum, and require a Master's degree, sometimes specializing in
specific areas.
 About 13,700 professionals were employed in 2018, whereas employment of
nearly 15,000 is anticipated for 2028.

GALLERY DIRECTOR
 Also known as art gallery managers, are responsible for establishing the
artistic policy of a gallery and managing its day-to-day operations.
 They work in public or private galleries, taking responsibility for both
permanent collections and artwork for specific exhibitions.
 A good director builds the reputation of a gallery by collecting or exhibiting
work by important artists and creating high levels of interest among the art
community and the public.

MUSEUM BOARD MEMBERS

 Board members are the fiduciaries who steer the organization towards a
sustainable future by adopting sound, ethical, and legal governance and
financial management policies, as well as by making sure the nonprofit has
adequate resources to advance its mission.
 One of the most important responsibilities for many boards is to hire and set
the compensation of a talented CEO/executive director to run the day-to-day
management activities of the organization.
 When there are paid staff in place, rather than steer the boat by managing
day-to-day operations, board members provide foresight, oversight, and
insight: think of them as up in the crow's nest scanning the horizon for signs
of storms or rainbows to explore, perhaps with a pot of gold at the end! Yes,
board members - your role as stewards of the nonprofits DOES involve
fundraising. And...at the National Council of Nonprofits we are big promoters
of the important role board members play as advocates for the nonprofit's
mission.

ART FAIR DIRECTOR/ ARTISTIC FAIR DIRECTOR

 Creating the organization’s program, i.e. selecting the shows that will be
displayed during the season
 Setting and overseeing the schedule production for the season
 Hiring staff: artists, directors, performers and actors, stage managers,
designers, etc.
 Being in charge of theatrical development: commissioning playwrights to
write plays, read and select the scripts that are submitted to the theatre.
 Managing the theatre’s budget and dealing with funding bodies (charities, the
government, sponsors, trusts, e

MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES

MEDIUM
 Refers to the different materials or supplies that an artist utilizes in order to
create a work of art.
 In painting, medium can refer to both the type of paint used (oil, acrylic,
watercolor, etc.) and the base or ground to which the paint is applied (canvas,
wood, paper, etc.).
 Knowing the paint medium when you look at a work of art is key because it
greatly affects the way one can perceive the color, texture, and overall
appearance of an artwork.
 Is the mode of expression in which concept, idea, or message is conveyed.
 It may be concrete or tangible such as paintings, sculptures, monuments, and
structures; or may be ephemeral or something transient such as a track
(recording of sound ), a film or a performance.

TECHNIQUE
 It shows the level of familiarity with the medium being manipulated.
 It alludes to the necessity of additional tools or implements (e.g., hammer and
chisel may come in handy for sculptor) or consideration of time (e.g., the
behavior of different kinds of paint especially in drying time requirements),
and the specificity of the site of creation (e.g., indoor or outdoor production
requirements).

National and GAMABA Artist’s notable works and their contributions to society