Control and coordination
Control and coordination
Answer. Iodine stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxin hormone. Deficiency of this
hormone results in the enlargement of the thyroid gland. This can lead to goitre.
Q. Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes its growth. Where it is synthesized ?
Answer. Plant hormone that promotes growth is auxin. It is synthesized at the tip of the plant stem.
Answer.
(i) Gustatory receptors – these are sensitive to taste
(ii) Olfactory receptors – these are sensitive to smell.
Q. Name the part of the brain which controls posture and balance of the body.
Answer. Cerebellum in hind-brain controls the posture and balance of the body.
Q. Mention the part of the body where gustatory and olfactory receptors are located.
Answer. Gustatory receptors are located in Cerebrum of fore-brain. Olfactory receptors are located
in Olfactory lobe of fore-brain.
Q. Smita’s father has been advised by a doctor to reduce his sugar intake.
1. Name the disease he is suffering from and name the hormone whose deficiency is? ,
2. Identify the gland that secretes it and mention the function of this hormone.
3. Explain how the time and amount of secretion of this hormone is regulated in human
system.
Answer.
Q. State the functions of plant hormones. Name four different types of plant hormones.
Answer. Plant hormones help to coordinate growth, development and responses in environment.
Four different types of plant hormones are – Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene and Abscisic
acid.
1. Auxins control the tropic (growth related) movements of the plants in response to light, gravity,
touch etc by increasing the size of cells. Under the influence of auxins, the plant stem bends
towards unidirectional light where as the roots bend away from it.
2. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation and leaf expansion. Its application causes stem
elongation in small plants such as cabbage. Spraying gibberellins on sugarcane plant increases
the stem size and hence the yield.
3. Cytokinins are produced in regions of the plant body where rapid cell division occur, such as
root tips, developing shoot buds, young fruits and seeds. Cytokinins promote growth by
stimulating cell division. They also help in production of new leaves and chloroplasts in leaves.
4. Ethylene causes ripening of the fruits.
5. Abscisic acid inhibits (i.e., slows down) the growth in different parts of the plant body. It also
inhibits germination of seeds. It increases the tolerance of plant to different kinds of stresses
such as temperature changes. So, it is also called the stress hormone in plants. It also causes
the drying and falling of older leaves, flowers and fruits.
Answer.
(a) Brain is covered by a three layered membrane called meninges. In between the layers of
meninges and brain, cavity fluid named Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) is filled. The hard skull covers the
meninges. Thus Meninges, CSF and Skull protects our brain for a certain extent.
(b) Two main parts of hind-brain are — Medulla and Cerebellum. Their functions are:
Medulla : Involuntary actions such as blood pressure, salivation and vomiting.
Cerebellum : It is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and maintaining the posture and
balance of the body.
Q. (a) Draw the structure of neuron and label cell body and axon.
(b) Name the part of neuron:
(i) where information is acquired
(ii) through which information travels as an electrical impulse.
Answer.
Q. (a) Which plant hormone is present in greater concentration in the areas of rapid cell
division?
(b) Give one example of a plant growth promoter and a plant growth inhibitor.
Answer.
(a) Cytokinin is present in greater concentration in the areas of rapid cell division.
(b) An example of a plant growth promoter is gibberellins and example of a plant growth inhibitor is
abscisic acid.
Q. A potted plant is made to lie horizontally on the ground. Which part of the plant will
show
(i) positive geotropism?
(ii) negative geotropism?
Answer.
(i) Root (ii) Shoot.
Q. Mention the function of the hind-brain in humans.
Answer. Hind brain controls respiration, cardio-vascular reflexes and gastric secretions.
It also modulates the motor commands initiated by the cerebrum.
Q. A young green plant receives sunlight from one direction only. What will happen to its
shoots ?
Answer. Shoots will bend towards the light and roots away from the light.
Q. Name the plant hormones which help/promote (i) cell division (ii) growth of
the stem and roots?
Answer. Thyroxine hormone regulates the carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body so
as to provide the best growth balance.
Q. Name two tissues that provide control and coordination in multicellular animals.
Answer. The two tissues that provide control and coordination in multicellular animals are nervous
and muscular tissues.
Answer.
(i) Movement on the touch-sensitive plant.
Q. (i) Name the hormones that are released in human males and females when they reach
puberty.
(ii) Name a gland associated with brain. Which problem is caused due to the deficiency of
the hormone released by this gland ?
Answer.
(i) Testes in males produces hormone testosterone.
Ovaries in females produces hormone oestrogen.
(ii)Pituitary gland present in the brain is responsible for body growth, development of bones and
muscles (if excess-gigantism) (if less-dwarfism).
Q. Name, the two main organs of our central nervous system. Which one of them plays a
major role in sending command to muscles to act without involving thinking process?
Name the phenomenon involved.
Answer. The two main organs of CNS are brain and spinal cord.
Spinal cord plays a major role in sending command to muscles to act without involving thinking
process. This phenomenon is called reflex action.
Answer. Testes secrete male sex hormone called testosterone. The function of testosterone is to
regulate male accessory sex organs and secondary sexual characters like moustache, beard and
voice.
Q. Name and explain the function of the hormone secreted by the pituitary gland in
humans.
Answer. Hormones secreted by pituitary gland alongwith their functions are:
Q. What are ‘nastic’ and ‘curvature’ movements? Give one example of each.
Answer. Nastic movements: These are non-directional movements which are neither towards nor
away from the stimulus. Example: Dropping of leaves.
Curvature movements: In such movements plant organs move towards or away from the stimulus.
Example: Bending of shoot towards a source of light.
Q. Write the name and functions of any two parts of the human hind-brain.
Answer. Any two parts of human hind-brain with their functions are as follows:
(i) Cerebellum, which controls the coordination ofbody movement and posture. (ii) Medulla
oblongata, which regulates the centre of swallowing, coughing, sneezing and vomiting.
Answer. Plant hormones can be defined as a chemical substance which is produced naturally in
plants and are capable of translocation and regulating one or more physiological processes when
present in low concentration. .
Two important functions of auxin are that it promotes cell elongation, root formation, cell division,
etc.
Q. State how concentration of auxin stimulates the cells to grow longer on the side of the
shoot which is away from light ?
Answer. When light falls on the side of the shoot auxin diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot.
This concentration of the auxin stimulates the cell to grow longer on the side of the shoot which is
away from light. Thus plant appears to bend towards light.
Q. What is synapse ? In a neuron cell how is an electrical impulse created and what is the
role of synapse in this context ?
Answer. A synapse is the gap between the two neurons. Here the axon terminal of one neuron is in
close proximity to the dendrite of the second neuron. When a nerve impulse reaches the knob like
nerve ending of an axon, a tiny amount of a chemical substance is released in the synapse. This
chemical substance is called as the neurotransmitter. At synapse the electrical signals converted into
chemicals, that can easily cross over the gap and pass on to the next neurons where it again
converted into electrical signals.
Q. Draw neat diagram of human brain and label on it the following parts :
(i) Midbrain (ii) Pituitary gland
Answer.
Answer.
(i) Positive phototropism: shoots growing towards light.
(ii)Negative phototropism: roots growing away from light towards ground.
(iii) Positive geotropism: growth of roots towards earth due to the pull of the earth.
(iv)Negative geotropism: shoots growing away from the earth.
(v) Hydrotropism: roots growing towards the source of water.
(vi)Chemotropism: growth of pollen tubes towards the ovules.
Answer.
(a) Stimuli is responsible for the movement of the plant parts towards or away from it. This
movement is called as Tropic Movement.
Phototropism: movement of plant towards or away from the light. Geotropism: movement of plant
parts towards the earth or away from it. Hydrotropism: movement of plant parts towards or away
from any source of water.
(b) Both the brain and the spinal cord are protected by bone: the brain by the bones of the skull and
the spinal cord is protected by a set of ring-shaped bones called vertebrae. They are both cushioned
by layers of membranes called meninges as well as a special fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid
helps to protect the nerve tissue to keep it healthy, and remove waste products.
(c) Pituitary gland present in the brain is known as the master gland.
Q. List in tabular form three differences between nervous control and chemical control.
Answer.
Q. Which organ secretes a hormone when bloo’d sugar rises in our body? Name the
hormone and name one enzyme released by this organ.
Answer. Pancreas secretes a hormone when blood sugar rises in our body. Insulin is the hormone
released by this organ and the name of the enzyme is pancreatic juice.
Q. (a) Explain how auxins help in bending of plant stem towards light.
(b) State the objective of the experiment for which experimental set-up is shown in the
given diagram.
Answer.
(a) In plant shoots, the role of auxin is to cause a positive phototropism, i.e. to grow the plant
towards the light. When light is incident on a plant from one direction, it causes the auxins to
redistribute towards the shaded side of the plant. One function of auxin is to cause cell elongation.
The redistribution causes the cells on the shaded side to elongate more than those on the side with
the light shining on them. This causes the shoot to bend towards the light.
(b) The objective of the experiment is to show phototropic movement of plant.
Q. What causes a tendril to encircle or coil around the object in contact with it is? Explain
the process involved.
Answer. When a tendril comes in contact with any support, the part of the tendril in contact with
the object does not grow as rapidly as the part away of the tendril away from the object. This cause
the tendril to circle around the object and thus, cling to it.
Q. Name any three endocrine glands in human body and briefly write the function of each
of them.
Answer.Three endocrine glands with their function in human body are as follows:
1. Thyroid gland : It secretes a hormone called thyroxine which regulates the metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body and so provide the best balance for nutrients and
mental ability.
2. Adernal gland : It secretes two hormones—adrenalin and corticoid hormones regulate blood
pressure, heartbeat, breathing rate and carbohydrate metabolism.
3. Pancreas: It secretes two hormones—insulin and glucagon. Insulin hormone lowers the blood
glucose level. Glucagon hormone increases the blood glucose level.
Q. Which part of the brain controls involuntary actions? Write the function of any two
regions of it.
Answer. Hind-brain controls the involuntary actions. Cerebellum controls the coordination of body
movement and posture. Medulla oblongata regulates center for swallowing, coughing, sneezing and
vomiting.
Q. What is chemotropism? Give one example. Name any two plant hormones and mention
their functions.
Answer. Chemotropism is the movement of a part of the plant in response to a chemical stimulus. It
can be positive chemotropism or negative chemotropism. Example: The growth of pollen tube
towards a chemical which is produced by an ovule during the process of fertilisation in a flower.
Two plant hormones with their functions are as follows:
Auxins promote cell elongation, root formation, cell division, respiration and other physiological
processes like protein synthesis, etc.
Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation, seed germination and flowering.
Q. State the functions of any three of the structural and functional unit of nervous system.
Answer. The structural and functional unit of nervous system, i.e. neuron with their functions are as
1. Cell body: Stimulus received from dendrite is changed into impulse in the cyton.
2. Dendrites: They receive sensation or stimulus, which may be physical or chemical.
3. Axon: It conducts impulse away from the cell body.
Answer. ‘Hydrotropism’ is the directional growth of a plant part in response to water. For example,
roots show hydrotropism as they grow towards water in the soil and are positively hydrotropic.
An experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism is as follows:
1. A porous pot filled with water is taken and inserted in a tub filled with dry sand.
2. A freshly germinated pea seedling is sowed in the sand.
3. As water is not available in sand, the root growing will bend towards the porous pot filled with
water.
4. A hydrotropic curvature of the root is observed as it grows towards water.
5. This bending of root shows the movement in response towards water.
Q. What are ‘hormones’? State one function of each of the following hormones:
(i) Thyroxine (ii) Insulin
Answer. Hormones are the chemical substances which coordinate and control the activities of living
organisms and also their growth. The term hormone was introduced by Bayliss and Starling.
(i) Function of Thyroxine: This hormone regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.
(ii) Function of insulin: This hormone helps in regulating sugar level in the blood.
Q. What is the function of receptors in our body? Think of situation where receptors do not
work properly. What problems are likely to arise?
Answer. Receptors are present in our all parts of the body for example in skin, eye, nose tongue
etc. They detect the signals and then send them to brain in the form of electrical signals. If these
receptors are damaged then it they will not detect the input which leads to the harm for our body in
dangerous situation.
Q. What is a reflex action? Describe the steps involved in a reflex action.
Answer.
Reflex action: Jt is defined as an unconscious, automatic and involuntary response of effectors, i.e.
muscles and glands, to a stimulus, which is monitored through the spinal cord.
Mechanism of reflex action : It involves the following steps:
1. Receptor organ like skin perceives the stimulus and activates a sensory nerve impulse.
2. Sensory organ carries message in the form of sensory impulse to the spinal cord.
3. The spinal cord acts as modulator : The neurons of spinal cord transmit the sensory nerve
impulse to motor neuron.
4. Motor never conducts these impulses to the effectors like leg muscles which responds by
pulling back the organ away from the harmful stimulus.
Q. List the components of reflex arc in correct sequence. State in brief the role of brain in
reflex action.
Answer. The reflex arc pathway is shown in the flow chart as follows:
The Reflex arc does not involve brain. It minimises the overloading of brain.
Q. (a) Name the two main constituents of the Central Nervous System in human beings.
(b) What is the need for a system of control and coordination in human
beings?
Answer. (a) The two main constituents of the Central Nervous System in human beings are the
brain and the spinal cord.
(b) A living being does not live in isolation. It has to constantly interact with its external environment
and has to respond properly for its survival. For example; when a hungry lion spots a deer, the lion
has to quickly make a move so that it can have its food. On the other hand, the deer needs to
quickly make a move to run for its life. The responses which a living being makes in relation to
external stimuli are controlled and coordinated by a system; especially in complex animals. So,
control and coordination . is essential in maintaining a state of stability and a steady state between
the internal conditions of an organism and the external environment.
Q. What is meant by reflex-action ? With the help of a labelled diagram trace the sequence
of events which occur when we touch a hot object.
Answer. Stimulus: In the example above, the stimulus is the contact with the hot pot. This contact
causes a nerve impulse that will travel to the spinal cord via the sensory neurons.
Sensory neurons: These neurons carry the nerve impulse to the spinal cord. Similar to the
interneuron and motor neuron, sensory neurons receive incoming impulses at the dendrites. The
impulses move away from the cell body along the axon to the synaptic terminal where the impulse is
sent to the next interneuron with the help of a neurotransmitter (acetylcholine). Interneurons: The
interneuron is also known as relay neuron. These neurons are fully contained in the central nervous
system. The interneuron serves as the connection between the sensory neurons and the motor
neurons. Synapse: The synapse is a tiny space between two neurons. When an impulse gets to the
end of one neuron and has to be sent down to the next neuron, the synapse acts as a bridge. The
signal arrives at the end of one neuron (close to the synapse) as an electrical signal, crosses the
synapse as a chemical signal (with the help of a neurotransmitter known as acetylcholine released by
the synaptic vesicles at the synaptic terminal) and continues as an electrical signal in the next
neuron.
Motor neurons: These neurons send nerve impulses away from the central nervous system to
effector organs or muscle fiber in our example above. This causes the muscle fiber to contract,
resulting in you snatching your hand away from the hot pot.
Response: To respond to the stimulus of the reflex arc, the muscle needs to contract to pull the hand
quickly away from the hot pot. For this to happen, the impulse travels to the synaptic terminal of the
motor neuron. Synaptic vesicles at the synaptic . terminal will then release acetylcholine which will
cross the synapse and bind to the receptors on the muscle fibers to trigger the muscle contraction
known as the ‘response’.
Q. (a) Name the hormone which is released into the blood when its sugar level rises.
Explain the need of Chemical communication in multicellular organisms the organ which
produces this hormone and its effect on blood sugar level. Also mention the digestive
enzymes secreted by this organ with one function of each.
(b) Explain the need of Chemical communication in multicellular organisms.
Answer.
(a) Glucose is needed by cells for respiration. It is important that the concentration of glucose in the
blood is maintained at a constant level. Insulin is a hormone produced by the a-cells that regulates
glucose levels in the blood.
In order for multicellular organisms to function properly, their cells must communicate. For instance,
your muscles must contract when your brain sends a message to contract.
Pancreas produces insulin and p-cells which increase glucose in blood. It also – produces digestive
enzyme (pancreatic amylase).
(b) Cell-to-cell signaling is a critical component of coordinating cellular activities. Through this
communication, messages are carried from signaling cells to receiving cells, also known as target
cells. This signaling occurs with proteins and other types of signaling molecules. Other things which
happens in our body due to cell communication are – growth and development, cellular reproduction,
tissue repair, sensing pain, etc.
Q. State the structural and the functional unit of the nervous system. Draw its neat
labelled diagram and write two functions.
Answer. The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron.
The functions of the neuron are:
(a) Passing of information takes place-
(i) By electric impulse (inside the neuron) and
(ii) In the form of chemicals (At synapse)
(b) Reflex action- spontaneous, involuntary and automatic response to a stimulus to protect us from
harmful situations. For example, on touching a hot object unknowingly we instantly withdraw our
hand.
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