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MaterialChapter4

The document discusses the solidification of metals, detailing the processes of nucleation and grain formation, including types of grains and their characteristics. It also covers solid solutions and crystalline imperfections, including point, line, and planar defects, as well as their causes and effects. Additionally, the document explains the relationship between grain size and material strength.

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marshaldavid205
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10 views5 pages

MaterialChapter4

The document discusses the solidification of metals, detailing the processes of nucleation and grain formation, including types of grains and their characteristics. It also covers solid solutions and crystalline imperfections, including point, line, and planar defects, as well as their causes and effects. Additionally, the document explains the relationship between grain size and material strength.

Uploaded by

marshaldavid205
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1)Solidification of metal

Embryo – atom cluster < critical size

Crystal – atom cluster = critical size

Nucleus – atom cluster > critical size

a) Nucleation – nuclei formation

Homogenous Heterogenous
Condition When the metal is Nucleating agents present
undercooled on surface of structural
material
Bond formation Slow moving atoms bond nucleating agents, lower
each other to form nuclei the free energy and
critical size required to
form stable nucleus

b) Growth of nuclei – grain formation

Crystal in solidified metal = grains

Crystal boundary = grain boundary – formed when crystals join together at complete
solidification

Equiaxed Columnar
Physical characteristic small Long, thin, coarse
Growth direction Grow equally in all Grow predominantly in
direction one direction
Site of formation Formed at sites of high Formed at site of slow
nucleus concentration cooling and steep
temperature gradient
Example Cold mold wall Grains away from mold
wall
2) Solid Solutions
- simple type of alloy in which elements are dispersed in a single phase

Metallic Substitutional Interstitial


Description Mixture of 2 or Solute atoms Solute atoms fit in
more metals and substitute for between the voids
nonmetals parent solvent (interstices) of
atom in a crystal solvent atoms
lattice.
Factors increasing - The diameter of Solvent atoms size
solubility atoms differs by much larger than
not more than solute atoms
15%

Crystal structures
are similar.

Not much
difference in
electronegativity

Have the same


valence.
3) Crystalline imperfections
a) Point Defects

Defect Vacancy Interstitial Frenkel Scohttky


Description a missing Atoms occupy cation moves two appositely
atom from its interstices to interstitial charged
normal site in site. particles
the crystal missing,
structure creating
cation-anion
divacancy
Causes Crystallization, radiation Anion’s bigger Heat causing
atom mobility, size cause thermal
plastic cation vibration,
deformation, dislocate to fill creating gap
rapid cooling up void that requires
or particle vacancy for
bombardment neutral charge

n/N = e^(-E/(R*T))

n = number of vacancies per cm^3

N = number of atoms per cm^3

E = energy required to produce one mole vacancy (cal/mol or J/mol)

R = gas constant (1.978 cal/(mol*k) or 8.31 J/(mol*k) )


b) Line Defects

Dislocation Edge Screw Mixed


Description Insertion of ½ Skewing of crystal Combination of edge
planes of by one atom and screw
atom spacing
Burgers vector Perpendicular Parallel to remains the same for all
to dislocation dislocation portions of the mixed
dislocation.
Cause Solidification
Permanent deformation
Vacancy condensation

Dislocation line – a boundary located in between slipped and unslipped portion

Burgers vector – change in start and end point after slip

c) Planar defect

Boundary Grain Twin


Description separates grains of region in which mirror
different orientations image of structure exists
across a boundary
Cause simultaneously growing Plastic deformation and
crystals meeting each recrystallization
other
Effect Restrict plastic flow and Strengthens the material
prevent dislocation
movement
4) Grain size
- The smaller the grain size, the more are the grain boundaries, higher resistance to
slip, higher strength

n<3 Coarse grain


4<n<6 Medium grain
7<n<9 Fine grain
n>10 Ultrafine
grain

N*(M/100)^2 = 2^(n-1)

N = number of grains per square inch


M = magnification

n = ASTM grain size

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