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 MEASUREMENT AND UNITS
ekiu vkSj bdkbZ;k¡
1. Introduction / ifjp;
Measurements of a length can be in metre, kilometre, centimetre etc. Each of these denominations has a
relationship with the others. Also, these units are very useful in our daily life. / yackbZ dh eki ehVj] fdyksehVj]
lsaVhehVj vkfn esa gks ldrh gSA buesa ls çR;sd laçnk; dk nwljksa ds lkFk laca/ gSA lkFk gh] ;s bdkb;k¡ gekjs nSfud thou esa cgqr mi;ksxh gSaA
In this chapter, we study these units and their conversion in one-another. / bl vè;k; esa ge bu bdkb;ksa vkSj buds
,d&nwljs esa :ikarj.k dk vè;;u djsaxsA
Metric System: The metric system uses the 'base ten place value system'. / ehfVªd ç.kkyh% ehfVªd ç.kkyh ^vk/kj nl
LFkku eku ç.kkyh* dk mi;ksx djrh gSA
It means, we convert from one metric measure to another just by multiplying or dividing by ten or moving
the decimal point. / bldk eryc gS] ge dsoy nl ls xq.kk ;k Hkkx djds ;k n'keyo fcanq dks LFkkukarfjr djds ,d ehfVªd eki ls
nwljs esa ifjofrZr djrs gSaA
e.g., To convert 1 km to metre, we need to move the decimal three places to the right to get 1000 m. / mnkgj.k
ds fy,] 1 fdeh dks ehVj esa cnyus ds fy,] gesa 1000 ehVj çkIr djus ds fy, n'keyo dks rhu LFkku nkbZa vksj ys tkuk gksxkA
The metric system attaches different prefixes to each unit to show the unit's size. e.g., Attaching the prefix
'kilo' to the word 'metre', we get kilometre which indicates that the unit is multiplied by 1000 or 103. / bdkbZ
ds vkdkj dks fn•kus ds fy, ehfVªd ç.kkyh çR;sd bdkbZ dks vyx&vyx milxZ nsrh gSA tSls] ^ehVj* 'kCn ds vkxs ^fdyks* yxkus ij gesa
fdyksehVj çkIr gksrk gS tks bafxr djrk gS fd bdkbZ dks 1000 ;k 103 ls xq.kk fd;k tkrk gSA
Different types of prefixes are shown in the following table / fuEu rkfydk esa fofHkUu çdkj ds milxZ fn•k, x, gSa
Prefix Symbol Power of 10 indicated
nano n 0.000000001 1×10-9
micro μ 0.000001 1 × 10-6
milli m 0.001 1 × 10-3
centi c 0.01 1×10-2
deci d 0.1 1×10-1
deka da 10 1×10
hecto h 100 1×102
kilo k 1000 1×103
These prefixes can be attached to different basic metric units. Let us see it in the following table/bu milxks± dks
fofHkUu cqfu;knh ehfVªd bdkb;ksa ls tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
vkb, bls fuEu rkfydk esa ns•sa –
Basic Unit Symbol Measure of Examples

metre m length nanometre (nm) centimetre (cm)

gram g mass microgram (μg) kilogram (kg)

litre L capacity millilitre (mL) dekalitre (daL)

square metre sq m or m2 area square kilometre (km2)

cubic metre cum or m3 volume cubic centimetre (cm3)

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2. Measurement of Length / yackbZ dk ekiu
When we compare the things in the context of small-big, above-below, then we measure them in two ways /
tc ge phtksa dh rqyuk NksVs&cM+s] Åij&uhps ds lanHkZ esa djrs gSa rks mUgsa nks rjg ls ukirs gSa
1. By seeing the eyes (idea) / vk¡•ksa dks ns•dj (fopkj)
2. By measuring from any measuring device (errorless) / fdlh Hkh ekid ;a=k ls eki dj (=kqfVjfgr)

Conversion of Units of Length

1 mm 10-3 m
1 cm 10-2 m
1 dm 10-1 m
1 dam 101 m
1 hm 102 m
1 km 103 m
e.g., To see any two wood pieces of different lengths, we can make an idea which piece is smaller and which
is bigger. But in Science and Mathematics, we find the exact length. To do this, we need a measuring device
such as an inch tape, a metre rod of measuring cloth etc. In all these devices there is a measurement unit./
mnkgj.k ds fy,] vyx&vyx yackbZ ds nks ydM+h ds VqdM+ksa dks ns•us ds fy,] ge ,d vuqeku yxk ldrs gSa fd dkSu lk VqdM+k NksVk gS
vkSj dkSu lk cM+k gSA ysfdu foKku vkSj xf.kr esa ge lVhd yackbZ ikrs gSaA ,slk djus ds fy, gesa ,d ekius okys midj.k dh vko';drk
gksrh gS tSls bap Vsi] ekius okys diM+s dh ,d ehVj jkWM vkfnA bu lHkh midj.kksa esa eki dh bdkbZ gksrh gSA
Conversion between the English and Metric System / vaxzsth vkSj ehfVªd ç.kkyh ds chp :ikarj.k
The English system is unlike the metric system in that you cannot convert between English measures just
by multiplying or dividing by ten or moving a decimal place. Converting between the English and metric
systems is therefore a little more challenging than just converting between metric units, although it involves
the exact steps. / vaxzsth ç.kkyh ehfVªd ç.kkyh ds foijhr gS ftlesa vki dsoy nl ls xq.kk ;k Hkkx djds ;k n'keyo LFkku dks LFkkukarfjr
djds vaxzsth mik;ksa ds chp ifjofrZr ugha dj ldrsA blfy, dsoy ehfVªd bdkb;ksa ds chp :ikarj.k djus dh rqyuk esa vaxzsth vkSj ehfVªd
ç.kkfy;ksa ds chp :ikarj.k djuk FkksM+k vf/d pqukSrhiw.kZ gS] gkykafd blesa lVhd pj.k 'kkfey gSaA
The following table shows the relationship between some English and metric units/fuEu rkfydk dqN vaxzsth vkSj
ehfVªd bdkb;ksa ds chp laca/ n'kkZrh gSA
English-Metric Conversions/vaxzsth&ehfVªd Metric-English Conversions/ehfVªd&vaxzsth
:ikarj.k :ikarj.k
1 inch 2.54 centimetres 1 centimetre 0.3937 inches
1 feet 0.3048 metre 1 metre 3281 feet
1 yard 0.9144 metre 1 metre 1.094 yards
1 mile 1.609 kilometre 1 kilometre 0.6214 mile
Some Other Length Conversion / dqN vU; yackbZ :ikarj.k
12 inches 1 feet
3 feet 1 yard
5280 feet 1 mile
3 3
Ex 1. Convert m into centimetre. / ehVj dks lsaVhehVj esa cnysaA
5 5
(a) 6 cm (b) 60 cm (c) 50 cm (d) 600 cm
Sol. (b) 1 m = 100 m
3 3
m = × 100 = 60 cm
5 5

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Ex 2. Convert 10 inches into centimetre. /10 bap dks lsaVhehVj esa cnysaA
(a) 24.4 cm (b) 23.2 cm (c) 25.4 cm (d) 27.7 cm
Sol. (c) 1 inch = 2.54 cm
10 inch = 2.54 × 10=25.4 cm
Ex 3. How many metres are there in 2 km 7 hm 5 dam? / 2 fdeh 7 ?kaVs 5 ck¡/ esa fdrus ehVj gksrs gSa\
(a) 2760 (b) 2750 (c) 2780 (d) 2820

Sol. (b):
2 km 2 × 1000=2000 m
7 hm = 7 × 100 = 700 m
and 5 dam = 5 × 10 = 50 m
2 km 7 hm 5 dam (2000 + 700 + 50)
=2750 m
Ex 4. Density of population in a state is 1111 persons per mile. Convert it into per square km. / ,d jkT; esa tula[;k
dk ?kuRo 1111 O;fÙkQ çfr ehy gSA bls çfr oxZ fdeh esa cnfy,A
If 1 mile 2.59 sq km / ;fn 1 ehy 2-59 oxZ fdeh
(a) 320 (b) 332 (c) 334 (d) 428

Sol. (d) Density = 1111 persons per mile

1111persons 1111persons 1111
= = =
1 sq mile 2.59 sq km 2.59

persons/km2
=428.95 persons/km2
= 428 persons/km2
3. Measurement of Weight / otu dk ekiu
When we lift an article by our hand, then in comparison of another article we feel the difference, this feeling
of articles is called the weight of the article. / tc ge fdlh oLrq dks vius gkFk ls mBkrs gSa rks nwljh oLrq dh rqyuk esa gesa varj
eglwl gksrk gS] oLrqvksa ds bl Hkko dks oLrq dk Hkkj dgrs gSaA
e.g., To lift a bag which is full of books and after that to lift the ball which is full of air. In both things, we feel
that firstly lifted article is more heavier than the second lifted article. / tSls fdrkcksa ls Hkjk FkSyk mBkuk vkSj fiQj gok ls
Hkjh gqbZ xsan dks mBkukA nksuksa gh ckrksa esa gesa yxrk gS fd igyh mBkbZ gqbZ oLrq nwljh mBkbZ gqbZ oLrq ls vf/d Hkkjh gSA
We can measure the weight by some errorless instrument such as balance etc. In this device, a unit is marked
according as per the weight coefficient of unit of weight. / ge otu dks fdlh =kqfVghu ;a=k tSls rjktw vkfn ls eki ldrs
gSaA bl midj.k esa otu dh bdkbZ ds otu xq.kkad ds vuqlkj ,d bdkbZ dks fpfUgr fd;k tkrk gSA
Conversion of Units of Weight / otu dh bdkbZ;ksa dk :ikarj.k
1 mg 10 g
-3

1 cg 10-2 g
1 dg 10-1 g
1 dag 101 g
1 hg 102 g
1 kg 103 g

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 Some Other Weight Conversion/dqN vU; otu :ikarj.k
16 ounce 1 pound
2000 pound 1 tone
1000 kg 1 tone

English-Metric Conversion/ Metric-English Conversion/ehfVªd&vaxzsth

vaxzsth&ehfVªd :ikarj.k :ikarj.k
1 ounce 28.35 g 1g 0.0353 ounce

1 pound 453.59 g 1g 0.0022 pound

Ex 5. Convert 3g 2dg 5cg in mg /3g 2dg 5cg dks mg esa cnysa

(a) 3570 mg (b) 3100 mg
(c) 3250 mg (d) 3450 mg
Sol. (c)
3g= 3× 1000 = 3000 mg
2 dg= 2× 100 = 200 mg
5 cg= 5× 10=50 mg
3g 2dg 5cg= (3000 + 200 + 50)= 3250 mg
Ex 6. What is the weight of a metal of 1 cu cm in gram, when weight of 5 cu cm of the same metal is 20.3 kg? / 1 ?ku
lseh /krq dk Hkkj xzke esa fdruk gksxk] tcfd mlh /krq dk 5 ?ku lseh Hkkj 20-3 fdxzk gS\
(a) 4020 g (b) 4060 g
(c) 4050 g (d) 4030 g

Sol. (b)
5 cu cm 20.3 kg
20.3
1 cu cm =
5
1 cu cm = 4.06 x 1000 = 4060 g
Ex 7. The weight of 1 cu m thing is 46 kg. Then, find the weight of a thing 1 cu cm in gram. / 1 ?ku ehVj oLrq dk Hkkj
46 fdxzk gksrk gSA rks fdlh oLrq dk Hkkj 1 ?ku lseh xzke esa Kkr dhft,A
(a) 0.1 g (b) 0.046 g
(c) 0.001 g (d) 1.001 g

Sol. (b) 1 cu m = 46 kg
 1 
1 cu cm =   cu m
 100  100  100 

46

100  100  100 × 1000 g = 0.046 g
4. Measurement of Area / {ks=k dk ekiu
The area of any figure is the amount of surface (space) enclosed within its boundary lines. It is measured by
the number of square metres or square centimetres or square inches (or some other units of square measure)
it contains. Hence, its units are accordingly square metre, square centimetre, square inch, square feet, etc. /
fdlh Hkh vkÑfr dk {ks=kiQy mldh lhek js•kvksa ds Hkhrj ifjc¼ lrg (varfj{k) dh ek=kk gSA bls oxZ ehVj ;k oxZ lsaVhehVj ;k oxZ bap (;k
oxZ eki dh dqN vU; bdkb;ksa) dh la[;k ls ekik tkrk gSA vr% blds ek=kd rnuqlkj oxZ ehVj] oxZ lsaVhehVj] oxZ bap] oxZ iQqV vkfn gSaA

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When we measure the area of field in two dimensional space, then we need measurement and unit. / tc ge
f}foeh; varfj{k esa {ks=k ds {ks=kiQy dks ekirs gSa] rc gesa ekiu vkSj bdkbZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
e.g., Measure any field, measure any playing game, measure road. To measure all these things, we use
different units. / tSls] fdlh Hkh eSnku dks ekisa] fdlh Hkh •sy dks ekisa] lM+d dks ekisaA bu lHkh phtksa dks ekius ds fy, ge vyx&vyx
bdkb;ksa dk bLrseky djrs gSaA
Units of area are measured in coefficient of square units. / {ks=k dh bdkb;ksa dks oxZ bdkb;ksa ds xq.kkad esa ekik tkrk gSA

Important Formulae for Area of Some Geometrical Shapes / dqN T;kferh; vkÑfr;ksa ds {ks=kiQy ds fy, egRoiw.kZ lw=k
• Area of rectangle = Length × Breadth sq unit/vk;r dk {ks=kiQy = yEckbZ × pkSM+kbZ oxZ bdkbZ
• Area of square = (Side)2 sq unit / oxZ dk {ks=kiQy ¾ (Hkqtk)2 oxZ bdkbZ
• Area of circle = π r2 sq unit; r = Radius of the circle / o`Ùk dk {ks=kiQy = π r2 oxZ bdkbZ_ r = o`Ùk dh f=kT;k
π r2 π r2
• Area of semi-circle = sq unit; r = Radius of semi-circle / v/Zo`Ùk dk {ks=kiQy = oxZ bdkbZ_ r = v/Zo`Ùk dh
2 2
f=kT;k
1 1
• Area of triangle = × Base × Height sq unit / f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy = × vk/kj × Å¡pkbZ oxZ bdkbZ
2 2

Conversion of Units of Area / {ks=k dh bdkb;ksa dk :ikarj.k

1 mm2 10-6 m2
1 cm2 10-4 m2
1 dm 10-2 m2
1 dam2 102 m2
1 hm2 104 m2
1 km2 106 m2

Note: For units of area, we take powers of 102 instead of 10. / {ks=k dh bdkb;ksa ds fy,] ge 10 ds ctk; 102 dh ?kkr ysrs gSaA
English-Metric Conversion / vaxzsth&ehfVªd :ikarj.k
1 sq inch 6.45 cm2
1 sq feet 0.093 m2
1 sq yard 0.84 m2
Metric-English Conversion / ehfVªd&vaxzsth :ikarj.k
1 cm2 0.155 sq inch
1 m2 1550 sq inch
1m 2
1.196 sq inch
Some Other Area Conversion / dqN vU; {ks=k :ikarj.k
1 acre 100 sq m
1 acre 4840 sq yard
1 hectare 2.471 acre
1 sq mile 25900 sq km
1 acre 0.405 hectare

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