Intoduction to Mat. Charac. Met.
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sara.aghaeinejadIntoduction to Mat. Charac. Met.
Uploaded by
sara.aghaeinejadMET 337E
Materials Characterization
Methods
Bora Derin
Murat Baydoğan
Serdar Özgen
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GRADING
Midterm I: 30%
Midterm II: 30%
Final Exam: 40%
TOTAL 100%
Minimum mean grade of “Midterm I and II”
required for Final and two additional make-up
exams is 30.
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The course will start at 09:00
The first midterm exam is scheduled
for Wednesday, November 18th at
09:00
On Zoom
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Material is anything made of matter,
constituted of one or more substance.
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Materials science is an interdisciplinary field applying the properties of
matter to various areas of science and engineering.
This scientific field investigates the relationship between the structure of
materials at atomic or molecular scales and their macroscopic properties.
It incorporates elements of applied physics and chemistry.
materials science
tetrahedron
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The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
For example: Precious metal alloys for dental applications, Molten Salts for
Nuclear Applications, Adhesion Promoters, Electronic Devices, Coatings etc
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic,
optical, deteriorative.
2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition.
3. Material Identify required Processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping, forming,
joining, annealing.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fr5eDxiYqEs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L24Wf0VlTE0
Turbine blades are
designed for optimum
aerodynamics and mass
center location, and
constitute of advanced
metal alloy castings and
composites to increase
strength, resist extreme
temperature, and avoid
corrosion.
Terms of Mechanical Failures?
Ductile or brittle fracture, flaws, crack propagation, 10
fracture toughness, Fatigue, Creep
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Six Major Classes of Materials
• Some of these have descriptive subclasses.
• Classes have overlap, so some materials fit into more than one class.
• Metals
• Iron and Steel
• Alloys and Superalloys (e.g. aerospace applications)
• Intermetallic Compounds (high-T structural materials)
• Ceramics
• Structural Ceramics (high-temperature load bearing)
• Refractories (corrosion-resistant, insulating)
• Whitewares (e.g. porcelains)
• Glass
• Electrical Ceramics (capacitors, insulators, transducers, etc.)
• Chemically Bonded Ceramics (e.g. cement and concrete)
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Six Major Classes of Materials
• Polymers
• Plastics
• Liquid crystals
• Adhesives
• Electronic Materials
• Silicon and Germanium
• III-V Compounds (e.g. GaAs)
• Photonic materials (solid-state lasers, LEDs)
• Composites
• Particulate composites (small particles embedded in a different material)
• Laminate composites (golf club shafts, tennis rackets etc)
• Fiber reinforced composites (e.g. fiberglass)
• Biomaterials (really using previous 5, but bio-mimetic)
• Man-made proteins (cytoskeletal protein rods or “artificial bacterium”)
• Biosensors (Au-nanoparticles stabilized by encoded DNA for anthrax detection)
• Drug-delivery colloids (polymer based) 13
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Properties of Materials
One goal of materials engineering is to select materials with suitable properties for a
given application, so it’s a sensible approach.
An alternative to major classes, you may divide materials into classification
according to properties.
1. mechanical properties – measure the response to a load (force)
(e.g. tensile strength, elastic modulus, brittleness, toughness, fatigue)
2. electrical (dielectric) properties – measure the response to an electric field
(e.g. conductivity, capacitance, ferroelectric,piezoelectric, pyroelectric properties)
3. thermal properties – measure the response to heat
(e.g. melting temperature, thermal conduction)
4. magnetic properties – measure the response to a magnetic field
(e.g. Permeability, paramagnetic,diamagnetic and ferromagnetic properties)
5. optical properties – measure the response to electromagnetic or light radiation
(e.g. index of refraction, absorption, reflection, and transmission)
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6. deteriorative properties – measure the response to environmental factors
including moisture, oxygen, uv radiation.
Properties of Materials
What makes above properties so changeable from a material
to another?
-Atoms
-Chemical Bond
- Crystallographic Structure
-Surface Tension
-Density
-Size
-etc….
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Materials Characterization represents many different disciplines
depending upon the background of the user.
These concepts range from that of the scientist, who thinks of it in
atomic terms, to that of the process engineer, who thinks of it in
terms of properties, procedures, and quality assurance, to that of
the mechanical engineer, who thinks of it in terms of stress
distributions and heat transfer.
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The definition selected for the ASM-International Materials Characterization
Handbook is as follows:
"Characterization describes those features of composition and structure
(including defects) of a material that are significant for a particular preparation,
study of properties, or use, and suffice for reproduction of the material."
This definition limits the characterization methods included in the Handbook to
those that provide information about composition, structure, and defects and
excludes those methods that yield information primarily related to materials
properties, such as thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties.
Taken from Metals Handbook Ninth Edition, Volume 10: Materials
Characterization, ASM Handbook Committee, ASM-International, Metals Park, 18
Ohio.
Materials Characterization
An important aspect of materials science is the characterization
of the materials that we use or study in order to learn more
about them.
Today, there is a vast array of scientific techniques available to
the materials scientist that enables this characterization.
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Multiple Length Scales Critical in Engineering
In Askeland and Phule’s book, from J. Allison and W. Donlon (Ford Motor Company) 20
Why do Materials Characterization?
• Learn about a material
• Learn about a process
• See why something went wrong
• Competitive analysis
• Authenticity testing
• QA/QC / process checks
• Develop a reference / standards library
Learn to use an instrument really well!
Otherwise, you can easily be wrong
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Industries Served
• Semiconductor (electronics)
• Magnetic storage (disks/drives)
• Biomedical device (biomaterials)
• Thin films (material coatings)
• Chemical / plastics (polymers)
• Clean energy technology (PV)
• Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG)
• …..
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Micrographia, 1665
By Robert Hooke
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See you next week at 9 am
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