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The Violent Hero

i
 Also available from Bloomsbury

Euripides: Children of Heracles, Florence Yoon

Euripides: Heracles, Emma Griffiths
Gods, Demigods and Demons, Bernard Evslin

ii
 The Violent Hero
Heracles in the Greek Imagination

Katherine Lu Hsu

iii
 BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
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1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA
29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland
BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC and the Diana logo are trademarks of
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
First published in Great Britain 2021
This edition published in 2022
Copyright © Katherine Lu Hsu, 2021
Katherine Lu Hsu has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work.
For legal purposes the Acknowledgments on p. x–xi constitute an extension of
this copyright page.
Cover design: Terry Woodley
Cover image: Hercules and Nessus, Florence, Italy. Photography by Jeremy Villasis/Getty
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any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased
to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hsu, Katherine Lu, author.
Title: The violent hero : Heracles in the Greek imagination / Katherine Lu Hsu.
Description: New York : Bloomsbury Academic, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and
index. | Summary: “This book uses the mythological hero Heracles as a lens for investigating the
nature of heroic violence in archaic and classical Greek literature, from Homer through to
Aristophanes. Heracles was famous for his great victories as much as for his notorious failures.
Driving each of these acts is his heroic violence, an ambivalent force that can offer communal
protection as well as cause grievous harm. Drawing on evidence from epic, lyric poetry, tragedy,
and comedy, this work illuminates the strategies used to justify, constrain, and deflate the
threatening aspects of violence. The mixed results of these strategies also demonstrate how the
figure of Heracles inherently – and stubbornly – resists reform. The diverse character of Heracles’
violent acts reveals an enduring tension in understanding violence: is violence a negative
individual trait, that is to say, the manifestation of an internal state of hostility? Or is it one
specific means to a preconceived end, rather like an instrument whose employment may or may
not be justified? Katherine Lu Hsu explores these evolving attitudes towards individual violence in
the ancient Greek world while also shedding light on timeless debates about the nature of
violence itself”— Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020024299 (print) | LCCN 2020024300 (ebook) | ISBN 9781350153714
(hardback) | ISBN 9781350153721 (ebook) | ISBN 9781350153738 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Heracles (Greek mythological character) | Violence in literature. |
Greek literature—History and criticism.
Classification: LCC PA3015.R5 H448 2020 (print) | LCC PA3015.R5 (ebook) |
DDC 398.20938/02—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020024299
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020024300
ISBN: HB: 978-1-3501-5371-4
PB: 978-1-3501-9170-9
ePDF: 978-1-3501-5372-1
eBook: 978-1-3501-5373-8
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 For Dave,

coniugi caro

v
vi
 Contents

List of Figures ix
Acknowledgments x

Introduction 1
On Violence 2
On Myth 6
On Heracles 10

1 Heraclean Force and the Representation of Violence 19

Introduction 19
Heracles as Monster-slayer in Hesiod’s Theogony 20
The Iliad’s Heracles 23
Conclusion 46

2 Hero or Monster? Justifying Violence against Geryon 49

Introduction 49
Eliminating the Monstrous: Praising Heracles’ Civilizing Efforts
against Geryon 50
Violence Questioned in Stesichorus’ Geryoneis 56
Pindar’s Heracles: Nomos, Justice, and Violence 68
Conclusion 75

3 Heroic Competition and the Home in Sophocles’ Trachiniae 77

Introduction 77
Heracles and Achelous: A Paradigm of Competition 79
Heracles and Nessus: A Distorted Suitor Competition 82
Heracles at Oechalia: Another Distorted Suitor Competition 85
Iole and Deianeira Vie for Heracles 88
The Death of a Victor 93
Conclusion 104

4 Coping with Violence: Victory and Friendship in Euripides’ Heracles 107

Introduction 107
Violence against Enemies 109

vii
viii Contents

Violence against Friends 116

Violence against the Self 123
Conclusion 129

5 Heracles the Fool: Laughing at Violence 131

Introduction 131
Victory and the Flesh: Renewing Violence through Laughter 133
The Comic Heracles in Euripides’ Alcestis 146
A Polyphony of Genres in Aristophanes’ Frogs 156
Conclusion 171

Conclusion: Which Path Did Heracles Choose? 173

Notes 183
References 215
Index 237
 Figures

1.1 Heracles and Apollo vie for the Delphic tripod. East pediment of
the Siphnian Treasury, c. 525 bce . 31
1.2 Athena leads Heracles to Zeus. Attic black-figure lip-cup,
Vulci, 555–550 bce . 43
2.1 Winged Geryon duels Heracles. Chalcidian black-figure neck
amphora, Vulci, 540–530 bce . 57
2.2 Heracles aims an arrow at Geryon from behind a stone.
Attic black-figure lekythos, c. 500–480 bce . 65
2.3 Heracles crowned. Niobid Crater, Attic red-figure calyx crater,
Orvieto, c. 460–450 bce . 70
4.1 Heracles’ Labor at the Stables of Augeas. Metope from the Temple
of Zeus at Olympia, c. 475 bce . 118
4.2 Heracles and the Stymphalian Birds. Attic black-figure lekythos,
c. 500–480 bce . 120
5.1 Heracles among satyr performers. Pronomos Vase, Attic red-figure
volute crater, c. 400 bce . 137

ix
 Acknowledgments

I owe a huge debt of gratitude to many people for their guidance and support in
bringing this book to publication. I remain forever grateful to Ruth Scodel, who
advised me at the University of Michigan and supervised the dissertation from
which this book evolved. Richard Janko has challenged me since my first
semester at Michigan and has continued to support me since. Special thanks are
due to Johanna Hanink, whose questions and insights pushed me to improve the
work at crucial moments.
At Brooklyn College, David Schur and Brian Sowers showed me the ropes of
being an academic and taught me what it means to be a colleague. I have been
supported in various ways by the members of the Classics Department at
Brooklyn College, including Dee Clayman, Danielle Kellogg, JoAnn Luhrs, Gail
Smith, Philip Thibodeau, John Van Sickle, and Liv Yarrow. I honor the memory
of Jim Pletcher, a friend and kind colleague whose wit and brilliant teaching will
be missed. The faculty and staff of the Latin/Greek Institute have inspired and
encouraged me throughout the years: Collomia Charles, Caleb Dance, Carlo
DaVia, Daniel Dooley, Rita Fleischer, Patrick Glauthier, Zachary Hayworth,
Benjamin King, Katia Kosova, Aramis Lopez, Jeremy March, Geoffrey Moseley,
Bill Pagonis, Suklima Roy, Akiva Saunders, Aaron Shapiro, Christopher Simon,
Jeff Ulrich, and Alice Phillips Walden. I will always be indebted to the mentorship
of Hardy Hansen, who taught me Greek, then taught me how to teach Greek, and
then modeled for me how to lead the Institute.
I received helpful feedback and criticisms from audiences at College of the
Holy Cross, Rutgers University, Smith College, Columbia University, Brown
University, Wellesley College, the CUNY Graduate Center, Butler University,
Brooklyn College, Baylor University, Trinity College, Reed College, and Tulane
University. I have also benefited greatly from conversations about this work with
a wide range of colleagues and friends, including Sarah Barbrow, Shuen Chai, Joy
Connolly, Susan Deacy, Elda Granata and Alex Conison, Kathryn Hampton,
Joseph Howley, Athena Kirk, Isabel Köster, Mary Jean McNamara, Amy
Burghardt Muehlbauer, Julie Park, and Jessica Seidman.
I am thankful to Alice Wright, who steered my manuscript through the review
process at Bloomsbury, as well as her colleagues Lily Mac Mahon and Georgina

x
 Acknowledgments xi

Leighton. My many thanks go to the publisher’s anonymous reviewers, whose

comments, suggestions, and criticisms have greatly improved the manuscript.
I gratefully acknowledge the gift of dedicated time to complete the manuscript
afforded by the Career Enhancement Fellowship for Junior Faculty from the
Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation and the Andrew W. Mellon
Foundation, as well as a Faculty Research Award from the Professional Staff
Congress, the union that represents CUNY faculty members and staff.
It is a pleasure to acknowledge and thank my family, without whom I never
would have gotten this far. First, my parents, Calvin and Florence Lu, have loved
and encouraged me, always. Stephen and Grace, Apphia, Matthias, and Junia Lu
have provided much cheer in trying times. Peter Lu has supported the
development of this book at every stage. I owe so much to Joy Gavin for the
loving care that she has given to my daughter Madeleine since her infancy,
allowing me to devote time and attention to Heracles. I am grateful every day for
Maddie and Aaron, and the joy they have brought into our lives. And finally, I
thank my husband Dave, without whose dedicated support and steadfast love I
would not have reached this finish line. It is to him that this book is dedicated.
xii
 Introduction

In the ancient Greek world, violence defined the actions of its heroes. This is
demonstrated nowhere else as clearly as in the myths of Heracles. He was by far
the most popular of all mythological heroes; his fame was widespread,
encompassing the whole of the Greek world, preceding the origin of writing
and lasting for centuries. Narratives about Heracles form a rich and varied
mythological tradition. At its core are the Labors: he defeats threatening beasts
and grotesque monsters, punishes law-breaking villains, and imposes order
upon a chaotic world. Through his incredible skill, endurance, and courage, he
accomplishes seemingly impossible acts that exceed mortal limitations. For
these victories and for his strength, he was celebrated in literature, the arts,
politics, philosophy, and cult. And as the only hero to obtain immortality and an
afterlife on Mount Olympus with his father Zeus, Heracles occupies a uniquely
lofty place in Greek mythology. He comes to take on a position as an aspirational
figure in, for example, the genre of epinician poetry, his role as the patron of
athletes and the gymnasium, and his status as alexikakos, or “averter of evils.”
But the vast range of Heracles’ myths also includes stories in which he wields
his strength towards less celebrated ends: he murders his own family in a fit of
madness, destroys an entire city on a dubious pretext, and dares to attack the
gods themselves. He also frequently plays the buffoon, a stupid glutton enslaved
to a voracious appetite for food, drink, and sex; this Heracles is ripe for mockery
and subject to laughter that brings him low. In these myths, his violence can be
presented as troubling and problematic, making Heracles an example to avoid.
Heracles is thus a figure of great contrast, characterized by excessiveness in all
directions.
His exploits share in common a reliance on heroic violence. Just as Heracles’
myths illustrate the extremities of heroic behavior, they also reveal the unsettled
nature of heroic violence. In the hands of extraordinary individuals like heroes,
violence can bring about communal benefit, through the elimination of threats
to safety and harmony. Yet it can also result in grievous harm, through anti-social

1
2 The Violent Hero

behavior or uncontrollable impulses that injure the innocent, create disorder,

and transgress social norms, leaving a legacy of destruction in its wake. The
widespread recognition that Heracles earns for his deeds positions him as an
ideal lens for exploring the ambivalence of heroic violence.
The changing depictions of Heracles and his use of violence are the subject of
this study, which draws its evidence from the literature and art of Greece from
the seventh to fifth centuries bce . Through an investigation of a variety of roles
Heracles serves across multiple genres, this study articulates the motifs that
constitute an episode of violence, motifs that can be shaped and constructed to
influence the evaluation of the use of violence. Furthermore, through the shifting
evaluations of violence, different frameworks for understanding violence emerge:
depending on the episode, Heracles’ violence can appear as an appropriate means
to a legitimate end, or as a manifestation of an internal, unstable character, or
something on a spectrum between these two poles. In confronting the range of
the hero’s violent behavior, poets and artists also explore methods of constraining
heroic force, whether through interpersonal relationships and social values, the
conventions of competition, the authority of the gods, or even laughter. Yet the
persistence of Heracles’ problematic violence demonstrates how the figure of
Heracles inherently, and stubbornly, resists reform. The project of taming
Heracles, then, is a never-ending struggle, one that also reflects the unstable
relationship of the extraordinary individual with both his enemies and his own
community.

On Violence

The study of violence is central to several fields of inquiry and is marked by a

diversity of scholarly approaches. For example, the last decade has seen a surge
of public interest in the historical development of violence, as seen in the
blockbuster success of (and debates generated by) Steven Pinker’s The Better
Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined Over Time (2011).1 The
landmark sociological study traces the influences that have caused various
measures of violence to decrease on a per capita basis to the present day. Pinker’s
thesis remains controversial, but the work, which begins with the ancient
civilizations of Greece, Mesopotamia, and Asia, eloquently demonstrates the
importance of understanding the place of violence in the ancient world: a rich
knowledge of the role of violence in the past is essential to the assessment of our
modern existence.
Another Random Scribd Document
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Burberi, 164

Bureeja, 165

Burrh, 157

Burruntaaki, 171

Buryara, 170

Bussunti, 180

Butaer, 137

Butch, 146

Butchudder, 142

Butela, 136

Buthua, or Pasthuk, 135

Byll, 196

Bylla, 197

Byrumbseerjella, 168

C.

Catoombura, 37

Chaab, 340

Chachoondur, also Chulde, 357

Chakoth, 347

Chakussoo, 342
Chalkurie, 348

Champa, or Chumpuk, 385

Changerie, 349

Charai, or Charwolie, 344

Cheea, or Cheetkeh, 433

Cheebook, 350

Cheedah, 426

Cheehuræ, 421

Cheel, 430

Cheenah, 427

Cheenuk, 423

Cherie, 408

Cherkund, 416

Cheetah, 429, 432

Cheetul, 428

Chehtaon, 404

Chellwuk, 376

Cherakakoli, or Chershookla, also Chermudera, 406

Cherayta, also Punsaal, 362

Chereela, 414

Chermbærie, 386
Chesteymud, Chestee, also Chitemud, 364

Chetuck, 352

Cheylchish, 377

Chichinda, also Chunchilund, 356

Chikara, 366

Chillie, 378

Chirchirra, 358

China, also Chituck, 360

Chirownjee, 361

Chirpoota, 359

Chirr, 413

Chitchera, or Chichira, also Chirchira, 351

Chœkurk, 370

Chohara, 412

Choke, 396

Choocheroo, 418

Choonderdhan, or Jowdhan, also Rukitsaal, 407

Chouch, 403

Chowlai, or Chowrai, 397

Chukadana, 374

Chukeerka, 369
Chukond, 371

Chukora, 367

Chukotrah, 372

Chukua Chukui, 368

Chukunder, 365

Chumbeley, 384

Chumbuck, 389

Chumgader, 382

Chunderkanth, 390

Chundun, 392

Chundunsarba, 393

Chundurseha, 417

Chundsoor, 391

Chuttra, 354

Chuttar Phill, 355

Coochilla, 712

D.

Daad Murden, 446

Dabeh, 441

Dakh, 445
Daoodie, 440

Darhuld 438

Darma, also Soombulkhar, 444

Darmee Saar, 443

Darum, 442

Datoon, also Danth, or Danti, 439

Deodar, also Déodarie, 475

Deomun, 476

Dhadahwun, 462

Dhaie, 470

Dhak, 467

Dhamin, or Dhunoon, 460

Dhanqie, or Dhaoie 471

Dhatura, 465

Dhaw, 463

Dhawa, 464

Dhawnie, 472

Dheerukmola, 473

Dhendus, 474

Dholkudum, 468

Dhumaha, 469
Dhunia, 466

Dhunjawasa, 461

Doob, also Shittbára, 455

Doodee, 457

Doodhee, also Dukdòka, 456

Doodka, 459

Doódputeya, 458

Dooparia, 447

Dukdoka, 452

Dumna, also Dawna, 453

Dundundana, 454

Durba, 449

Durbhur, 450

Dusmool, 451

Dutchina Virna, 448

G.

Gajur, 676

Geerehti, 816

Geerguth, 726

Gehoon, 850
Geroo, 851

Ghafis, 660

Ghar, 661

Ghareekoon, 663

Ghasool, 662

Ghekwaar, or Ghwar, 827

Gheyd, 835

Ghirb, 664

Ghoghaie, 658

Ghora, 820

Gillo, 754

Godoon, 793

Goh, 801

Gokhroo, also Kunthphill, 803

Gomenduk, 788

Goobrowla, also Goobreyla, 694

Goodhul, 718

Googeerun, or Gugeeroo, 752

Googul, 809

Gooha, 811

Goolkhairoo, 756
Goolur, 812

Gooma, 789

Goondinie, 810

Goond, 768

Goondroo, or Goonderuk, 808

Goondur, 776

Goonma, 813

Goongchee, 828

Goor, 731

Goorcha, 786

Gooroochna, or Gooroochun, 785

Gota, 805

Gowrbaghan, 792

Gowrdun, also Sutpootrie, 787

Gowreh, 659

Gowrohun, 671

Gowruk, 794

Goww, 790

Gowdunta, 804

Gudjpepullie, also Gudjpeepul, 710

Gudha, 716
Gudloon, 717

Gugundool, 751

Gulbar, 755

Gumbhar, 764

Gundheel, 775

Gundhka, 783

Gundhur, 782

Gunduk, 780

Gunyar, 769

Gurehri, 723

Gyndha, 837

H.

Habooka, 1052

Haimowtie, 1051

Haloon, 1025

Harsinghar, also Hursinghar, 1024

Harun, 1031

Heeng, 1047

Heera, 1050

Heeraclokhi, 1048
Heerakussees, 1049

Hhoobaer, 1046

Hingool, 1053

Hingote, 1042

Hingpootrie, 1044

Hoolhool, 1040

Hoorhoora, 1027

Hudbjora, 1026

Huldee, also Huld, 1038

Huldia, 1039

Huldoo, 1041

Huns, 1045

Hunspeedie, 1043

Hurbarbeorhi, 1033

Hurr, 1032

Hurtaal, 1029

Hurunkherie, or Hurunkhoorie, 1028

Husthal, 1035

Husthchinkhar, 1037

Husthkool, 1034

Husthuk, 1036
Hyrbee, 1030

I.

Inderain, 74

J.

Jaal, 345

Jaie Puttrie, 341

Jaiey, 346

Jaiphill, 343

Jamalgotay, 383

Jamin, 338

Jatie, 339

Jawakhar, 402

Jawansa, 395

Jeengha, 409

Jeepaul, 431

Jeewuk, 422

Jeewung, also Buthua, 425

Jeewuntie, or Jeéwúnie, or Jéwá, 424

Jest, 363

Jhirberie, 419

Jholputtur, 405

Jhow, 415

Jill Benth, 379

Jill Butees, 380

Jill Neeb, 381

Jillpeelbuka, 375

Jojakhar, 411

Joonk, 400

Jooqunoo, 373

Juhan, 401

Juhi, 398

Jungliechuha, 388

Junkar, 410

Junth, 394

Junthmook, 387

Jutamaasie, 353

Juwar, 399

Jyaphupp, 420
K.

Kagphill, or Kagtoondie, 675

Kaiphill, or Kutphill, 677

Kakjunga, 665

Kakolie, 667

Kakra Singie, 673

Kaksaag, 668

Kalakora, 685

Kalesur, or Kulesur, 688

Kalizeerie, 679

Kalseenbie, 682

Kanakutchoo, 674

Kanch or Kaatch, 678

Kandagolhi, 690

Kangeerug, 681

Kanghi, 689

Kanjee, 670

Kans, 666

Kansi, 682
Kapithar Jug, 696

Kapoor, 691

Kapoorbile, 693

Kapoor Kutcherie, 698

Kapoorie, 699

Karela, 733

Kareyl, 721

Karunj, 722

Karownda, 720

Kasht, 680

Kasmerie, or Kasmuroo, or Kasmurga, or Kasheera, 669

Kastipadile, 687

Katchloon, 686

Kath, also Kuth, 672

Kathmanda, 684

Kawaal, 798

Kawul, 765

Kawulguth, 766

Keekur, or Babool, 848

Keera, or Kheera, 824

Keet, or Keetie, 849

Keetkarode, 847

Kela, 846

Keloondha, 760

Kenkra, 838

Keora, 843

Kesur, or Kunkum, 839

Kethki, 844

Kewanch, 845

Khaer, also Cudder, 815

Khand, 825

Khaperia, 823

Khelowrie, 829

Kherboozah, 436

Khergosh, 435

Kherie, 817

Khesoo, 833

Khewumberie, 832

Khopra, 831

Khorasanee (Adjwain), 25

Khull, 830

Khusa, also Osheére, 437

Khutchur, 434

Khutmnl, 821

Khylakhylie, 826

Khynth, 834

Kinchua, 836

Kobhee, 791

Kokla, 800

Kookra, 748

Kookrie, 749

Kooktunduk, 819

Kookurbangra, 807

Kookurchundie, 806

Kooleejan, 758

Koolunta, 759

Koonch, 796

Koonda, also Pita, 814

Koondoorie, 773

Koonj, 795

Koonja, 778

Koontukphill, also Kuntukanta, 771

Kootki, 701
Kora, 735

Korund, 730

Kowa, also Koral, 799

Kowadoorie, 802

Kowla, 767

Kowrie, 797

Krishndaan, 724

Krishn Moolie, 738

Krishn Saarba, 739

Kubab Cheenee, 697

Kudum, 715

Kujoor, 822

Kukora, 747

Kukrie, 750

Kukrownda, 753

Kukrownela, 746

Kulownjee, 761

Kulumbuk, 757

Kumbeela, 779

Kumode, or Komoodutti, 762

Kumruk, or Kumruka, 763

Kunaer or Kurneer, 777

Kundurdolie, 772

Kunghi, 784

Kungni, 774

Kunkole, 770

Kunoocha, 781

Kupass, or Kurpass, 696

Kupoor, also Khesia, 692

Kurinjua, or Korinjeka, or Kurinjee, 728

Kurkund, 734

Kurkura, 727

Kurna, 719

Kurni, 736

Kurr, 732

Kurrukphill, 737

Kurwanuk, 725

Kurwara, or Kurwala, 729

Kussees, 745

Kusseroo, or Kusseruk, 741

Kussoombh, 743

Kussowndie, or Kussownda, 740

Kustoorie, 744

Kustooryea Mirg, 742

Kutai, 704

Kutara, 702

Kutchaloo, 709

Kutcherie, 713

Kutchnar, 708

Kutchoor, 714

Kutchua, 711

Kuteera, 703

Kuth, 707

Kuthael, 700

Kutoonbur, 705

Kutputrie, 706

Kyloot, 842

Kyrnie, 818

Kyte, 840

Kytiputtrie, 841

L.

Laak, 852
Lahi, 853

Lahsun, 875

Lahusoonia, 877

Langullie, 854

Lasora, 876

Lawa, 855

Lichkutch, also Lukitch, 861

Lichmiphill, 860

Lichmuna, 859

Lobaan, 869

Lobeia, 874

Lodh, 864

Loha, 867

Lolie, 871

Lomrie, 872

Long, 868

Longmushk, 873

Loni, 870

Loodh’phup, 863

Loonia, 866

Lubhera, 855
Lublie, or Lolie, 856

Lukmunia, and Lukmunie, 862

Lutoobrie, also Soonitjhal, 857

Lydoaloo, 858

M.

Maachik, 884

Maad, 882

Maak, also Maash, 881

Maankund, 886

Maashpurnie, also Makonie, 890

Maat, 889

Madhooie, 879

Mahameed, 961

Maha Moondie, 953

Mahaneem, 957

Mahasutawurie, 959

Mahawunth, 960

Mahawur, 962

Mahesingie, 888

Mahkee, 955
Mahwa, 954

Maien, 883

Majoophill, or Maijphill, 885

Malknagnie, 878

Malook, 887

Maoarowbnee, 880

Mayoorabuka, 965

Mayursuka, 964

Meed, 971

Meetanioboo, 972

Mendha, 966

Mendi, 958

Mendi Auwul, 963

Merch, 909

Merchai, 910

Merg, 906

Mernal, 912

Methie, 968

Missie, also Kakjunga, 914

Mogra, 951

Mohoka, 956
Mohuk, 936

Mokhun, 937

Moocherae, 935

Moodukpurnie, 901

Moogta Sukut, 921

Moogtaphill, 927

Moojkuod, 896

Mookul, 944

Moolie, or Moolug, 945

Moom, 943

Moondie, 927

Moondookpurnie, 930

Moong, 938

Moonga, 947

Moonjee, 933

Moora, 905

Moorhurrie, 904

Moorhuttee, 908

Moorsheka, 950

Mooser, 934

Mooslee, or Mooslicund, 949

Moot, 932

Morba, 941

More, 940

Moth, 939

Motha, 942

Motie, 946

Mowlserie, 899

Muchechi, 898

Mucheli, 893

Mudden, 894

Muddenphill, 948

Mudh, 900

Mudhkurkuttie, 903

Mudhoolka, 902

Mudhraa, 897

Mug Peepul, 920

Muggur, 918

Mujeeth, 895

Mukbara, also Mukhana, 923

Muko, 919

Mukoond, 917
Mullagheer, 924

Mulleen, 926

Mulleka, 925

Mundar, 931

Munn, 928

Munmal, 929

Murdok, 979

Murorphillie, 913

Mursa, 911

Murua, 907

Musakunie, 952

Musoor, 915

Mustchagundka, 916

Muttreegurba, 892

Muttur 891

Mydhasingie, 969

Mynphill, 967

Myoorjung, 970

N.

Naaœ, 983
Nadey, 980

Nagermotha, 981

Nagbulla, 982

Nagdown, 977

Nagdumnie, 978

Nagesur, 976

Nainjooth, 1018

Nalee, or Narie, 973

Naringee, 975

Naryit, 974

Neeb, 1015

Neel, 1013

Neela Sindhuk, 1010

Neela Totha, 1005

Neelgau, 1017

Neelasabood, 1014

Neelkant, 1008

Neelkunti, 1019

Neelobe, 1016

Neenboo, 1013

Neendie, 1009
Neenuk, 1006

Neeturbala, 1004

Nekund Baaperi, 998

Nemuk Chitchera, 993

Nemuk Kutchloon, 995

Nemuk Sœndha, 997

Nemuk Soonchur, also Nemuk Sia, 994

Nemuk Udhbidh, 996

Nergoondie, 986

Nerkutchoor, 985

Newarrie, 1001

Newla, 1007

Neyrmellie, 987

Nirbissie, 984

Niswut, 988

Nowllee, 1003

Nowsader, 1002

Nuk, 989

Nukchecknie, 990

Null, or Nullie, 992

Nullwa, 991