UNIVERSITY OF ASIA PACIFIC

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Course Code : EEE 302

Course Title : Power System Analysis I Laboratory

SUBMITTED BY

NEME SUBMITTED TO

Saimim Islam Rabbi(18108125) Yasir Mahmud

Sarjil Huda(22208117) Lecturer( UAP)

MD. Belal(22208133)

Md. Tanjil Ahmed(22208148)

Dewan Ayman Chowdhury(22208150)

Zeba Aziza Zinia(22208154)

MD.Asadullah Shohayeb(22208189)
Project Proposal : Over Voltage And Under
Voltage Protection System Using Arduino

Introduction
Voltage fluctuations are a common issue in power systems and can damage
electrical appliances. Over-voltage and under-voltage conditions can reduce
the lifespan of devices or cause complete failure. This project presents a
simple and cost-effective Over Voltage and Under Voltage Protection System
using Arduino. The system continuously monitors the input voltage and
disconnects the load if the voltage goes beyond safe limits, restoring it when
the voltage returns to normal. Using Arduino makes the system reliable,
efficient, and easy to customize for different voltage ranges.

Project Objectives
1.To monitor the input voltage in real-time using Arduino and appropriate
sensors.

2.To detect over-voltage and under-voltage conditions based on predefined

threshold values.

3.To automatically disconnect the load during abnormal voltage levels to

protect electrical devices.

4.To restore power supply when the voltage returns to a safe operating
range.
4.To design a cost-effective and user-friendly system suitable for home and
industrial applications.

5.To display voltage status and system actions using indicators or an LCD
display.

Methodology
1. Hardware Components :
Arduino Nano

Voltage Sensor (ZMPT101B)

16x2 LCD Display

12C Module

5V Relay Module

5V AC-DC Converter

AC Bulb

Breadboard

Wires

2. Software Components :

❖ Arduino IDE – For writing, compiling, and uploading code to the Arduino
Nano.
❖ Embedded C/C++ – Programming language used for voltage monitoring
and control logic.
❖ LiquidCrystal_I2C Library – To display voltage and system status on the
LCD.
❖ Voltage Monitoring Algorithm – Compares sensor readings with preset
voltage limits.
❖ Relay Control Code – Activates or deactivates the relay based on voltage
conditions.
3. System Design :
1.Power Supply Unit :

-HI-LINK HLK-PM01 5V module is used to convert 230V AC to 5V DC, which

powers the Arduino Nano and other components.

-This ensures electrical isolation and safety for the Arduino board and the
circuit.

2. Voltage Sensing Unit

-ZMPT101B Voltage Sensor Module is used to measure the AC input voltage.

-It is connected to the Arduino’s analog pin (A0), providing a proportional

analog voltage based on the AC input.

-This allows the Arduino to read and evaluate the actual supply voltage in
real time.

3. Control and Decision Unit (Arduino Nano)

-Arduino Nano reads the voltage from the sensor.

-If the voltage is within the predefined safe range, the Arduino allows the
load to remain connected.
-If it detects over-voltage or under-voltage conditions, it sends a signal to the
relay to disconnect the load.

-It also calculates trip timing based on either definite or inverse-time

characteristics.

4. Relay Driver Unit

-A 1-Channel Relay Module is used to connect or disconnect the load.

-The relay input is connected to one of the Arduino’s digital output pins

-It acts as a switch, cutting off the AC load in unsafe voltage conditions.

5. Output and Monitoring Unit

-A 16x2 LCD Display with I2C module is connected to Arduino using SDA (A4)
and SCL (A5) pins.

-It displays real-time voltage readings and system status (Normal, Over
Voltage, Under Voltage, Trip, etc.).

6. Load Connection

-The load (e.g., a motor or household appliance) is connected through the

relay.

-In safe voltage range, the relay remains ON and power flows to the load.

-In unsafe voltage conditions, the relay disconnects the load to prevent
damage.
Cost analysis
No. Equipment Cost (TK)
01 Arduino Nano 450
02 Voltage Sensor (ZMPT101B) 190
03 16x2 LCD Display 170
04 12C Module 70
05 5V Relay Module 75
06 5V AC-DC Converter 150
07 AC Bulb 30
08 Breadboard 80
09 Wires 70
Total

Circuit Diagram
Flow Diagram of Overvoltage And Undervoltage Protection System

Operation of Overvoltage And Undervoltage Protection System

The usual AC supply voltage at our home is 230V. The voltage fluctuates
according to the appliance load and may vary. But it should be ±2%
tolerance. In case of an increase of above 2% or vice versa, the attached load
may get disconnected. To avoid this problem, we developed an Overvoltage
and Undervoltage protector.

When the supply voltage exceeds the specified limit, the relay operates and
isolates the load from the electrical circuit. After detecting the fluctuated
voltage, an Analog signal of the output voltage is sent to the Arduino. This
voltage is unregulated and therefore it varies as the input voltage varies.
Arduino Nano has five Analog input pins and thirteen digital pins. It has an
inbuilt Analog-Digital converter. So, five different loads can be connected at
the same time. The 13th pin contains an indication LED. Arduino takes an
input voltage of 5 to 12 volts and gives an output up to 5V. A preset value
with tolerance is given to the Arduino. The Arduino compares the preset
value with the Analog read value at A0. If it lies within the limit, the relay
does not operate.

If it doesn’t lie within the limits, the Arduino checks if it falls into inverse
characteristics or definite characteristics. The operating time for definite
characteristics is given as 5 seconds, i.e. the relay operates after 5 seconds of
fault occurrence. If it falls into inverse characteristics, the tripping time is to
be calculated using the formula:

T= t/((V/V s )−1)

Where:

T = Trip Time

t = Time Multiplier

V = Voltage at A0

Vₛ = Source Voltage

When the trip time is set to zero, the relay will work and the circuit will be
instantly tripped. When operating in the inverse characteristics or the
definite characteristics, if the voltage comes back to the rated voltage, then
the relay will go again in reset mode.
Application of Overvoltage And Undervoltage Protection System
-This system is effective in motor loads. It protects the motor from
overvoltage.

-It protects home appliances from sudden voltage damage.

-It is useful for protection in some areas where power fluctuations are too
much.

Expected Outcomes
1.Accurate Detection of Voltage Fluctuations – The system will precisely
monitor the input voltage and detect over-voltage or under-voltage
conditions in real-time.

2.Automatic Load Disconnection – When voltage goes beyond the safe limit,
the system will automatically disconnect the load to prevent damage.

3.Quick Response and Reset – The relay will respond immediately based on
the programmed logic and reset once normal voltage is restored.

4.Improved Safety and Protection – The system will effectively protect

household appliances, industrial motors, and other electrical equipment
from voltage-related damage.

5.User-Friendly Display Interface – Real-time voltage and system status will

be displayed on the LCD for user awareness.

6.Cost-Effective and Scalable Design – The Arduino-based system will offer a

low-cost solution with the potential for further upgrades or scalability.
Conclusion
The Over Voltage and Under Voltage Protection System using Arduino
provides an efficient and reliable solution to safeguard electrical appliances
from voltage fluctuations. By continuously monitoring the input voltage and
responding promptly to abnormal conditions, the system ensures the
protection of sensitive devices, especially in areas prone to unstable power
supply.

The use of Arduino makes the system affordable, customizable, and easy to
implement. It can be applied in both household and industrial settings,
especially for protecting motor loads and electronic devices. With proper
calibration and implementation, this system can significantly reduce the risk
of damage caused by voltage irregularities and improve the overall safety of
electrical installations.