LABORATORY MANUAL

Basic Electrical &Electronics Engineering

Lab

Academic Year: 2018-2019

Prepared by
Mr.Boothapati Anil Kumar M.Tech, M.I.S.T.E
Assistant Professor
Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Lab Manual

Class: ME & CE

Prepared by
Mrs. A. KALPANA M. Tech
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this manual is a bonafide record of practical work in the Basic
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab of II. B.Tech. (CE & ME)- I during the
academic year 2023-24.This manual is prepared by Mrs. A. KALPANA
(Asst.Professor)Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

i
 INDEX

Page
S.No Content
No:
1 Certificate i
2 Index ii
3 Preface iii
4 Acknowledgement iv
5 General Instructions v
6 Dos and Don’ts, Guidelines to write observation book vi
7 Institute Vision and Mission vii
8 Department Vision,Mission, Programme Educational Objectives and
ix
Specific Outcomes
9 Programme SpecificOutcomes x
10 Course Structure, Objectives &Outcomes xii
11 List of Experiments xiii
12 Verification of : KVL & KCL 1-5
13 (i) Measurement of voltage,Current and Real Power in Primary and 6-19
Secondary coils of a single phase Transformer.
(ii) Three phase Transformers: Relation between Voltages and
Currents in A Three-Phase transformer(star-delta,delta-star,star-
star,delat-delat).
14 Measurement of Real and Reactive Power in a balanced Three- 20-24
Phase Circuit.
15 Performance Characteristics of DC Shunt/compound Motors. 25-30
16 Performance Characteristics of a Three-Phase Induction Motor 31-37
17 No-Load Characteristics of a Three-Phase Alternator. 38-44

ii
 PREFACE

This book “Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering” lab manual is intended to teach
the circuit analysis and the performance characteristics of electrical machines. Readers
of this book need only be familiar with thebasic circuit elements and their behaviour
for different inputs like AC,DC and magnetic circuits.
The manual contains the exercise programs and viva questions for easy & quick
understanding of the students. We hope that this practical manual will be helpful for
students of all circuit branches of engineering (CE & ME) students for understanding the
subject from the point of view of applied aspects. There is always scope for improvement in
the manual. We would appreciate to receive valuable suggestions from readers and users
for future use.

By
Mrs. A. KALPANA
Assistant Professor

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It was really a good experience, working with Basic Electrical & Electronics
Engineering lab. First we would like to thank Dr.A. VINOD, Professor & HOD of
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of
Technology & Management for his concern and giving the technical support in
preparing the document.
We are deeply indebted and gratefully acknowledge the constant support and
valuable patronage of Dr.R.Kotaiah, Director, Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of
Technology & Management for giving us this wonderful opportunity for preparing the
Basic Electrical Engineering laboratory manual.
We express our hearty thanks to Dr.K.Venkateswara Reddy, Principal, Marri
Laxman Reddy Institute of Technology & Management, for timely corrections and
scholarly guidance.
At last, but not the least I would like to thanks the entire EEE Department faculty
those who had inspired and helped us to achieve our goal.

By
A.KALPANA
Assistant Professor

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 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Students are instructed to come to Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering
laboratory on time. Late comers are not entertained in the lab.
2. Students should be punctual to the lab. If not, the conducted experiments will not
be repeated.
3. Students are expected to come prepared at home with the experiments which are
going to be performed.
4. Students are instructed to display their identity cards before entering into the lab.
5. Students are instructed not to bring mobile phones to the lab.
6. Any damage/loss of system parts like Meters, Components during the lab session,
it is student’s responsibility and penalty or fine will be collected from the student.
7. Students should update the records and lab observation books session wise. Before
leaving the lab the student should get his lab observation book signed by the faculty.
8. Students should submit the lab records by the next lab to the concerned faculty
members in the staffroom for their correction and return.
9. Students should not move around the lab during the lab session.
10. If any emergency arises, the student should take the permission from faculty
member concerned in written format.
11. The faculty members may suspend any student from the lab session on
disciplinary grounds.
12. Never copy the output from other students. Write down your own outputs.

v
 Dos
1. Students are supposed to come to the lab with preparation, proper dress code
and the set of tools required (1. Cutter, 2. Tester (small size), 3. Plier (6-Inches)).
2. Proper dress has to be maintained while entering in the Lab.
3. (Boys& Girls formal dress code with apron)
4. Students should carry observation notes and record completed in all aspects.
5. Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit
diagram.
6. Student should be aware of operating equipment.
7. Students should be at their concerned experiment table, unnecessary moment is
restricted.
8. Student should follow the indent procedure to receive and deposit the equipment
from the Lab Store Room.
9. After completing the connections Students should verify the circuits by the Lab
Instructor.
10. The reading must be shown to the Lecturer In-Charge for verification.
12. Students must ensure that all switches are in the OFF position, all the
connections are removed.
13. All patch cords and stools should be placed at their original positions.

Don'ts
1. Don't come late to the Lab.
2. Don't enter into the Lab with Golden rings, bracelets and bangles.
3. Don't make or remove the connections with power ON.
4. Don't switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.
5. Don't leave the lab without the permission of the Lecturer In-Charge.

Guidelines to write your Observation book:

1. Experiment title, Aim, Apparatus, Procedure should be right side.
2. Circuit diagrams, Model graphs, Observations table, calculations table should
be on left side.

vi
3. Theoretical and model calculations can be any side as per convenience.
4. Result should always be at the end (i.e. there should be nothing written
related to an experiment after its result).
5. You have to write the information for all the experiments in your observation
book.
6. You are advised to leave sufficient no of pages between successive
experiments in your observation book for the purpose of theoretical and
model calculations.

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 INSTITUTION VISION AND MISSION
VISION
To be as an ideal academic institution by graduating talented engineers to be ethically
strong, competent with qualityresearch and technologies
MISSION
To fulfill the promised vision through the following strategic characteristics and
aspirations:
 Utilize rigorous educational experiences to produce talented engineers
 Create an atmosphere that facilitates the success of students
 Programs that integrate global awareness, communication skills and Leadership
qualities
 Education and Research partnership with institutions and industries to prepare
the students for interdisciplinary research

viii
 DEPARTMENT VISION, MISSION , PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL
OBJECTIVES AND SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

VISION
To impart high quality technical knowledge in Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
transform them into globally competent engineers, researchers, entrepreneurs and to
make them ethically, emotionally strong enough to meet the technological challenges,
to excel globally and thus escalate to greater heights in their career.
MISSION
To provide the state of the art resources to achieve excellence in all adheres of
Electrical Engineering related domains.
2. To bridge the gap between academics and industries through proper teaching and
learning processes.
3. To inculcate moral and ethical values among the students through knowledge
centric education & research.
PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
The Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs) that are formulated for the Electrical
engineering programme are listed below;

PEO1: Graduates will excel with a sound foundation in engineering fundamentals, to

resolve the real time problems through technical knowledge and skills.

PEO2:Build prospective career with effective communication skills, leadership qualities

and team work with multi – disciplinary approach.

PEO3:To Inculcate ethics and professionalism among the electrical graduates and thus
to address the requirement to the society.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
PSO 1: The ability to analyze, design, implement and maintenance of the electrical &
power systems for various industrial application.
PSO 2: The ability to apply analytical & experimental techniques for optimization of
electrical and Power systems.
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PROGRAMME OUT COMES
The Program Outcomes (POs) of the department are defined in a way that the Graduate
Attributes are included, which can be seen in the Program Outcomes (POs) defined.
The Program Outcomes (POs) of the department are as stated below:
PO1. Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2. Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3. Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration
for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO4. Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
PO5. Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6. Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO7. Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and
environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
PO8. Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.

x
PO9. Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams,
and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10. Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
PO11. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in
a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

xi
 COURSE STRUCTURE, OBJECTIVES & OUTCOMES
Laboratory subjects – Internal and external evaluation– Details of marks
Basic Electrical Engineering lab will have a continuous evaluation during 1stsemester
for 25 sessional marks and 75 end semester examination marks.
Out of the 25 marks for internal evaluation, day-to-day work in the laboratory
shall be evaluated for 15 marks and internal practical examination shall be evaluated
for 10 marks conducted by the laboratory teacher concerned.
The end examination will be evaluated for a maximum of 75 marks.The end
semester examination shall be conducted with an external examiner and internal
examiner. The external examiner shall be appointed by the principal / Chief Controller
of examinations

Course Objectives:
 To analyze a given network by applying various electrical laws and network
theorems.
 To know the response of electrical circuits for different excitations.
 To calculate, Measure and know the relation between basic electrical parametres.
 To analyze the performance characteristics of DC and AC electrical machines.

Course Outcomes:
Get an exposure to basic electrical laws.
CO-1. Understand the response of different types of electrical circuits to different
excitations.
CO-2. Understand the measurement, calculation and relation between the basic
electrical parameters.
CO-3. Understand the basic characteristics of transformers and electrical machines.

xii
 Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

L T / P / D C
II Year. B.Tech. (CE & ME)-II SEM 0 - / 3 / - 2

BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS/DEMONSTRATIONS:

1.Verification of KVL and KCL.

2.(i) Measurement of Voltage, Current and Real Power in primary and Secondary
Circuits of a Single Phase Transformer.
(ii) Verification of Relationship between Voltages and Currents (Star-Delta, Delta-
Delta, Delta-star, Star-Star).
3. Measurement of Active and Reactive Power in a balanced Three-phase circuit.
4. Performance Characteristics of a Separately/Self Excited DC Shunt/Compound
Motor.
5. Performance Characteristics of a Three-phase Induction Motor.
6. No-Load Characteristics of a Three-phase Alternator.

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 Basic Electrical Engineering Lab

EXPERIMENT NO: 1
VERIFICATION OF KVL AND KCL

AIM: To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law and Kirchhoff’s Current Law theoretically
and practically.
APPARATUS:

S.No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-20) V Digital 4
2 Ammeter (0-200) mA Digital 3
3 Regulated power supply (0-15) V Dual 1
4 Multimeter --------- Digital 1
5 Kit Board --------- --------- 1
6 Resistors 1kΩ Fixed 3
7 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:
We saw in the Resistors tutorial that a single equivalent resistance, (RT) can be
found when two or more resistors are connected together in either series or
parallel or combinations of both, and that these circuits obey Ohm’s Law.
However, sometimes in complex circuits such as bridge or T networks, we
cannot simply use Ohm’s Law alone to find the voltages or currents circulating
within the circuit. For these types of calculations we need certain rules which
allow us to obtain the circuit equations and for this we can use Kirchhoff’s
Circuit Law.
In 1845, a German physicist, Gustav Kirchhoff developed a pair or set of
rules or laws which deal with the conservation of current and energy within
electrical circuits. These two rules are commonly known as: Kirchhoff’s Circuit
Laws with one of Kirchhoff’s laws dealing with the current flowing around a
closed circuit, Kirchhoff’s Current Law, (KCL) while the other law deals with the
voltage sources present in a closed circuit, Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, (KVL).

This law is also called Kirchhoff's point rule, Kirchhoff's junction rule (or
nodal rule), and Kirchhoff's first rule. It states that, "In any network of
conductors, the algebraic sum of currents meeting at a point (or junction) is
zero".

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1. Kirchhoff’s First Law – The Current Law, (KCL)

Kirchhoff’s Current Law or KCL, states that the “total current or charge entering
a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no
other place to go except to leave, as no charge is lost within the node“. In other
words the algebraic sum of ALL the currents entering and leaving a node must be
equal to zero, I(exiting) + I(entering) = 0. This idea by Kirchhoff is commonly
known as the Conservation of Charge.

Kirchhoff’s Current Law

2. Kirchhoff’s Second Law – The Voltage Law, (KVL)

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law or KVL, states that “in any closed loop network, the total
voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the
same loop” which is also equal to zero. In other words the algebraic sum of all
voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This idea by Kirchhoff is known as
the Conservation of Energy.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1) To verify KVL, Connections are made as shown in the Fig-(a)

2) Supply is given to the circuit and the readings of the voltmeters are noted down.

3) Kirchhoff’s Voltage law can be verified by Vs=V1+V2+V3 (v).

4) To verify KCL, Connections are made as shown in the Fig-(b)

5) Supply is given to the circuit and the readings of the Ammeters are noted down.

6) Kirchhoff’s Current law can be verified by I=I1+I2 (A).

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law Kirchhoff’s Current law

Vs(V) V1(V) V2(V) V3(V) V1+V2+V3(V) I(A) I1(A) I2(A) I1+I2(A)
Theoretical
Values
Practical
Values

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Loose connections are to be avoided.

2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.

RESULT:

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APPLICATIONS:

1. Kirchhoff's Laws are applications of two fundamental conservation laws: the

Law of Conservation of Energy, and the Law of Conservation of Charge.
2. The current distribution in various branches of a circuit can easily be found
out by applying Kirchhoff Current law at different nodes or junction points in the
circuit.
3. After that Kirchhoff Voltage law is applied, each possible loop in the circuit
generates algebraic equation for every loop.
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the statement of KVL?

2. What is the statement of KCL?
3. What is the statement of Ohm’s law?
4. Give the limitations of Kirchhoff’s laws?
5. What is the Condition of Ohm’s law?
6. Please Define Ohm’s Law for A.C (Alternating Current)?
7. What is Voltage Divider Rule?
8. What is Current Divider Rule (CDR)?
9. Differentiate between Kirchhoff’s First law and Kirchhoff’s Second law?
10. What is the function of Capacitor in Electrical Circuits?
11. Why Inductors are installed in electrical Circuits?
12. Briefly explain the purpose of Inductor in an electric circuit?
13. What do you mean by dependent and independent voltage sources?
14. Differentiate between ideal and non-ideal voltage sources?
15. What does the term “Voltage Regulation” means?
16. What is DC Current source? Differentiate between ideal and non ideal current
sources?
17. What is the difference between power and energy?
18. Define steady state?
19. Initial conditions of capacitors?
20. Explain how an inductor and capacitors behaves when AC&DC are given?
21. Initial conditions of inductance?
22. What is the difference between Voltage Divider Rule and current divider rule?

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23. What is the function of an inductor in electrical circuits?

24. What is dependent voltage source?
25. What is independent voltage source?
26. On what bases KCL is based on?
27. Kirchhoff’s current law is applied at?
28. Kirchhoff’s voltage law is based on?
29. Which law can be best suited for the analysis of circuit with more number of
loops?
30. Mathematically KVL can written as?
31. What is an ideal current source?
32. How can a current source will be practically represented?
33. How can a voltage source will be practically represented?
34. What is a constant voltage source?
35. With some initial change at t=0+, a capacitor will act as?
36. Potential difference in electrical terminology is known as?
37. Why inductors are installed in electrical Circuits?
38. What is an ideal voltage soure?
39. What is a non ideal voltage source?
40. What is meant by a power?
41. What is meant by current?
42. What is meant by a energy?
43. What is the difference between power and energy?
44. What is Kirchhoff’s second law?
45. How to calculate energy stored in an inductance?
46. How could you measure voltage in series?
47. What is the difference between inductor and capacitor?
48. Could you measure current in parallel?
49. What is the difference between voltages or potential difference?
50. How to calculate energy stored in capacitance?

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EXPERIMENT NO: 2(i)

MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND REAL POWER IN PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY CIRCUITS OF A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM: To determine the parameters of Voltage, current and power on primary and
secondary of a given single phase transformer
APPARATUS:

S.No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300)V M.I 1
2 Voltmeter (0-150)V M.I 1
3 Ammeter (0-2)A M.I 1
4 Ammeter (0-20)A M.I 1
5 Wattmeter (0-150)V/(0-2.5)A LPF 1
6 Wattmeter (0-150)V/(0-10)A UPF 1
7 Connecting wires As required

TRANSFORMER SPECIFICATIONS:
Transformer Rating :(inKVA)
Winding Details:
LV (inVolts):
L.V.side current:
HV (in Volts):
HV side Current:
Type (Shell/Core):
AUTO TRANSFORMER SPECIFICATIONS:
Input Voltage (in Volts):
Output Voltage (in Volts):
Frequency (in Hz):
Current rating (in Amp):

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OPEN CIRCUIT:

SHORT CIRCUIT:

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PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that variac is set to zero output voltage position before starting the
experiment
3. Switch ON the supply. Now apply the rated voltage to the Primary winding by
using Variac
4. The readings of the Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted down in
Tabular form.
5. Then Variac is set to zero output position and switch OFF the supply.
6. Calculate Ro and Xo from the readings.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that variac is set to zero output voltage position before starting the
experiment.
3. Switch ON the supply. Now apply the rated Current to the Primary winding by
using Variac
4. The readings of the Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted down in
Tabular form.
5. Then Variac is set to zero output position and switch OFF the supply.
6. Calculate Ro1 and Xo1 from the readings.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

For O.C.TEST

Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter

S.No Reading(V ) Reading(Io) Reading(Woc) R0 X0
oc

For S.C.TEST

Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter

S.No R01 X01 Z01
Reading(Vsc) Reading(Isc) Reading(Wsc)

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PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connections must be made tight.

2. Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off.
RESULT:

APPLICATIONS:

1. Step-down localized power distribution.

2. Television sets to regulate voltage.
3. Low voltage electronic devices.
4. Step-up power in home inverters.
5. Non-urban areas where electrical demand is lower.
6. Commercial and residential lighting and heating equipment.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Explain the regulation of a transformer.
2. What is the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer?
3. Explain all day efficiency and commercial efficiency of a transformer.
4. What are the various losses of a transformer?
5. What is oil immersed type transformer?
6. What are step up transformers?
7. What are step down transformers?
8. What are isolation transformers?
9. Why stepped cores are used?
10. What is yoke section of transformers?
11. What is the purpose of laminating the core in a transformer?
12. What is the purpose of laminating the core in a transformer?
13. Why the cross-section of iron is less than total cross section area of Core?
14. What is stack factor?
15. What are the properties of ideal transformer?
16. What are the functions of no-load current of a transformer?

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17. What is the condition for zero voltage regulation?

18. What is the condition for maximum voltage regulation?
19. What are the factors affecting voltage regulation?
20. What is eddy current loss in transformer?
21. The main purpose of using core in transformer is to
22. Transformer works on the principle of?
23. If dc voltage is applied to the primary of a transformer it may?
24. Which of the following will improve the mutual coupling between primary and
secondary of a transformer?
25. Which type of core is used for a high-frequency transformer?
26. Transformer oil used in transformer provides
27. Enamel layer is coated over the lamination of a transformer core to
28. In a transformer, the oil must be free from
29. In a transformer, the magnetic coupling between the primary and secondary
circuit can be increased by
30. If the density in the core of a transformer is increased
31. The power factor in a transformer
32. which of the following transformer will be largest is size?
33. A transformer transforms
34. A transformer does not change the following
35. In a transformer, the magnitude of the mutual flux is?
36. Thickness of laminations of trans-former core is usually of the order of
37. The size of transformer core depends on
38. In power transformers, breather is used to
39. In a transformer, conservator consists of
40. In a transformer, the resistance between its primary and secondary should be
41. Which is minimized by laminating the core of a transformer?
42. Transformer windings are tapped in the middle because?
43. Which of the following materials is used to absorb moisture from air entering
the transformer?
44. Which of the following acts as a protection against high voltage surges due to
lightening and switching?
45. A tap changer is used on a transformer for?

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46. Over currents in a transformer affect?

47. Highest rating transformers are likely to find application in?
48. Transformer ratings are usually expressed in terms of
49. The noise in transformer due to vibration of laminations set by magnetic
forces, is called?
50. The maximum load that a power transformer can carry is limited by its

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EXPERIMENT NO: 2(ii)

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER: VERIFICATION OF RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS (STAR-DELTA, DELTA-DELTA, DELTA-
STAR, STAR-STAR)
AIM:
To study the balanced three phase system for star & delta connected load.
APPARATUS:
S.No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Voltmeter (0-600)V M.I 1
2 Ammeter (0-10)A M.I 1
3 Wattmeter (0-600)V/(0-10)A LPF 1
4 3-Ф Autotransformer 415V/(0-470)V Core 1
5 Resistive Load 415V,10A Resistive 1
6 Connecting wires As required

TRANSFORMER SPECIFICATIONS:
Transformer Rating :( inKVA) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Winding Details (For Y-connected Transformer):
LV (inVolts): ___ ________________________
L.V.side current:_ _________________________
HV (in Volts): _____ _ _ _ _ _ __
HV side Current: __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Type (Shell/Core):_____ _ _ _ _ _ _
Winding Details (For ∆-connected Transformer):
LV (inVolts): ___ ________________________
L.V.side current:_ _________________________
HV (in Volts): _____ _ _ _ _ _ __
HV side Current: __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Type (Shell/Core):_____ _ _ _ _ _ _

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AUTO TRANSFORMER SPECIFICATIONS:

Input Voltage (in Volts):____ _ _ _ __
Output Voltage (in Volts): _____ _ _ _ _
Frequency (in Hz):_____ _ _ _ _ _ __
Current rating (in Amp):____ _________________
THEORY:
1. Star Connection (Y) System is also known as Three Phase Four Wire System (3-
Phase 4 Wire) and it is the most preferred system for AC power distribution while
for transmission, Delta connection is generally used.
In Star (also denoted by Y) system of interconnection, the starting ends or
finishing ends (similar ends) of three coils are connected together to form the
neutral point. or Star Connection is obtained by connecting together similar ends
of the three coils, either “Starting” or “Finishing”. The other ends are joined to the
line wires. The common point is called the neutral or Star Point, which is
represented by N. (As shown in fig 1)

In Star Connection VL = √3 VPh and IL = IPh

2. Delta or Mesh Connection (Δ) System is also known as Three Phase Three Wire
System (3-Phase 3 Wire) and it is the most preferred system for AC power
transmission while for distribution, Star connection is generally used.
In Delta (also denoted by Δ) system of interconnection, the starting ends of
the three phases or coils are connected to the finishing ends of the coil. Or the
starting end of the first coil is connected to the finishing end of the second coil
and so on (for all three coils) and it looks like a closed mesh or circuit as shown
in fig.

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In more clear words, all three coils are connected in series to form a close mesh
or circuit. Three wires are taken out from three junctions and the all outgoing
currents from junction assumed to be positive.
In Delta connection, the three windings interconnection looks like a short circuit,
but this is not true, if the system is balanced, then the value of the algebraic sum
of all voltages around the mesh is zero in Delta connection.
When a terminal is open in Δ, then there is no chance of flowing currents with
basic frequency around the closed mesh.
In Delta connection, the Line Voltage is equal to the Phase Voltage, i.e V L=VPh
and IL=√3𝐼𝑝ℎ
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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ROCEDURE:
1. Connect circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set Variac to minimum position.
3. Switch on the main supply.
4. Note the readings of ammeter, voltmeter.
5. Note more readings by changing supply voltage.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Star Connection Delta Connection

Real Real
S.No Connection
VL Vph IL IPh Power VL Vph IL IPh Power
√3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑠Ф √3𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑠Ф
1 𝒀−𝒀
2 𝒀−∆
3 ∆−𝒀
4 ∆−∆

MODEL CALCULATION:
FORMULAE:
Line voltage VL =

Line current IL =

Phase voltage Vph =

Phase current Iph

Real power (P) = √3𝑉𝐿𝐼𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑠Ф

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensure the minimum position of three phase autotransformer during power on

and off.
2. Set the ammeter pointer at zero position.
3. Take the readings without parallax error.
4. Avoid loose connections.

RESULT:

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APPLICATIONS:

1. Star-Star Connection of three phase transformer:

1. This Type of Transformer is rarely used due to problems with unbalanced
loads.
2. It is economical for small high voltage transformers as the number of turns
per phase and the amount of insulation required is less.
2. Star-Delta Connection of three phase transformer:
1. It is commonly employed for power supply transformers.
2. This type of connection is commonly employed at the substation end of the
transmission line. The main use with this connection is to step down the
voltage. The neutral available on the primary side is grounded. It can be
seen that there is phase difference of 30° between primary and secondary
line voltages.
3. Commonly used in a step-down transformer, Y connection on the HV side
reduces insulation costs the neutral point on the HV side can be grounded,
stable with respect to unbalanced loads. As for example, at the end of a
transmission line. The neutral of the primary winding is earthed. In this
system, line voltage ratio is 1/√3 Times of transformer turn-ratio and
secondary voltage lags behind primary voltage by 30°. Also third harmonic
currents flow in the to give a sinusoidal flux.
3. Delta – Star Connection of three phase transformer:
1. Commonly used in a step-up transformer: As for example, at the beginning of a
HT transmission line. In this case neutral point is stable and will not float in case
of unbalanced loading. There is no distortion of flux because existence of a Δ -
connection allows a path for the third-harmonic components. The line voltage
ratio is √3 times of transformer turn-ratio and the secondary voltage leads the
primary one by 30°. In recent years, this arrangement has become very popular
for distribution system as it provides 3- Ø, 4-wire system.
2. Commonly used in commercial, industrial, and high-density residential
locations: To supply three-phase distribution systems. An example would be a
distribution transformer with a delta primary, running on three 11kV phases
with no neutral or earth required, and a star (or wye) secondary providing a 3-

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phase supply at 400 V, with the domestic voltage of 230 available between each
phase and an earthed neutral point.
3. Used as Generator Transformer: The ∆-Y transformer connection is used
universally for connecting generators to transmission systems because of two
very important reasons. First of all, generators are usually equipped with
sensitive ground fault relay protection. The ∆-Y transformer is a source of ground
currents for loads and faults on the transmission system, yet the generator
ground fault protection is completely isolated from ground currents on the
primary side of the transformer. Second, rotating machines can literally be.
4. Delta – Delta Connection of three phase transformer:
1. Suitable for large, low voltage transformers.
2. This Type of Connection is normally uncommon but used in some
industrial facilities to reduce impact of SLG faults on the primary system
3. It is generally used in systems where it need to be carry large currents on
low voltages and especially when continuity of service is to be maintained
even though one of the phases develops fault.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the power factor of a transformer at no load?
2. What is the normal phase difference between the voltage and the no-load
current in a transformer?
3. What are the essential parts of a transformer?
4. What is the name of the winding to which supply is given?
5. What is the name of the winding from which the supply is taken for load
connections?
6. Which material is used for the core of a transformer and why?
7. What is the use of iron core in a transformer?
8. How is magnetic leakage reduced?
9. Why iron cores of transformers are laminated?
10. What determines the thickness of the lamination or stamping?
11. Why are the laminations insulated from each other?
12. What is stacking factor? What is its approximate value?
13. What is called grain-oriented laminations?
14. What is the permissible maximum flux density in transformer core?

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15. What is the phase relationship between the primary and secondary voltages
of a transformer?
16. What is turn ratio of a transformer?
17. What is voltage ratio of a transformer?
18. What current flows in the transformer primary when it’s secondary is open?
19. What is the formula for calculating no-load current?
20. Why is the frequency not changed during transformation of electrical energy
in a transformer?
21 What is the emf equation of a transformer?
22. What are the two basic types of transformers?
23. What are the types of transformers according to the arrangement of iron
cores?
24. What magnetic circuit is formed in Berry-type constructions and why?
25. What is called limb of a transformer?
26. Why are LT windings placed near the core?
27. What are the types of windings according to the construction?
28. What is the difference between cylindrical-type and sandwich-type winding?
29. What are the types of transformers?
30 .What do you mean by step-up transformers?
31. What is an ideal transformer?
32. What do you mean by power transformer?
33. What do you mean by distribution transformers?
34. What do you mean by lighting transformer?
35. How does a transformer contribute towards the widespread popularity of AC
system over DC?
36. The required thickness of lamination in a transformer decreases when
37. Oil in transformers is used to -
38. What is the principle of operation of a Transformer?
39. What is the function of a Transformer?
40. What are the different types of a Transformer?
41. What are the different parts of a Transformer?
42. What are the different types of measuring instruments?
43. What is the principle of operation of a Transformer?

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44. What is meant by efficiency?

45. What is the purpose of Auto transformer (or Dimmer stat)?
46. Define regulation?
47. What do you mean by step-down transformers?

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EXPERIMENT NO: 4
BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM:
To determine the efficiency of a DC shunt motor by conducting brake test.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
S. No Parameter DC Motor
1 Voltage
2 Current
3 Speed
4 Power rating
5 Exciting Voltage
6 Exciting Current
7 Winding

APPARATUS:
S.No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter (0 -20 ) A MC 1
2 Ammeter (0 -5 ) A MC 1
3 Voltmeter (0 -300 ) V MC 1
4 Rheostat 350Ω/ 1.2A WW 2
5 Tachometer (0 -9999 )rpm Digital 1
8 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:
It is a direct method and consists of applying a brake to a water cooled pulley
mounted on the motor shaft. The brake band is fixed with the help of wooden
blocks gripping the pulley. One end of the band is fixed to earth via a spring
balance S and the other is connected to a suspended weight W. The motor is
running and the load on the motor is adjusted till it carries its full load current.
The simple brake test can be used for small motors only, because in the
case of large motors, it is difficult to dissipate the large amount of heat generated
at the brake.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in Fig.
2. The rheostat in the motor field is kept in the minimum position and the
tensions S1 and S2 are in zero position.
3. Rated voltage is applied by closing the DPST switch and the motor is started
with the help of 3-point starter and brought to rated speed by adjusting its field
rheostat.
4. No – load readings of voltmeter and ammeters are noted down.
5. By gradually applying the load using the brake drum, the readings of
voltmeter, ammeters, Speed, tensions S1 and S2 of spring balances are noted
down at every load.
6. The graph between
(a) Output & Speed (b) Output& Efficiency
(c) Output & Torque (d) Output & Armature current
are plotted.

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

Input Output
S. VL IL IF IA Speed S1 S2 Torque Efficiency
(W) (W)=
No (V) (A) (A) (A) (rpm) (Kg) (Kg) (N-m) Output/Input
VxI 2𝑀𝑁𝑇/60

MODEL CALCULATION:
FORMULAE:
Torque T = 9.81*(S1-S2)*R N-m

Output = 2𝑀NT / 60

Input = V*IL

Efficiency = Output /Input

Radius of the brake drum = R in mts

Spring balance readings = S1 and S2 in kgs

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Loose connections are to be avoided.

2.The rheostat in the motor field circuit is kept in minimum position.
3.Tensions are checked for zero position.
4. Readings should be taken without any parallax errors.

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MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

APPLICATIONS:
DC shunt motor is also called as constant speed motor.
In other words, if we assume that the supply voltage is constant then flux also
becomes constant. At the rated speed the back emf also becomes nearly constant
if the load is same.
The various applications of DC shunt motor are in
1. Lathe Machines,
2. Centrifugal Pumps,
3. Fans,
4. Blowers,
5. Conveyors,
6. Lifts,
7. Weaving Machine,
8. Spinning machines, etc.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the methods for finding the efficiency?
2. What are the basic requirements to conduct the load test?
3.Compare the load characteristics for different types of DC motors.
4. If two motors are required to drive a common load, how will they share the total
load?

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5. What are the different types of a DC Motor?

6.What is the purpose of a three point starter?
7.What is field flashing?
8. Why do we use starter for dc machine?
9. What are the different losses in dc machine?
10. Drawbacks of Brake test?
11.What is meant by torque? or Define torque.
12. How can we reduce the eddy current loss in the electrical machine?
13.In DC generators, the series field winding has low resistance while the shunt
field winding has high resistance. Why?
14.Why series motor cannot be started on no-load?
15.Which type of motor is used in trains, what is the rating of supply used?
16.What is magnetic circuit?
17.Define magnetic flux?
18.Define magnetic flux density?
19.Define magneto motive force?
20.Define reluctance?
21.What is retentivity?
22.Define permeance?
23.Define magnetic flux intensity?
24.Define permeability?
25.Define relative permeability?
26.What is mean by leakage flux?
27.What is leakage coefficient?
28.State faradays law of electromagnetic induction
29.State Lenz law?
30.Define self inductance?
31.Define mutual inductance?
32.Define coefficient coupling?
33.Give the expression for hysteresis loss and eddy current loss?
34.What is dynamically induced emf?
35.What is fringing effect?
36.What is statically induced emf?

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37.How eddy current losses are minimized?

38.What are the magnetic losses?
39. Types of induced emf?
40. What is the significance of winding factor?
41.Write the energy balance equation for motor?

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EXPERIMENT NO: 5
BRAKE TEST ON 3-Ф INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct a brake test on the given 3-Ф Slip ring Induction motor and to draw
its performance characteristics.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
S. No Parameter 3-Ф INDUCTION MOTOR
1 Voltage
2 Current
3 Speed
4 Power rating

APPARATUS:
S.No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter (0 -20 ) A MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0 -600 ) V MI 1
3 Wattmeter 600V/10A UPF 2
4 Tachometer (0 -9999 )rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:
As a general rule, conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy takes
place in to the rotating part on electrical motor. In DC motors, electrical power is
conduct directly to the armature, i.e, rotating part through brushes and
commutator. Hence, in this sense, a DC motor can be called as ‘conduction
motor’.
However, in AC motors, rotor does not receive power by conduction but
by induction in exactly the same way as secondary of a two winding T/F receives
its power from the primary. So, these motors are known as Induction motors. In
fact an induction motor can be taken as rotating T/F, i.e, one in which primary
winding is stationary and but the secondary is free. The starting torque of the
Induction motor can be increase by improving its p.f by adding external
resistance in the rotor circuit from the stator connected rheostat, the rheostat
resistance being progressively cut out as the motor gathers speed.
Addition of external resistance increases the rotor impedance and so
reduces the rotor current. At first, the effect of improved p.f pre dominates the

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current-decreasing effect of impedance. So, starting torque is increased. At time

of starting, external resistance is kept at maximum resistance position and after
a certain time, the effect of increased impedance pre dominates the effect of
improved p.f and so the torque starts decreasing.
By this during running period the rotor resistance being
progressively cut-out as the motor attains its speed. In this way, it is possible to
get good starting torque as well as good running torque.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The TPST switch is closed and the motor is started using auto transformer
starter to run at rated voltage
3. At no load the speed, current, voltage and power are noted.
4. By applying the load, for various values of current the above-mentioned
readings are noted.
5. The load is later released and the motor is switched off and the graph is drawn.

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

Input Output
S. VL IL Speed S1 S2 Torque Efficiency
(W) (W)=
No (V) (A) (rpm) (Kg) (Kg) (N-m) W1+W2 Output/Input
2𝑀𝑁𝑇/60

MODEL CALCULATION:
FORMULAE:
Torque T = 9.81*(S1-S2)*R N-m

Output = 2𝑀NT / 60

Input = W1+W2

Efficiency = Output /Input

Radius of the brake drum = R in mts

Spring balance readings = S1 and S2 in kgs

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Loose connections are to be avoided.

2.The rheostat in the motor field circuit is kept in minimum position.
3.Tensions are checked for zero position.
4. Readings should be taken without any parallax errors.

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MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

APPLICATIONS:
1. Applications of Polyphase Wound Rotor Induction Motors
1. Wound rotor motors are suitable for loads requiring high starting torque
and where a lower starting current is required.
2. The Wound rotor induction motors are also used for loads having high
inertia, which results in higher energy losses.
3. Used for the loads which require a gradual buildup of torque.
4. Used for the loads that require speed control.
5. The wound rotor induction motors are used in conveyors, cranes, pumps,
elevators and compressors.
6. The maximum torque is above 200 percent of the full load value while the
full load slip may be as low as 3 percent. The efficiency is about 90 %.

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2. Applications of Polyphase Cage Rotor Induction Motors

Many polyphase cage induction motors are available in the market to meet the
demand of the several industrial applications and various starting and running
condition requirement. They are classified according to the Class.
Class A Motors
Class A motors have normal starting torque, high starting current and low
operating slip (0.005-0.015). The design has low resistance single cage rotor. The
efficiency of the motor is high at full load. Applications of Class A motors are
fans, blowers, centrifugal pumps, etc.
Class B Motors
Class B motors have normal starting torque, low starting current and low starting
current and low operating slip. The motor is designed, in such a way to withstand
the high leakage reactance; as a result, the starting current is reduced. The
starting torque is maintained by use of a double cage or deep bar rotor.
The Class B motors are most commonly used motor and used for full voltage
starting. The applications and the starting torque are same as that of Class A
motors.
Class C Motors
The class C motors have high starting torque and low starting current. Such
motors are of the double cage and deep bar and has higher rotor resistance. The
loads are compressors, conveyors, reciprocating pumps, crushers, etc.
Class D Motors
Class D motors have the highest starting torque as compared to all the other
class of motors. The bars of the rotor cage are made up of brass. These types of
motors have low starting current and high operating slip. The value of full load
operating slip varies between 8 to 15%. Thus, the efficiency of the motor is low.
These motors are suitable for driving intermittent loads which require
frequent acceleration and high loads. For example – punch presses, bulldozers
and die stamping machines. When the motor is driving the high impact loads, it
is coupled to a flywheel to provide kinetic energy.

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a cogging torque?
2. What is an armature?
3.What is commutator?
4. What is a rotor?
5.How an induction motor is started? why the starter is used?
6.What is the difference between dc motors and the induction motors?
7.What techniques is used to produce a desired speed?
8.How many types of rotor are there?
9.How many types of induction motor?
10.What is the slip?
11. Why the speed of the physical rotor and the speed of the rotating magnetic
field in the stator must be different?
12. Why stator windings are arranged around the rotor?
13. What is the basic difference between synchronous motor and an induction
motor?
14. Why an induction motor sometimes called rotating transformer?
15. How to supply power to rotor?
16. Name the two windings of a single-phase induction motor.
17.What is the use of shading ring in a pole motor?
18.Why is the efficiency of a 3-phase induction motor less than of a transformer?
19.What are the types of starters?
20.State the advantages of capacitor start run motor over capacitor start motor.
21..Explain why single-phase induction motor is not self-starting one.
22.What kind of motor is used in mixie?
23.. State the application of an induction generator?
24..How can varying supply frequency control speed?
25.How is speed control achieved by changing the number of stator poles?
26.Define-Slip frequency
27.What is the application of shaded pole induction motor?
28.What is Universal motor?
29. What are types of 3- phase induction motor?
30. Why the rotor slots of a 3-phase induction motor are skewed?

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31. Why the induction motor is called asynchronous motor?

32.What are slip rings?
33.What is the general working principle of Induction motor?
34.What are the various methods of measuring slip?
35. What is the general working principle of Induction motor?
36. What is the advantage of skewed stator slots in the rotor of Induction motors?
37.What are the various methods of speed control in three phase induction
motors?
38. What is meant by crawling in the induction motor?
39. Why an Induction Motor sometimes called Rotating transformer?
40. What is the basic difference between Synchronous motor and an Induction
Motor?
41. What is the slip?
42.What is a Rotor Speed?
43.What is a Stator?
44.Give the conditions for maximum torque for 3-phase induction motor?
45.What is reason for inserting additional resistance in rotor circuit of a slip ring
induction motor?
46.List out the methods of speed control of cage type 3-phase induction motor?
47.Mention different types of speed control of slip ring induction motor?
48.What are the advantages of 3-phase induction motor?
49.What does crawling of induction motor mean?

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EXPERIMENT NO: 6
NO LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE ALTERNATOR
AIM:
To find no-load parameters of 3-phase alternator Voltage and Current.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
S. No Parameter DC Motor 3-phase alternator
1 Voltage
2 Current
3 Speed
4 Power rating
5 Exciting Voltage
6 Exciting Current
7 Winding

APPARATUS:
S.No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter (0 -10 ) A MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-5)A MC 1
3 Voltmeter (0 -600 ) V MI 1
4 Rheostat 400Ω/1.7A WW 1
5 Rheostat 145Ω/1.7A WW 1
6 Tachometer (0 -9999 )rpm Digital 1
7 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:
The regulation of Alternator is defined as “the rise in terminal voltage” when full
load is removed divided by rated terminal voltage with speed and excitation of
alternator remaining unchanged. The experiment involves the determination of
the following characteristics and parameters:
1. The open -circuit characteristic (the O.C.C).
2. The short-circuit characteristic (the S.C.C).
3. The effective resistance of the armature winding (Ra).
The open circuit and short circuit characteristics of a 3-Φ alternator is plotted on
Per phase basis. To find out the synchronous impedance from these
characteristics, open circuit voltage, (E0) and short circuit current (Isc,)

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corresponding to a particular value of field current is obtained. Then,

E0
synchronous impedance per phase (Zs) is given by – Z S 
I sc

At higher values of field current, saturation occurs and the synchronous

Impedance of the machine decreases. The value of ‘Zs’ calculated for the
unsaturated region of the O.C.C is called the unsaturated value of the
synchronous impedance. If ‘Ra’ is the effective resistance of the armature per
phase, the synchronous reactance ‘Xs’ is given by – X (Z a2  Ra )
2
S

If ‘V’ is the magnitude of the rated voltage of the machine whose regulation is to
be calculated for a load current ‘I’ at a power factor angle (Φ)then the
corresponding magnitude of the open circuit voltage ‘E0’ is given byE0=V+IZs
(E V )
Percentage of regulation = 0 X100.
V
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Before starting the experiment, the potential divider network in the
alternator field circuit is maximum and field regulator rheostat of motor
circuit is set minimum resistance position.

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3. Switch ON the supply and close the DPST switch. The DC motor is started
by moving starter handle.
4. Adjust the field rheostat of DC motor to attain rated speed (equal to
synchronous speed of an alternator)
5. By decreasing the field resistance of Alternator, the excitation current of
alternator is increased gradually in steps.
6. Note the readings of field current, and its corresponding armature voltage
in a tabular column
7. The voltage readings are taken upto and 10% beyond the rated voltage of
the machine.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Before starting the experiment, the potential divider network in the
alternator field circuit is maximum and field regulator rheostat of motor
circuit is set minimum resistance position.
3. Switch ON the supply and close the DPST switch. The DC motor is started
by moving starter handle.
4. Close the TPST Switch in the circuit diagram.
5. Adjust the field rheostat of DC motor to attain rated speed (1500 rpm).
6. By decreasing the field resistance of Alternator, the excitation current of
alternator is increased gradually in steps.
7. Note the readings of field current, and its corresponding short circuit
current in a tabular column.
8. The readings are taken within the limits of alternator current rating.
9. Draw the graph between E0vs If. and Iavs If.

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CONNECTION DIAGRAM TO FIND Ra:

PROCEDURE TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE OF ALTERNATOR:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the supply. By varying the rheostat, take different readings of
ammeter and voltmeter in a tabular column.
3. From the above readings, average resistance Ra of armature is found out.
OBSERVATION TABLE

Sl no. Armature current I(amp) Armature voltage Va (volts) Rdc=V / I

PROCEDURE TO FIND SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE FROM OC AND SC

TESTS:
1. Plot open circuit voltage, short circuit current verses field current on a graph
sheet.
2. From the graph, the synchronous impedance for the rated value of excitation is
calculated.
3. The excitation emf is calculated at full load current which is equal to the
terminal voltage at No-load.
4. The voltage regulation is calculated at rated terminal voltage.
MODEL CALCULATION:
FORMULAE:

Zs = Voc/Isc for the same If and speed 𝑋𝑠 = √𝑍𝑠2 − 𝑅𝑠2

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Generated emf of alternator = √(𝑉𝑝ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑠Ф + 𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎)2 + (𝑉𝑝ℎ𝑠𝑖𝑛Ф ± 𝐼𝑎𝑥𝑠)2

+ Sign for lagging power factor loads

- Sign for leading power factor loads

The percentage regulation of alternator for a given p.f. is

% Reg = E0-V/V
Where
E0 – Generated emf of alternator (or excitation voltage per phase)
V – Full load, rated terminal voltage per phase

OBSERVATION TABLE:

OC Test SC Test
OC voltage per SC current per
S.No. Field current (If) Field current (If)
phase(Voc) phase(ISC)

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Loose connections are to be avoided.

2.The rheostat in the motor field circuit is kept in minimum position.
3.Tensions are checked for zero position.
4. Readings should be taken without any parallax errors.
MODEL GRAPH:
Draw the graph between If VS E0 per phase

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RESULT:

APPLICATIONS:
1. Salient pole synchronous generators are mostly used in hydro power plants.
2. Non-salient pole rotors are used in nuclear, gas and thermal power plants.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.What is meant by voltage regulation?
2.What is meant by Synchronous Impedance?
3.What is OC test?
4. What is SC test?
5. What is meant by mmf or field ampere turns?
6. What is basic the principle of operation of an alternator
7.Why an alternator is called synchronous generator
8.List the different types of alternators
9.List the advantages of rotating field system in alternators
10.Why the pole shoes of salient pole machines are chamfered
11.Which type of alternators are used in hydro electric power plants
12.Differentiate between full pitched and short pitched winding.
13.List the advantages of short pitched winding.
14.What is meant by armature reaction?
15. What is meant by predetermination of regulation?
16. Why almost all large size Synchronous machines are constructed with rotating
field system type?
17. Name the types of Alternator based on their rotor construction.
18.Why do cylindrical Alternators operate with steam turbines?
19. What are the advantages of salient pole type construction used for
Synchronous machines?
20. How does electrical degree differ from mechanical degree?
21. Frequency generated in an 8-pole alternator that rotates at 750 r.p.m is?
22.Define pole pitch?
23. What is short pitch winding?

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24. Define pitch factor or coil span factor?

25. Why is short pitch winding preferred over full-pitch winding ?
26.What is distributed winding?
27. What is slot angle β?
28. Why are Alternators rated in kVA and not in kW?
29.What is meant by armature reaction in Alternators?
30.Alternator operates on the principle of?
31.In modern alternators, the rotating part is?
32.Salient pole field structure has the advantages of?
33. What are the two types of turbo-alternators?
34. How do you compare the two?
35.What is direct-connected alternator?
36. What is the difference between direct-connected and direct-coupled units?
37.Why Alternator is called Synchronous generator?
38.Why a 3-phase synchronous machine will always run at synchronous speed?
39.What are the essential features of synchronous machine?
40. Why almost all large size Synchronous machines are constructed with rotating
field system type?
41. Write down the equation for frequency of emf induced in an Alternator?
42.How are alternators classified?
43. Why do cylindrical Alternators operate with steam turbines?
44. Which type of pole generators are used in Hydro-electric plants and why?
45.State three important features of turbo alternator rotors?
46. What are the advantages of salient pole type of construction used for
synchronous machines?
47. Mention the uses of damper windings in a synchronous machine?
48.Why is the stator core of Alternator laminated?
49. How does electrical degree differ from mechanical degree?
50. What is the relation between electrical degree and mechanical degree?

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