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 FOURTH EDITION

GAUGE THEORIES
IN
PARTICLE PHYSICS
A PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION
VOLUME 1
From Relativistic Quantum Mechanics to QED
 FOURTH EDITION

GAUGE THEORIES
IN
PARTICLE PHYSICS
A PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION
VOLUME 1
From Relativistic Quantum Mechanics to QED

Ian J.R. Aitchison • Anthony J.G. Hey

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Open Access funded by SCOAP3

Copyright 2021 Ian J.R. Aitchison, Anthony J.G. Hey

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Aitchison, Ian Johnston Rhind, 1936-

Gauge theories in particle physics : a practical introduction / Ian J R Aitchison, Anthony J.G.
Hey. -- 4th ed.
v. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: v. 1. From relativistic quantum mechanics to QED -- v. 2. Non-Abelian gauge
theories : QCD and the electroweak theory.
ISBN 978-1-4665-1299-3 (v. 1 : hardback) -- ISBN 978-1-4665-1307-5 (v. 2 : hardback)
1. Gauge fields (Physics) 2. Particles (Nuclear physics) 3. Weak interactions (Nuclear
physics) 4. Quantum electrodynamics. 5. Feynman diagrams. I. Hey, Anthony J. G. II. Title.

QC793.3.F5A34 2012
539.7’21--dc23 2012031181

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 To Jessie
and to
Jean, Katherine and Elizabeth
Contents

Preface xiii

I Introductory Survey, Electromagnetism as a Gauge

Theory, and Relativistic Quantum Mechanics 1
1 The Particles and Forces of the Standard Model 3
1.1 Introduction: the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 The fermions of the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Leptons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Quarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Particle interactions in the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.1 Classical and quantum fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.2 The Yukawa theory of force as virtual quantum ex­
change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3.3 The one-quantum exchange amplitude . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.4 Electromagnetic interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.3.5 Weak interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.3.6 Strong interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.3.7 The gauge bosons of the Standard Model . . . . . . . 29
1.4 Renormalization and the Higgs sector of the Standard Model 30
1.4.1 Renormalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.4.2 The Higgs boson of the Standard Model . . . . . . . . 33
1.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

2 Electromagnetism as a Gauge Theory 41

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2 The Maxwell equations: current conservation . . . . . . . . . 43
2.3 The Maxwell equations: Lorentz covariance and gauge invari­
ance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.4 Gauge invariance (and covariance) in quantum mechanics . . 49
2.5 The argument reversed: the gauge principle . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.6 Comments on the gauge principle in electromagnetism . . . . 56
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

vii
viii

3 Relativistic Quantum Mechanics 63

3.1 The Klein–Gordon equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.1.1 Solutions in coordinate space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.1.2 Probability current for the KG equation . . . . . . . . 65
3.2 The Dirac equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.2.1 Free-particle solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.2.2 Probability current for the Dirac equation . . . . . . . 70
3.3 Spin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.4 The negative-energy solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.4.1 Positive-energy spinors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.4.2 Negative-energy spinors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.4.3 Dirac’s interpretation of the negative-energy solutions
of the Dirac equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.4.4 Feynman’s interpretation of the negative-energy solu­
tions of the KG and Dirac equations . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.5 Inclusion of electromagnetic interactions via the gauge princi­
ple: the Dirac prediction of g = 2 for the electron . . . . . . 80
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

4 Lorentz Transformations and Discrete Symmetries 87

4.1 Lorentz transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.1.1 The KG equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.1.2 The Dirac equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.2 Discrete transformations: P, C and T . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2.1 Parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2.2 Charge conjugation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.2.3 CP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.2.4 Time reversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.2.5 CPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

II Introduction to Quantum Field Theory 113

5 Quantum Field Theory I: The Free Scalar Field 115
5.1 The quantum field: (i) descriptive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.2 The quantum field: (ii) Lagrange–Hamilton formulation . . . 125
5.2.1 The action principle: Lagrangian particle mechanics . 125
5.2.2 Quantum particle mechanics à la Heisenberg–Lagrange–
Hamilton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.2.3 Interlude: the quantum oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.2.4 Lagrange–Hamilton classical field mechanics . . . . . . 133
5.2.5 Heisenberg–Lagrange–Hamilton quantum field mechan­
ics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.3 Generalizations: four dimensions, relativity and mass . . . . 144
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
 ix

6 Quantum Field Theory II: Interacting Scalar Fields 149

6.1 Interactions in quantum field theory: qualitative introduction 149
6.2 Perturbation theory for interacting fields: the Dyson expansion
of the S-matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.2.1 The interaction picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
6.2.2 The S-matrix and the Dyson expansion . . . . . . . . 156
6.3 Applications to the ‘ABC’ theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.3.1 The decay C → A + B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.3.2 A + B → A + B scattering: the amplitudes . . . . . . 163
6.3.3 A + B → A + B scattering: the Yukawa exchange mech­
anism, s and u channel processes . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
6.3.4 A + B → A + B scattering: the differential cross section 174
6.3.5 A + B → A + B scattering: loose ends . . . . . . . . . 177
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7 Quantum Field Theory III: Complex Scalar Fields, Dirac
and Maxwell Fields; Introduction of Electromagnetic Inter­
actions 183
7.1 The complex scalar field: global U(1) phase invariance, parti­
cles and antiparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.2 The Dirac field and the spin-statistics connection . . . . . . 191
7.3 The Maxwell field Aμ (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.3.1 The classical field case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.3.2 Quantizing Aμ (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
7.4 Introduction of electromagnetic interactions . . . . . . . . . 206
7.5 P, C and T in quantum field theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7.5.1 Parity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7.5.2 Charge conjugation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
7.5.3 Time reversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
III Tree-Level Applications in QED 219
8 Elementary Processes in Scalar and Spinor Electrodynamics 221
8.1 Coulomb scattering of charged spin-0 particles . . . . . . . . 221
8.1.1 Coulomb scattering of s+ (wavefunction approach) . . 221
8.1.2 Coulomb scattering of s+ (field-theoretic approach) . . 224
8.1.3 Coulomb scattering of s− . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
8.2 Coulomb scattering of charged spin- 12 particles . . . . . . . . 227
8.2.1 Coulomb scattering of e− (wavefunction approach) . . 227
8.2.2 Coulomb scattering of e− (field-theoretic approach) . . 230
8.2.3 Trace techniques for spin summations . . . . . . . . . 230
8.2.4 Coulomb scattering of e+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
8.3 e− s+ scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
8.3.1 The amplitude for e− s+ → e− s+ . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
8.3.2 The cross section for e− s+ → e− s+ . . . . . . . . . . . 239
x

8.4 Scattering from a non-point-like object: the pion form factor

in e− π + → e− π + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
8.4.1 e− scattering from a charge distribution . . . . . . . . 243
8.4.2 Lorentz invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
8.4.3 Current conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
8.5 The form factor in the time-like region: e+ e− → π + π − and
crossing symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
8.6 Electron Compton scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
8.6.1 The lowest-order amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
8.6.2 Gauge invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
8.6.3 The Compton cross section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
8.7 Electron muon elastic scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
8.8 Electron–proton elastic scattering and nucleon form factors . 257
8.8.1 Lorentz invariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
8.8.2 Current conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

9 Deep Inelastic Electron–Nucleon Scattering and the Parton

Model 269
9.1 Inelastic electron–proton scattering: kinematics and structure
functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
9.2 Bjorken scaling and the parton model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
9.3 Partons as quarks and gluons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
9.4 The Drell–Yan process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
9.5 e+ e− annihilation into hadrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

IV Loops and Renormalization 297

10 Loops and Renormalization I: The ABC Theory 299
10.1 The propagator correction in ABC theory . . . . . . . . . . . 300
[2]
10.1.1 The O(g 2 ) self-energy ΠC (q 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
10.1.2 Mass shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
10.1.3 Field strength renormalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
10.2 The vertex correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
10.3 Dealing with the bad news: a simple example . . . . . . . . . 314
[2]
10.3.1 Evaluating ΠC (q 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
10.3.2 Regularization and renormalization . . . . . . . . . . . 316
10.4 Bare and renormalized perturbation theory . . . . . . . . . . 318
10.4.1 Reorganizing perturbation theory . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
2
10.4.2 The O(gph ) renormalized self-energy revisited: how counter
terms are determined by renormalization conditions . 321
10.5 Renormalizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
 xi

11 Loops and Renormalization II: QED 327

11.1 Counter terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
11.2 The O(e2 ) fermion self-energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
11.3 The O(e2 ) photon self-energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
11.4 The O(e2 ) renormalized photon self-energy . . . . . . . . . . 333
¯ [2]
11.5 The physics of Π 2
γ (q ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
11.5.1 Modified Coulomb’s law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
11.5.2 Radiatively induced charge form factor . . . . . . . . . 338
11.5.3 The running coupling constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
¯ [2]
11.5.4 Π γ in the s-channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
11.6 The O(e2 ) vertex correction, and Z1 = Z2 . . . . . . . . . . . 345
11.7 The anomalous magnetic moment and tests of QED . . . . . 348
11.8 Which theories are renormalizable – and does it matter? . . 353
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

A Non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics 361

B Natural Units 365

C Maxwell’s Equations: Choice of Units 369

D Special Relativity: Invariance and Covariance 371

E Dirac δ -Function 377

F Contour Integration 387

G Green Functions 393

H Elements of Non-relativistic Scattering Theory 399

H.1 Time-independent formulation and differential cross section . 399
H.2 Expression for the scattering amplitude: Born approximation 401
H.3 Time-dependent approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

I The Schrödinger and Heisenberg Pictures 405

J Dirac Algebra and Trace Identities 407

J.1 Dirac algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
J.1.1 γ matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
J.1.2 γ5 identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
J.1.3 Hermitian conjugate of spinor matrix elements . . . . 408
J.1.4 Spin sums and projection operators . . . . . . . . . . 408
J.2 Trace theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
xii

K Example of a Cross Section Calculation 411

K.1 The spin-averaged squared matrix element . . . . . . . . . . 413
K.2 Evaluation of two-body Lorentz-invariant phase space in ‘lab­
oratory’ variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

L Feynman Rules for Tree Graphs in QED 417

L.1 External particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
L.2 Propagators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
L.3 Vertices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

References 421

Index 427
Preface to the Fourth Edition

In the Preface to the first edition of this book, published thirty years ago,
we wrote that our aim was to help the reader to acquire a ‘reasonable under­
standing of gauge theories that are being tested by contemporary experiments
in high-energy physics’; and we stressed that our approach was intended to
be both practical and accessible.
We have pursued the same aim and approach in later editions. Shortly
after the appearance of the first edition, a series of major discoveries at the
CERN p̄p collider confirmed the existence of the W and Z bosons, with prop­
erties predicted by the Glashow-Salam-Weinberg electroweak gauge theory;
and also provided further support for quantum chromodynamics, or QCD.
Our second edition followed in 1989, expanded so as to include discussion,
on the experimental side, of the new results; and, on the theoretical side, a
fuller treatment of QCD, and an elementary introduction to quantum field
theory, with limited applications. Subsequently, experiments at LEP and
other laboratories were precise enough to test the Standard Model beyond
the first order in perturbation theory (‘tree level’), being sensitive to higher
order effects (‘loops’). In response, we decided it was appropriate to include
the basics of ‘one-loop physics’. Together with the existing material on rel­
ativistic quantum mechanics, and QED, this comprised volume 1 (2003) of
our two-volume third edition. In a natural division, the non-Abelian gauge
theories of the Standard Model, QCD and the electroweak theory, formed the
core of volume 2 (2004). The progress of research on QCD, both theoretical
and experimental, required new chapters on lattice quantum field theory, and
on the renormalization group. The discussion of the central topic of sponta­
neous symmetry breaking was extended, in particular so as to include chiral
symmetry breaking.
This new fourth edition retains the two-volume format, which has been
generally well received, with broadly the same allocation of content as in
the third edition. The principal new additions are, once again, dictated by
substantial new experimental results – namely, in the areas of CP violation and
neutrino oscillations, where great progress was made in the first decade of this
century. Volume 2 now includes a new chapter devoted to CP violation and
oscillations in mesonic and neutrino systems. Partly by way of preparation for
this, volume 1 also contains a new chapter, on Lorentz transformations and
discrete symmetries. We give a simple do-it-yourself treatment of Lorentz
transformations of Dirac spinors, which the reader can connect to the group
theory approach in appendix M of volume 2; the transformation properties of

xiii
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Title: Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland (2 of 6): England (12 of 12)

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to Transcriber's Note
Holinshed’s Chron­i­c les of
Eng­land, Scot­land, and Ire­‐
land ; by Raph­a el Hol­in­s hed
and oth­e rs; 1807 ed­i­t ion; Vol­‐
ume II of VI, Part 12 of 12;
RICH­A RD II.
 |711|

RICHARD THE SECOND,

the second sonne to Edward prince of Wales.

RICHARD, the second of that name, and sonne to

prince Edward, called the blacke prince, the sonne of An. Reg. 1.
king Edward the third, a child of the age of eleuen
1377.
yeares, began to reign ouer the realme of England the
two and twentith daie of Iune, in the yeare of the Fabian.
world 5344, of our Lord 1377, after the conquest 310, Thom. Wals.
about the two and thirtith yeare of the emperour The Londoners
sent to K.
Charles the fourth, and in the fouretéenth yeare of Richard,
Charles the fift king of France, and about the seuenth commending
themselues to his
yeare of the reigne of Robert the |712| second king of fauour before ye
Scotland: he was named Richard of Burdeaux, bicause death of K.
he was borne at Burdeaux in Gascoigne, whilest his Edward.
father ruled there. The day before it was vnderstood,
that his grandfather king Edward was departed this life, being the
one and twentith of Iune (on which daie neuerthelesse he
deceassed) the citizens of London hauing certeine knowledge that
he could not escape his sicknesse, sent certeine aldermen vnto
Kingston, where the prince with his mother the princesse then laie,
to declare vnto the said prince their readie good wils, to accept him
for their lawfull king and gouernour, immediatlie after it should
please God to call to his mercie his grandfather, being now past hope
of recouerie of health. Wherefore they besought him, to haue their
citie recommended vnto his good grace, and that it would please
him to visit the same with his presence, sith they were readie in all
sorts to honour and obeie him, and to spend both liues and goods in
his cause, if need required.
Moreouer, they besought him, that it might please
Iohn Philpot.
his grace to make an end of the discord betwixt the
The duke of
citizens, and the duke of Lancaster, which through the Lancaster & the
malice of some had béene raised, to the commoditie Lōdoners submit
of none, but to the discommoditie of diuerse. When their quarels to
the kings order.
Iohn Philpot, one of the foresaid aldermen, that had
the words in all their names, had ended his oration, he was
answered by the prince and his councell, that he would indeuour
himselfe in all things to satisfie their requests, and so were they sent
home to bring a ioifull answer of their messege to the citie. The
morrow after, there were sent to London from the king, the lord
Latimer, sir Nicholas Bond, sir Simon Burlie, & sir Richard
Adderburie, knights; to bring them sorowfull newes of the assured
death of king Edward, who (as we haue said) deceassed the day
before; but comfortable newes againe, of the great towardlinesse
and good meaning of the yoong king, who promised to loue them
and their citie, and to come to the same citie, as they had desired
him to doo. And further, that he had spoken to the duke of Lancaster
in their behalfe, and that the duke had submitted himselfe to him in
all things touching the cause; wherevpon the kings pleasure was,
that they should likewise submit themselues, and he would doo his
indeuor, that an agreement might be had to the honor of the
citizens, and profit of the citie.
The citizens liked not of this forme of procéeding in the dukes
matter, bicause the king was yoong, and could not giue order
therein, but by substitutes: yet at length with much adoo, they were
contented to submit themselues, as the duke had doone before,
though not, till that the knights had vndertaken vpon their oth of
fidelitie and knighthood, that their submission should not redound to
the temporall or bodilie harme of any of them, consenting to the
kings will in this point. And so with this caution they tooke their
iournie towards Sheene, where they found the new K. with his
mother, the duke of Lancaster & his brethren, vncles to the king, and
diuerse bishops, about the bodie of the deceassed king. When it was
knowen that the Londoners were come, they were called before the
king, by whom the matter was so handled, that the duke and they
were made fréends. After this, when the king should ride through
the citie towards the coronation, the said duke and the lord Percie
riding on great horses before him, as by vertue of their offices
appointed to make way before, vsed themselues so courteouslie,
modestlie, and pleasantlie, that where before they two were greatlie
suspected of the common people, by reason of their great puissance
in the realme, and huge rout of reteiners, they ordered the matter
so, that neither this day, nor the morrow after, being the day of the
kings coronation, they offended any maner of person, but rather by
gentle and swéet demeanour they reclaimed the harts of manie, of
whome before they were greatlie had in suspicion, and thought euill
of. ¶ But now, sith we are entred into the matter of this kings
coronation, we haue thought good breefelie to touch some particular
point thereof (as in Thomas Walsingham we find it) though nothing
so largelie here, as the author himselfe setteth it foorth, bicause the
purpose of this worke will not so permit. |713|
The king, in riding thorough the citie towards
The maner &
Westminster, on the 15 daie of Iulie being order of the kings
wednesdaie, was accompanied with such a traine of coronation.
the nobilitie and others, as in such case was requisite.
Sir Simon Burlie bare the sword before him, and sir Nicholas Bond
lead the kings horsse by the bridle on foot. The noise of trumpets
and other instruments was maruellous, so that this seemed a day of
ioy and mirth, a day that had béene long looked for, bicause it was
hoped, that now the quiet orders and good lawes of the land, which
thorough the slouthfulnesse of the aged king deceassed, and
couetousnesse of those that ruled about him, had béene long
banished, should now be renewed and brought againe in vse. The
citie was adorned in all sorts most richlie. The water conduits ran
with wine for the space of thrée houres togither. In the vpper end of
Cheape, was a certeine castell made with foure towers, out of the
which castell, on two sides of it, there ran foorth wine abundantlie.
In the towers were placed foure beautifull virgins, of stature and age
like to the king, apparelled in white vestures, in euerie tower one,
the which blew in the kings face, at his approching néere to them,
leaues of gold; and as he approched also, they threw on him and his
horsse florens of gold counterfeit.
When he was come before the castell, they tooke cups of gold,
and filling them with wine at the spouts of the castell, presented the
same to the king and to his nobles. On the top of the castell, betwixt
the foure towers, stood a golden angell, holding a crowne in his
hands, which was so contriued, that when the king came, he bowed
downe & offered to him the crowne. But to speake of all the
pageants and shewes which the citizens had caused to be made,
and set foorth in honour of their new king, it were superfluous;
euerie one in their quarters striuing to surmount other, and so with
great triumphing of citizens, and ioy of the lords and noble men, he
was conueied vnto his palace at Westminster, where he rested for
that night. The morrow after being thursdaie, and the 16 day of
Iulie, he was fetcht to the church with procession of the bishops and
monks, and comming before the high altar, where the pauement was
couered with rich clothes of tapistrie, he there kneeled downe and
made his praiers, whilest two bishops soong the Letanie, which
being finished, the king was brought to his seat, the quéere singing
an antheme, beginning, Fermetur manus tua.
That doone, there was a sermon preached by a bishop touching
the dutie of a king, how he ought to behaue himselfe towards the
people, and how the people ought to be obedient vnto him. The
sermon being ended, the king receiued his oth before the archbishop
and nobles: which doone, the archbishop hauing the lord Henrie
Percie lord marshall going before him, turned him to euerie quarter
of the church, declaring to the people the kings oth, and demanding
of them, if they would submit themselues vnto such a prince &
gouernor, and obeie his commandements: and when the people with
a lowd voice had answered that they would obeie him, the
archbishop vsing certeine praiers, blessed the king; which ended,
the archbishop came vnto him, and tearing his garments from the
highest part to the lowest, stripped him to his shirt. Then was
brought by earles, a certeine couerture of cloth of gold, vnder the
which he remained, whilest he was annointed.
The archbishop (as we haue said), hauing stripped him, first
annointed his hands, then his head, brest, shoulders, and the ioints
of his armes with the sacred oile, saieng certeine praiers, and in the
meane time did the quéere sing the antheme, beginning, Vnxerunt
regem Salomonem, &c. And the archbishop added another praier,
Deus Dei filius, &c. Which ended, he and the other bishops soong
the hymne, Veni creator spiritus, the king knéeling in a long vesture,
& the archbishop with his suffraganes about him. When the hymne
was ended, he was lift vp by the archbishop, and clad first with the
coate of saint Edward, and after with his mantell, a stoale being cast
about his necke, the archbishop in the meane time saieng certeine
praiers appointed for the purpose. After this, the archbishop and
bishops deliuered to him the sword, saieng, Accipe gladium, &c. |714|
When that praier was ended, two earles girded him with the
sword, which doone, the archbishop gaue to him bracelets, saieng,
Accipe armillas, &c. After this, the archbishop did put vpon him an
vppermost vesture, called a pall, saieng, Accipe pallium, &c. In the
meane time, whilest the archbishop blessed the kings crowne, he to
whose office it apperteined, did put spurs on his héeles. After the
crowne was blessed, the archbishop set it on his head, saieng,
Coronet te Deus, &c. Then did the archbishop deliuer to him a ring,
with these words, Accipe annulum, &c. Immediatlie herewith came
the lord Furniuall by vertue of his office, offering to him a red gloue,
which the archbishop blessed, and putting it on his hand, gaue to
him the scepter, with these words, Accipe sceptrum, &c. Then did
the archbishop deliuer to him in his other hand a rod, in the top
whereof stood a doue, with these words, Accipe virgam virtutis, &c.
After this the archbishop blessed the king, saieng, Benedicat de
Deus, &c.
These things doone, the king kissed the bishops and abbats, by
whome he was lead afterwards vnto his seat, the bishops beginning
to sing (Te Deum) which ended, the archbishop said to him, Sta &
retine amodo locum, &c. When these things were finished, they
began masse, the bishop of Worcester read the epistle, and the
bishop of Elie the gospell. At the offertorie, the king rose from his
seat, and was brought to offer. He therfore offered first his sword,
and after so much gold as he would, but no lesse than a marke, by
reason of the custome; for more he might offer to God and S. Peter,
but lesse he could not. After this, he offered bread and wine, with
which he and the archbishop did after communicate. This doone, the
earle, to whome it apperteined to beare the sword before the king,
redéemed the sword which the king had offered with monie, and
receiuing the same, bare it afore the king. When masse should be
soong, the king was brought againe to the altar, & there knéeling
downe, and saieng Confiteor to the archbishop, did communicate,
and so was brought backe to his seat. The wardens of the cinque
ports by their office, as well in time of the procession, as when he
was annointed also at masse time, and as he returned from the
church to the palace to dinner, held ouer him a large canopie of blew
veluet, fastened vnto foure staues at the foure corners.
In the meane time, sir Iohn Dimmocke that claimed to be the
kings champion, had béen at the kings armorie and stable, where he
had chosen according to his tenure, the best armour saue one, and
the best stéed saue one: albeit, sir Baldwine Freuill claimed the
same office, but could not obteine it; so that the said sir Iohn
Dimmocke hauing armed himselfe, and being mounted on
horssebacke, came to the abbeie gates, with two riding before him,
the one carrieng his speare, and the other his shield, staieng there
till masse should be ended. But the lord Henrie Percie lord marshall,
appointed to make waie before the king with the duke of Lancaster
lord Steward, the lord Thomas of Woodstoke lord constable, and the
lord marshals brother sir Thomas Percie, being all mounted on great
horsses, came to the knight, and told him, that he ought not to
come at that time, but when the king was at dinner, and therefore it
should be good for him to vnarme himselfe for a while, and take his
ease and rest, till the appointed time were come.
The knight did as the lord marshall willed him, and so after his
departure, the king hauing those lords riding afore him, was borne
on knights shoulders vnto his palace, and so had to his chamber,
where he rested a while, being somewhat faint with trauell, and
tooke a small refection. After this, comming into the hall, he created
foure new earles, before he sat downe to meat; to wit, his vncle the
lord Thomas de Wodstoke earle of Buckingham, to whome he gaue
a thousand marks a yeare out of his treasurie, till he prouided him of
lands to the like value. The lord Guishard de Engolesme, that had
béene his tutor, was created earle of Huntington, to whome he gaue
likewise a thousand marks annuitie, till he were prouided of lands of
like value. The lord Mowbraie was created earle of Nottingham, and
the lord Henrie Percie earle of North­um­ber­land. He made also nine
knights the same daie.
To shew what roiall seruice was at this feast, it passeth our
vnderstanding to describe: |715| but to conclude, the fare was
excéeding sumptuous, and the furniture princelie in all things, that if
the same should be rehearsed, the reader would perhaps doubt of
the truth therof. ¶ In the midst of the kings palace was a marble
pillar raised hollow vpon steps, on the top whereof was a great gilt
eagle placed, vnder whose feet in the chapiter of the pillar, diuers
kinds of wine came gushing foorth at foure seuerall places all the
daie long, neither was anie forbidden to receiue the same, were he
neuer so poor or abiect. On the morrow after the coronation, there
was a generall procession of the archbishop, bishop, and abbats
then present, with the lords, and a great multitude of people, to
praie for the king and the peace of the kingdome.
At the going foorth of this procession, the bishop of Rochester
preached, exhorting them, that the dissentions and discords which
had long continued betwixt the people and their superiours, might
be appeased and forgotten, proouing by manie arguments, that the
same highlie displeased God. He admonished the lords, not to be so
extreme and hard towards the people. On the other part, he
exhorted the people in necessarie causes, for the aid of the king and
realme, chéerefullie, and without grudging, to put to their helping
hands, according to their bounden duties. He further exhorted those
in generall that were appointed to be about the king, that they
should forsake vice, and studie to liue in cleanesse of life and vertue.
For if by their example the king were trained to goodnesse, all
should be well; but if he declined through their sufferance from the
right waie, the people and kingdome were like to fall in danger to
perish. After the sermon and procession were ended, the lords and
prelats went to their lodgings.
But now, bicause the Englishmen should haue their Froissard.
ioies mingled with some sorrowes, it chanced that the
Rie burnt by ye
Frenchmen (which about the same time that the kings Frenchmen.
grandfather departed this life, were wafting on the Tho. Wals.
seas) within six or seauen daies after his deceasse, The Frenchmen
burnt the towne of Rie. Wherevpon, immediatlie after spoile the Ile of
the coronation, the earles of Cambridge and Wight. Sir Hugh
Tirrell.
Buckingham were sent with a power vnto Douer, and
Froissard.
the earle of Salisburie vnto Southampton: but in the
Tho. Walsi.
meane time, to wit, the one and twentith of August,
Portsmouth,
the Frenchmen entring the Ile of Wight, burnt diuerse Dartmouth, &
townes in the same. And though they were repelled Plimmouth, burnt
from the castell, by the valiant manhood of sir Hugh by the French.
Tirrell capteine thereof, who laid no small number of them on the
ground; yet they constreined the men of the Ile to giue them a
thousand marks of siluer to saue the residue of their houses and
goods, and so they departed from thence, sailing still along the
costs, and where they saw aduantage, set on land, burning sundrie
towns néere to the shore, as Portesmouth, Dartmouth, and
Plimmouth.
 They made countenance also to haue set on Hastings burnt.
Southampton, if sir Iohn Arundell, brother to the earle
An ouerthrow
of Arundell had not beene readie there with a number giuen by the
of men of armes and archers, by whome the towne Frēch to the
was defended, and the enimies chased to their ships. Englishmen.
From thence the Frenchmen departed, and sailing towards Douer,
burnt Hastings; but Winchelsie they could not win, being valiantlie
defended by the abbat of Battell, and others. After this, they landed
one day not far from the abbeie of Lewes, at a place called
Rottington, where the prior of Lewes, and two knights, the one
named sir Thomas Cheinie, and the other sir Iohn Falleslie, hauing
assembled a number of the countrie people, incountred the
Frenchmen, but were ouerthrowen; so that there were slaine about
an hundred Englishmen; and the prior, with the two knights, and an
esquier called Iohn Brokas, were taken prisoners, but yet the
Frenchmen lost a great number of their owne men at this conflict,
and so with their prisoners retired to their ships and gallies, and
after returned into France.
But now touching the dooings about the new K. You Polydor.
shall vnderstand, that by reason of his yoong yeares,
The duke of
as yet he was not able to gouerne himselfe, and Lancaster & the
therefore Iohn duke of Lancaster, and Edmund earle earle of
of Cambridge, with other péeres of the realme, were Cambridge
appointed
appointed to haue the ad­min­is­tra­tion. He was of good protectors.
disposition and towardnesse, but his age being readie In Angl. præl.
to incline which way soeuer a man should bend it,
those that were |716| appointed to haue the gouernement of his
person, did what laie in them now at the first, to keepe him from all
maner of light demeanor. But afterwards, when euerie one began to
studie more for his owne priuate commoditie, than for the
aduancement of the commonwealth, they set open the gates to
other, which being readie to corrupt his good nature, by little and
little grew familiar with him, and dimming the brightnesse of true
honour, with the counterfeit shine of the contrarie, so maskered his
vnderstanding, that in the end they brought him to tract the steps of
lewd demeanour, and so were causers both of his and their owne
destruction. This séemeth to be touched by C. Okland, who speaking
of the death of the old king and the erection of the new, saith of him
according to our annales, as followeth:
Vndecimum puer hic nondum transegerat annum,
Cùm iuuenile caput gessit diademate cinctum.
Qui postquam princeps iustis adoleuerat annis,
Dicere non facile est quantum distaret auitis
Moribus atque animo, fuit hic quàm disparemente,
Dissimili ingenio claræ matríque patríque.
The Frenchmen not ignorant of such mischéefes as Froissard.
were like to grow in England, suffered no time to
Berwicke castell
passe, but tooke occasions of aduantage when they woone by the
were offered. ¶ Among other enterprises I find, that Scots.
shortlie after the deceasse of king Edward, the duke Berwike castell
of Burgognie wan Arde, and two or three other recouered by the
Englishmen.
fortresses in those marches. The Scots this yeare also
wan the castell of Berwike by stealth one morning, but shortlie vpon
knowledge had, the earles of North­um­ber­land and Notingham, the
lords Neuill, Lucie, Graistoke, & Stafford, with other lords, knights,
and esquiers, came with their powers in all hast thither, and entring
the towne, besieged the castell, and finallie, assaulting them that
kept it, wan it of them by force, and slue all those Scotishmen which
they found within it, except Alexander Ramsie their capteine. When
the Englishmen had thus recouered the castell, they entred into
Scotland, in hope to find the Scots, and to fight with them whom
they knew to be assembled.
The English host was thrée thousand men of armes, An ouerthrow
& seuen thousand archers, but they sent foorth sir giuen by the
Thomas Musgraue with thrée hundred speares, and Scots to the
Englishmen.
thrée hundred archers, to Meuros, to trie if he might
vnderstand any thing of the Scots in those parts, with The siege of
Mortaigne raised.
whom the earle Dowglas, hauing with him seuen
hundred speares, and two thousand of other called yomen with
glaiues and other weapons, incountered by chance and distressed
him & his companie. Sir Thomas Musgraue himselfe, and six score
other, were taken prisoners, besides those that were slaine, the
residue escaped by flight, making the best shift they could for
themselues. The lord Neuill, sir Thomas Triuet, sir William Scrope,
and diuerse other valiant capteins of England, were sent into
Gascoigne this yeare, which first landed at Burdeaux, on the euen of
the Natiuitie of our ladie, where after they had rested them a while,
they went and raised the siege, which the Frenchmen had held
before Mortaigne in Poictou a long time before.
Gouernour of this siege at the first, was Yuan or Owen of Wales,
but he was murthered one morning as he sat alone viewing the
castell, and combing his head, by one of his owne countriemen,
which vnder colour to serue him, was become with him verie
familiar. This Owen or Yuan whether ye will (for all is one) was
sonne to a noble man of Wales, whom K. Edward had put to death
for some offense by him committed, where this Yuan got him into
France, being as then verie yoong, and was brought vp in the French
court, and prooued an expert man of warre, so that great
lamentation was made for his death by the Frenchmen. But the
Englishmen, although they misliked the maner of his death, yet they
were not greatlie sorrowfull for the chance, sith they were rid
thereby of an extreame enimie.
After that the Englishmen had raised the A parlement.
Frenchmen from the siege of Mortaigne, they Thom. Wals.
returned to Burdeaux, and after recouered sundrie
castels and fortresses in the marches of |717| Burdelois, and about
Baionne. Also they aided the king of Nauarre, against the king of
Castile, and made a road into the confines of Castile. But shortlie
after, a peace was concluded betwixt those two kings, so that the
lord Charles of Nauarre should marrie the daughter of the king of
Castile vpon certeine conditions: and so the Englishmen had their
wages trulie paid them to their full contentation, and therevpon
returned. About Michaelmasse began a parlement that was
summoned at Westminster, which continued till the feast of saint
Andrew. In this parlement the foresaid sir Peter de la Mere and other
the knights that had beene so earnest against dame Alice Peres in
the last parlement holden by king Edward the third, so prosecuted
the same cause now in this parlement, that the said dame Alice
Peres was banished the realme, and all hir goods mooueable and
vnmooueable forfeited to the king, bicause contrarie to that she had
promised by oth in the said last parlement, she had presumed to
come within the court, and to obteine of the king what soeuer was
to hir liking.
There were two tenths granted by the clergie to the Two citizens of
king in this parlement, and two fiftéenes of the London appointed
temporaltie, to be paid the same yeare; and two to kéepe the
subsidie granted
citizens of London, William Walworth, and Iohn by parlement.
Philpot were appointed to haue the kéeping of that Sir Hugh Caluerlie
monie, to the end it might be imploied to the kings a valiant capteine.
necessarie vses, for the defense of the realme. Sir
Hugh Caluerlie being deputie of Calis, comming one morning to
Bullongne, burnt certeine ships which laie there in the hauen, to the
number of six and twentie, besides two proper barkes, being vessels
of no small accompt: and hauing spoiled and burnt the most part of
the base towne, he returned to Calis with a great rich bootie of
goods and cattell.
Also, where the castell of Marke, in the absence of
Marke castell
the capteine sir Robert de Salle, that was gone ouer recouered by sir
into England, was lost through negligence of them Hugh Caluerlie,
the same daie it
that were left in charge within it; the same sir Hugh was lost.
Caluerlie made such spéed in the matter, that he
recouered it againe the same daie it was lost, by force of assault,
taking the Frenchmen prisoners that were gotten into it, and
hanging certeine Picards stipendarie soldiers in the said castell,
vnder the said sir Robert de Salle, for that whilest the Englishmen
were gone foorth, to see the shooting of a match which they had
made amongst themselues, a little off from the castell, those Picards
being left within, shut the gates against them, and receiued in the
Frenchmen, with whome they had practised in treason, kéeping the
Englishmen foorth, to whom the safe kéeping of that castell was
committed.
This yeare was a bull sent from the pope vnto the 1378.
vniuersitie of Oxenford, to apprehend Iohn Wickliffe, Iohn Wickliffe.
parson of Lutterworth in Leicestershire, within the Hen. de Knighton
diocesse of Lincolne. Also, there were other bulles to canon abbat.
the same effect, sent vnto the archbishop of Leicest. in
annalib. de Rich.
Canturburie, and to the bishop of London. Likewise to secundo.
the king were letters directed from the pope, to
require his fauour against the said Wickliffe, so greeuouslie was the
pope incensed against him, and not without cause, for if his
conclusions in doctrine tooke effect, he well perceiued his papisticall
authoritie would shortlie decaie. As for the popish cleargie, to them
not onelie the sect but also the name of Wickliffe was so odious, that
in recording his opinions and sectaries, they excéed the bounds of all
modestie, aggrauating such reports as they infer concerning him or
his with more than hyperbolicall lies: as appeereth by that long and
tedious discourse which he wrote, that compiling certeine annales
intituled De euentibus Angliæ, prefixeth this verse in the front of his
volume, in letters of red vermilon, as desiring to haue his name
notoriouslie knowne to the world;
Autoris nomen capitales litteræ pandunt:
He (I say) in that copious treatise hauing spoken as maliciouslie &
viperouslie as he might both of Wickliffes life, which he concludeth
to be lewd; of his opinions, which he auoucheth to be hereticall; and
of his fauourers and followers, to whom (at his pleasure) he giueth
vnreuerent epithets (all which to prosecute at length, as by him they
are in ample sort laid downe, would but detect the mans malignitie,
and procure an ouerthrow of credit to be attributed vnto his
declarations) he maketh vp his mouth with a tristichon |718| of
poeticall imitation, to bring Wickliffe and his adherents into
perpetuall obloquie and defamation, saieng as followeth in verse and
prose;
Si totum membrana solum, calamus nemus omne,
Et Thetis encaustum, scriptor & omnis homo,
Istorum facinus scribere non poterunt.

Maledictus conuentus eorum, quoniam pertinax, propterea Deus

destruat eos, in finem euellat, & emigrare faciat de tabernaculis
fidelium suorum, & radicem eorum de terra regni; & hoc videant
iusti, & lætentur; vt dicere possint; Ecce populus qui se exaltauit
super electos doctores Domini, & sperauit in multitudine vanitatis
suæ: confundantur & pereant cum doctrina eorum in æternum,
&c.

But of Wickliffes life and doctrine to read at large, I

The nauie setteth
remit the reader to the acts and monuments of the foorth, and is
church, published by maister Iohn Fox: and now will beaten backe by
tempest.
we returne to matters of state and policie. There went
foorth this yeare a verie great nauie of ships to the Exploits doone by
sir Hugh Caluerlie.
sea, vnder the guiding of the earle of Buckingham,
the duke of Britaine, the lord Latimer, the lord Fitz Walter, sir Robert
Knolles, and other valiant capteins, meaning to haue intercepted the
Spanish fléet that was gone to Sluse in Flanders, but thorough rage
of tempest, and contrarie winds, they were driuen home, although
twise they attempted their fortune: but sir Hugh Caluerlie, deputie of
Calis, slept not his businesse, dooing still what displeasures he could
to the Frenchmen. Shortlie after Christmasse, he spoiled the towne
of Estaples the same daie the faire was kept there, to which a great
number of merchants of Bullongne were come to make their
markets, but the sellers had quicke vtterance, for that that might
easilie be caried awaie, the Englishmen laid hands on, and caused
the owners to redéeme the residue with great sums of monie, which
they vndertooke to paie; or else sir Hugh threatned to haue burnt all
that was left, togither with the houses.