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MaterialChapter6

The document discusses various aspects of material deformation, including elastic and plastic deformation, tensile testing, toughness vs resilience, bend testing, hardness testing, plastic deformation in single crystals, strategies against deformation, metal fatigue, and metal creep. It provides definitions, formulas, and descriptions of tests used to evaluate material properties and behavior under stress. Key concepts include yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and the effects of cyclic loading and constant stress on materials.

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marshaldavid205
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

MaterialChapter6

The document discusses various aspects of material deformation, including elastic and plastic deformation, tensile testing, toughness vs resilience, bend testing, hardness testing, plastic deformation in single crystals, strategies against deformation, metal fatigue, and metal creep. It provides definitions, formulas, and descriptions of tests used to evaluate material properties and behavior under stress. Key concepts include yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and the effects of cyclic loading and constant stress on materials.

Uploaded by

marshaldavid205
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1)Deformation

-occur under uniaxial tensile force (one axis only)

Elastic Plastic
Description returns to its original deformed to such an
dimension after tensile extent such that it cannot
force is removed return to its original
dimension
Chemical bond Stretching of chemical Involve chemical bond
bond break down or planes
shear
Effect Temporary deformation Permanent deformation

Engineering Sheer
Stress σ = Average uniaxial force τ = force on surface / area
/ cross sectional area of surface

Strain  = length ∆ / original γ = shear displacement /


length distance which sheer acts

Elastic modulus E = σ/ G = τ/ γ

Poisons ratio width ∆ / length ∆ -


lateral / longitudinal 

Elastic modulus ↑, bond strength ↑ = brittle material


2)Tensile test

Yield strength, y Ultimate tensile strength,


TS
Description strength at which plastic maximum strength before
deformation occurs necking
Value on graph Intersection with 0.2% Maximum point
offset yield strength line

%elongation = ΔL / Li

%reduction area = ΔA/ Ai

-Brittle material produces linear stress-strain graph

-Ductile material produces stress-strain curve

3) Toughness vs Resilience

Toughness Resilience
Description Energy to break a unit Energy stored in elastic
volume of material region
Value on graph Area under stress-strain Area under stress-strain
graph graph before plastic
deformation
Formula

True stress, T = F/ instantaneous area

True strain, T = ln (A original / instantaneous area)


4) Bend test

Flexural strength bend = 3F*L / (2*w*h^2)

Flexural Modulus Ebend = F*(L^3) / (*w*h^3)

 = change in beam centre height

5) Hardness test

- Hardness = resistance to permanent deformation / cracking

- hard material has good wear properties

Impact test Charpy Izod


Description Evaluate brittleness when material is subjected to
sudden force or rapid strain rate

Measurement Impact toughness is measured by the area under the


stress-strain curve

Material used Metal Plastic material

-loading rate ↑, y and TS ↑, %EL↓ due to less time for dislocations to move past
obstacles

-Usage of Safety Factor, N


6) Plastic deformation in single crystals

Description Atoms on specific slip planes slip


Effect Produce slip band
Condition Closed packed planes which requires lower shear stress and
lower energy

Slip plane - plane allowing easy slippage

Slip direction – direction of movement

Crystal FCC BCC HCP


Slip plane {111} Other slip system
Slip direction <110>

7) Strategies against deformation

Strategy Reduce grain Cold work Solid solution Precipitation


size
Description Finer grains Increase Solute atoms Larger sheer
increase grain dislocations to create stress stress needed
boundaries to hinder further fields, to move
stop dislocation dislocations distorting dislocation
lattice to through
hinder precipitated
dislocation particles

Formula %CW = - -
%area
o , k =constant reduction
d = average
grain diameter
8) Metal Fatigue

Description Failure of metal at low stress

Cause Cyclic loading


Cross sectional area too small to withstand load applied

Effect Crack nucleates and propagates from region of stress concentration

From Stress cycle graph,

Mean stress, m ( max + min )/ 2


Stress range max - min
Stress amplitude Stress Range /2
Stress ratio min / max

Factors affecting Fatigue strength

Stress Surface Surface Environment


concentration roughness Condition
Relation Stress Smooth Carburizing & Chemically
concentration surface nitriding reactive
decreases increases increases environment
strength strength strength decreases
strength
9) Metal Creep

-Progressive deformation under constant stress

Primary Secondary Tertiary


Creep rate decrease constant Increase
Effect Strain hardening Strain hardening Necking
Recovery Fatigue

Creep Strength – stress to produce minimum creep rate of 10^-5 %/h at a given
temperature

Test Creep Test Creep rupture test


Purpose Determine effect of Determine time to fail the
temperature and stress specimen
on creep

Graph Strain against time log stress against log time

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