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Notes for math exam

The document contains comprehensive notes for a math exam covering various topics such as square and cube roots, expressions, equations, angles, shapes, fractions, sequences, graphs, ratios, probability, transformations, areas, and interpreting results. Key concepts include operations with powers of 10, properties of 3D shapes, methods for solving equations, and statistical measures like mean, median, and mode. It serves as a study guide for essential mathematical principles and problem-solving techniques.

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williamthethirdrn
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3 views

Notes for math exam

The document contains comprehensive notes for a math exam covering various topics such as square and cube roots, expressions, equations, angles, shapes, fractions, sequences, graphs, ratios, probability, transformations, areas, and interpreting results. Key concepts include operations with powers of 10, properties of 3D shapes, methods for solving equations, and statistical measures like mean, median, and mode. It serves as a study guide for essential mathematical principles and problem-solving techniques.

Uploaded by

williamthethirdrn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Notes for math exam!

1. Square roots and cube roots

• Square roots: a number which, when multiplied by itself, gives the original number.
• Cube roots: a number which, when used three times in a multiplication, gives the original number.

2. Expressions, formular and equations

• Collecting like terms: Combining terms in an algebraic expression that have the same variable
raised to the same power.
• Constructing and solving equations:
o Formulating equations based on problem statements and finding the value of unknowns.
o Translating a word problem or situation into a mathematical statement using variables and
constants.
o To solve an equation, isolate the variable on one side using inverse operations.

3. Multiplying and dividing by powers of 10

▪ Multiplication – Shifting the decimal point to the right based on the power of 10.
▪ Division – Shifting the decimal points to the left based on the power of 10.

5. Angles and constructions - Intersecting lines

• Lines that cross each other at a point. (Parallel lines never intersect.)
• Vertical angles – the angles opposite each other when two lines intersect are equal.
• Adjacent angles – the angles next to each other add up to 180. (Subtract from 180 to find another
angle.)
• Perpendicular lines -if the two lines intersect at a right angle 90, all four angles formed are 90.
7. Fractions

• Adding mixed numbers: Combining whole numbers and their fractional parts.
• Dividing fractions: Multiplying by the reciprocal of the divisor.

8. Shapes and Symmetry - 3D shapes

• Cube: All sides are equal squares. (6 square faces)

• Cuboid: Opposite faces are equal rectangles. (6 rectangular faces)

• Sphere: Round shape with no edges or vertices.

• Cylinder: 2 circular faces and 1 curved surface.

• Cone: 1 circular face and a pointed top.

• Pyramid: 1 polygonal base and triangular faces that meet at a point (apex).

• Prism: 2 parallel, identical polygonal bases connected by rectangular faces.

• Faces: The flat surfaces of a 3D shape.

• Edges: The straight lines where two faces meet.

• Vertices (Corners): The points where edges meet.

• 3D Shapes have volume and surface area, which are important for understanding their size and
space.

• The number of faces, edges, and vertices varies depending on the shape. For example:

o Cube: 6 faces, 12 edges, 8 vertices.

o Sphere: No faces, no edges, no vertices.

o Cylinder: 2 faces (circular), 1 curved edge, no vertices.

Type Number of faces Number of vertices Number of edges


Prism No. of sides + 2 (n+2) No. of sides * 2 (2n) No. of sides * 3 (3n)
Pyramid No. of sides + 1 (n+1) No. of faces (n+1) No. of sides * 2 (2n)
9. Sequences and Function - Using the nth term

• Finding the general term in a sequence.


• Arithmetic sequence: Use the addition of a constant difference (the difference between each term
is the same).
• Geometric sequence: Use multiplication by a constant ratio (each term is multiplied by the same
number to get the next term).

10. Fractions, decimals and percentages

• Fraction to Decimal: Divide numerator by denominator.


• Decimal to Fraction: Read the decimal as a fraction.
• Decimal to Percentage: Multiply by 100.
• Percentage to Decimal: Divide by 100.
• Percentage to Fraction: Write over 100 and simplify.
• Simplifying Fraction: Dividing both top and bottom by the same number.
• Large Percentages: Over 100% means more than a whole.
• Small Percentages: Less than 1% means a small part.

11. Graphs

• Function: take an input (X) and gives an output (y).


• Graphs of function: Pick value of x or y given, calculate using given equation and plot the points
on a grid.
• Horizontal line: Flat and goes left to right, parallel to x axis. (y= 2 line)
• Vertical line: Goes up and down, parallel to y axis. (x= 2 line)
• Positive slope: the line is going up to the right
• Negative slope: the line is going down to the right
• Y intercept: where the line crosses the y axis, when x= 0.
• X intercept: where the line crosses the x axis, when y= 0.
12. Ratios

• Simplifying ratios: Divide both numbers by the same number.


• Sharing in a ratio: Add the parts of the ratio

Divide the total amount by the total parts.

Multiply by each part of the ratio.

𝑎 𝑐
• Using direct proportion: Used word equation, use the formula = . Cross- multiply to solve for
𝑏 𝑑

the missing value.

13. Probability

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠


• Range: Is always between 0 and 1. Probability =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

• 0 means the event will never happen, 1 means the event will definitely happen.
• Mutually exclusive: 2 events cannot happen at the same time.
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
• Experimental probability: Probability =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠

14. Positions and transformation

• Reflecting over the Y axis: change the x coordinate. (Positive – Negative, Negative – Positive)
• Reflecting over the X axis: change the y coordinate. (Positive - Negative, Negative – Positive)
• Reflecting over the line y = x: swap the x and y coordinates. ( x,y will be y,x)
• Reflecting over the line y = -x: swap the x and y coordinates and change the signs. ( x,y will be -
y,-x)
• Enlarging: Original size or length multiply by the scale factor.

15. Shapes, areas and volumes

1
• Area of a triangle: Area = x Base x Length
2

• Volume of cubes: Volume = (Side length)3


• Volume of cuboids: Volume = Length x Width x Height
• Surface area of cubes: Surface Area = 6 x (Slide length)2
• Surface area of cuboids:
o Surface Area = 2 x (Area of top surface + Area of front surface + Area of side surface)
o Area of top surface = Length x Width
o Area of front surface = Length x Height
o Area of side surface = Width x Height

16. Interpreting results

Tiles of the graphs, data categories representing boxes and the arrows in x and y axis – must be included.

• Two-way tables: organize data that involves two different categories.


• Dual bar chart: Data for two categories next to each other for comparison.
• Compound bar chart: Stacks bars for different categories on top of each other.
• Mean: the average of a set of numbers.
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
• Formula: Mean =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠

• Median: The middle value when data is arranged in order.


• Mode: The value that appears most frequently.
• Range: Range = Highest value – Lowest value

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