Outlines

Introduction
Chapter 5: Components of Data Communication
 Sender, Receiver, Medium
 Telecommunication media
Telecommunication Transmission Modes
 Simplex Mode
 Half Duplex Mode
 Full Duplex Mode
Computer Network
Types of Telecommunication Networks
 PAN, LAN, WAN, MAN, GAN ……
Wireless Telephone Technology
Dr. Rahman Ali, University of
Peshawar.  1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G
[email protected]
Network Topologies
Mr. Asmat Ali, GHSS Mingora
 Bus Topology
Swat.
[email protected]  Star Topology
 Ring Topology
 Introduction
 Data Communication
• The process of using computing and communication resources to transfer data
among devices located at different places.
• Techniques and Technologies to enable electronic communication.
• Communicating two or more devices regardless of location, media and content.

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 Components of Data Communication
• Sender, receiver, media and protocol.

 Sender
• A device transmitting data to be sent to the target device.
• The data is encrypted so that only the specified receiver is able to understand
it.

 Receiver
• The device which receives data sent to it.
• Must know how to decrypt the data encrypted by the sender.

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 Importance of Telecommunication
 Fast information transmission
 Customer relationship and services
 Team collaboration
 Flexibility
 Marketing and advertisement
 Increased productivity
 Global business empire
 Cost saving
 Time saving and declining temporal barriers
 B2B, B2C, C2C and B2G Applications

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 Telecommunication Media
 Transmission Media
• The media through which the data transfer takes place.
 Wired Media: coaxial, twisted pair-wire, fiber optics
 Wireless Media: Terrestrial Microwave, communication satellite, wireless LAN

• Coaxial Cable
 A shielded and insulated copper wire.
 Used in computer networks and cable TV.
 Components:
◦ An outer plastic layer.
◦ Aluminum sheath for protection against electro-magnetic interference.
◦ A plastic insulator
◦ Copper wire

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 Components of Data Communication
 Transmission Media (continued….)

• Twisted Pair Cable

 Pairs of twisted insulated wires run in
parallel to each other.
 Both of the wires in the pair belong to
a single circuit.
 Reduces external interference.

• Fiber Optics
 Transmits data by pulses of light.
 Several optical fibers bundled together.
 Work on the principles of “Total Internal
Reflection”.
 Higher bandwidth than any other cable.

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 Components of Data Communication
 Transmission Media (continued….)

• Terrestrial Microwave
 Earth based transmitters and receivers.
 Wireless communication.
 “Line of sight” communication.
 Highly directional signals sent and received with the help of antennas.
 Example: Mobile Communication.

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 Components of Data Communication
 Transmission Media (continued….)

• Communication Satellite
 Artificial Satellite placed in earth’s orbit that sends and receive data.
 Uses transponder for receiving and transmitting signal.

 Uses:
◦ Military purposes
◦ TV services
◦ Radio
◦ Weather
◦ Internet and more.

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 Components of Data Communication
 Protocol
• A set of rules that govern communication between devices.
• Both of the source and destination follow the same protocols to communicate.
• Functions:
 Sequencing data, routing data, flow control, error control, connection management
and more.

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 Transmission Modes
• The mechanism of transferring data between two devices over a network.
• The way in which data is transferred.
 Simplex mode
 Half duplex mode
 Full duplex mode

 Simplex Mode
• Data is sent only in one direction.
• A device can either send or receive data but can’t do both.
• Examples: TV broadcasting, TV remote, Loud Speaker etc.

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 Transmission Modes
 Half Duplex Mode
• Data can be transferred in both the directions but not simultaneously.
• A device can both send and receive data.
• Example: Walkie-Talkie

 Full Duplex Mode

• Both the devices can send and receive data simultaneously.
• Example: Talking over telephone.

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 Types of Telecommunication Networks
• A group of computers and other devices linked together through communication
media to facilitate communication and sharing of resources.

• On the basis of range, networks are classified to several categories:

 PAN
 LAN
 WAN
 MAN
 GAN
 Intranet
 Extranet and more.

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 Computer Networks
 PAN
• Personal Area Network
• A small network within a limited area.
• Examples:
 Smartphones connected via Bluetooth
 Wireless keyboard and Mouse

 LAN
• Local Area Network
• Covers a small area such as a building
or an organization.
• Operated under a single administrative
system.
• Used to share resources and internet.
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 Computer Networks
 MAN
• Metropolitan Area Network.
• Spread throughout a large area such as a city.
• Examples:
 Cable TV
 A network interconnecting offices of an organization.

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 Computer Networks
 WAN
• Wide Area Network.
• Covers a wide area ranging from a few to several cities.
• Interconnects multiple local area networks.
• Wired or wireless media.
• Example: Internet.

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 Computer Networks
 GAN
• Global Area Network
• A network of interconnected networks covering unlimited geographical area.
• Regroups several devices, LANs and WANs forming a bigger network.

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 Computer Networks
 Client Server Networking
• Providers of resources and services: Server
• One or more requesters of resources and services: Clients
• Distributes workload among servers and clients.
• Clients request but don’t share their own resources and services.
• Example: The Internet

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 Client Server Networking in Business Envirnoment
 Database servers
• are the computers existing in a LAN that are devoted to storing and retrieving
data.
 File and print server
• companies use a centralized file and print server to store individual user
documents.
• The printer drivers reside on the server as well, and users connect to the
network printers through that server.
 Application server
• organizations use a centralized repository for their programs and applications.

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 Computer Networks
 Intranet
• A private network limited to an organization.
• Connected to the outside internet via one or more
gateways.
• Used to share information and resources among the
workers.
• NOT available to the public.
 Business Applications of Intranet
• Information and resources sharing
• Network folder
• Offline websites
• Digital reference databases
• Internal email system
• Instant messaging software
• Improved internal communication

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 Computer Networks
 Extranet
• The extended Intranet to give access to outside users like suppliers, customers
etc.
• Allows controlled access to outside users to access a subset of information via
the internet.

 Business
Applications of
Extranet
• Facilitation of
cooperation
• Controlled
communication
• Access to services
on other network

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 Computer Networks
 Peer to Peer Networking
• A group of computers, each acting as a node for sharing resources.
• Each computer acts as a server for the files stored in its memory.
• No centralized server.
 Emerging Applications of P2P Technologies
• For Business Collaboration
 Colonos Workplace is a cross-platform P2P system for collaborative teams to work on
projects and transmit their work amongst their work group
• For file sharing
 BitTorrent
• For communication
 Skype is one of the popular VoIP application
• Content Distribution
 BBC iPlayer (a P2P client) is a content distribution service provided by BBC on their
website.

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 Computer Networks
 Virtual Private Network (VPN)
 It is a private network that is built over a public infrastructure in which security
techniques like encryption allow the users to use it across unsecured networks like the
internet.

 VPN Benefits to Businesses

 Security
 Mobility
 Cost
 Increased productivity

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 Computer Networks
 Wi-Fi
• Wireless networking technology based on radio waves.
• RF (Radio Frequency) technology rather than physical medium.
• Wi-Fi is a trademark that refers to the networking standard IEEE 802.11x.
• Used in a wide range of devices like laptops, smartphones, smart cameras and
more.

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 Computer Networks
 Bluetooth
• Wireless Communication Technology.
• Used to transmit data over short distance.
• Slower, limited in range and support for fewer devices.
• High level of security.

 Cellular Network
• Mobile Network, distributed over regions of
areas called “Cells”.
• Each cell is served by at least one fixed location
“Cell Tower”.
• The transceivers are interconnected to transmit
data, e.g. voice calls, text messages etc.

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 Wireless Networks
 The networks that are not connected by any kind of cables are called
wireless networks.
 Types
 Wireless Personal Area Networks
 Wireless Local Area Networks
 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network which interconnects several wireless LANs.
 Wireless Wide Area Network
 Ad hoc Network,
 Cellular Network,
 Space Network: NASA.

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 Wireless Telephone Technology
• Wireless communication through mobile devices was introduced in the 1980’s
and evolved from first generation (1G) to the future generation 5G.

 1G
• Introduced in the 1980’s and implemented in the 1990’s.
• Its speed is up to 2.4 kbps.
• Allowed phone calls.
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 Wireless Telephone Technology
 2G
• Introduced in 1991.
• Based on GSM and digital signal, having a speed of up to
64 kbps.
• Allows sending text, picture and MMS.
• Added GPRS, Email and Web browsing facilities.

 3G
• Introduced in 2000.
• Much faster speed of 144 kbps to 21.6 Mbps.
• Enabled the devices to run web based applications.
• More security.
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 Wireless Telephone Technology
 4G
• Introduced in the late 2000’s.
• 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps.
• Used for web browsing, mobile multimedia and video
conferencing.

 5G
• The proposed next generation technology, with a data
rate beyond 1 Gbps.
• Improved coverage, efficiency and reduced power
consumption.

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 Network Topologies
• The physical or logical layout of a network.
• Refers to the arrangement of the nodes and their connecting line in a network.

 Bus Topology
• A low cost topology with a single transmission line (Bus) to which all the nodes
are connected.
• The network is not affected if one of the devices fails.

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 Network Topologies
 Star Topology

• A single server to which all the devices are

connected.
• The nodes are interconnected through the
central server.
• The network fails if the central server fails.

 Ring Topology

• A loop like structure.

• Each device is directly connected to the
adjacent device.
• The whole network fails if any of the devices
fails.
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 Business on the Internet
 Business on the internet, also called online business or e-business.
• Benefits
 There are various benefits of online business that include:
 Cost saving in rent and staffing.
 It is not expensive to start an online business.
 Products and services are delivered faster in an efficient manner.
 24/7 accessibility to customers globally.
 More opportunities to attract customers.
 It’s easy to keep in touch with customers.
 Comparatively better marketing in less or no price.
 It is much easy to analyze and understand the market.
 Opportunity to manage business from anywhere in the world.
 Easier and faster financial transactions.
• Disadvantages
 Software and hardware expenses.
 Knowledge and technical skills of web development may be needed.
 Risk of online scams and fraud.

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 E-Commerce
 E-Commerce is the transaction of buying or selling online
 Forms of e-commerce
 Online Shopping
 Electronic Payment
 Online Auctions
 Internet Banking
 Online Ticket selling & more.
 Models of e-commerce
 B2B
 B2C
 C2C
 C2B

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 Credit/Debit Card Payments
 Credit card
 is a card made of plastic
with a magnetic stripe
(smart cards also have an
integrated chip and
circuit) that allows the
cardholder to borrow
money from a bank to
make purchases.
 Debit card
 is a card that provides the
convenience of a credit
card but works in a
different way.
 The amount paid with a
debit card is drawn
directly from the bank
account the card is Working of Debit card
associated with rather
than borrowing from the
bank.

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 ATM
 ATM (Automated Teller Machine) is a specialized computer that makes it
easy to manage the money in your bank account.
 How ATM Work

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 References

 Ali, R. & Ali, A. (2018). Chapter 5: Telecommunication. Management

Information System – 1st Edition (pp. 83-114). Muhalla Jangi, Qissa
Khawani, Peshawar, Pakistan: Al-ilum Publications.
 Thanks!
Any Questions
?