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Munir Ozturk · Khalid Rehman Hakeem
Editors

Plant and
Human Health,
Volume 3
Pharmacology and Therapeutic Uses
Plant and Human Health, Volume 3
Munir Ozturk • Khalid Rehman Hakeem
Editors

Plant and Human Health,

Volume 3
Pharmacology and Therapeutic Uses
Editors
Munir Ozturk Khalid Rehman Hakeem
Vice President of the Islamic World Department of Biological Sciences
Academy of Sciences Faculty of Science
Amann, Jordan King Abdulaziz University
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Botany and Centre for
Environmental Studies
Ege University
Izmir, Izmir, Turkey

ISBN 978-3-030-04407-7    ISBN 978-3-030-04408-4 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04408-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018954546

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors
or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims
in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Volume 3 is dedicated to the greatest
naturalist and one of the greatest Chinese
herbalists and acupuncturists.

Lǐ Shízhēn (1518–1593)
His epic book, the Bencao Gangmu or
Compendium of Materia Medica, is a major
contribution to medicine. He was interested
in the proper classification of herb
components.
Foreword

This volume 3 of the book series Plant and Human Health is focused on the phar-
macological and therapeutic uses of some of the most important medicinal plants.
This volume is edited by well-known researchers in the field, Prof. Dr. Munir Ozturk
and Dr. Khalid Rehman Hakeem. These competent editors have assembled an
impressive group of authors to contribute 16 scholarly written chapters on various
medicinal plants and their biological activities.
Medicinal plants have played an important role in human well-being since antiq-
uity. Even today, 25% of the marketed drugs originate from plants and other natural
resources. The global business of botanicals exceeds over 100 billion dollars, with
ever increasing upward trends. Global interest in natural products, particularly
medicinal plants, has led to major scientific research in this field, and it is often dif-
ficult to keep track of the tremendous amount of literature published. Therefore, a
concise treatise, like the current volume focusing on the health benefits of medicinal
plants, is a welcome addition to the literature.

vii
viii Foreword

The editors and contributors to this volume are to be congratulated for their excel-
lent efforts in producing such a high-quality and timely text on a topic of wide scien-
tific and public interest. The book should be useful in advanced undergraduate and
graduate courses in pharmacognosy, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, phytother-
apy, and phytochemistry. Moreover, specific chapters will serve as helpful contempo-
rary reviews for established and beginning researchers in the therapeutic areas
covered.

Iqbal Choudhary
International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
University of Karachi
Karachi, Pakistan
Preface

The major diseases of the twenty-first century in the developed countries are
reported as age-related and viral diseases, cardiovascular failures, and psychiatriac
disorders, whereas in the developing countries, these are listed as infectious, tropi-
cal, and nutrition-related diseases. A report published by the journal Nature in 2008
says that the side effects of commonly used drugs like aspirin and ibuprofen cause
7000 deaths and over 120,000 hospitalizations every year in the USA alone.
Overdose of acetaminophen is a leading cause of acute liver failure, causing 10% of
all cases of kidney failure. Similarly medicines like paxil, zoloft, and prozac pro-
mote obesity. Nearly 70% of patients with chronic daily headaches suffer from
drug-induced headaches. Sleeping pills interfere with normal sleep cycles, produce
numerous side effects, and are addictive. In Sweden, one of the highly developed
countries, adverse drug reactions are the seventh most common cause of death.
Every year, 8 million humans are treated in hospitals due to side effects of the medi-
cines sold with prescriptions. The other side of this story reveals that only 14 of the
1,400 new medicines developed during the last three decades are used for the treat-
ment of diseases of the poor.
Around 1.4 billion people in South Asia alone have no access to modern health
care and rely on traditional medicine using native species. On global basis, approxi-
mately 50,000–80,000 plants are used medicinally to fight life-threatening diseases
like diabetes, asthma, hypertension, HIV, and diarrhea in different countries. For
every sort of illness, people have looked for medicines from nature in particular
plants. Currently traditional knowledge of herbal medicine is used with the clarity
that scientific research can provide. We need information to go back to nature to
produce different health curing plants.
Herbal medicine is gaining wide currency and acceptability. Documentation of
valuable indigenous knowledge about MAPS is assuming urgent priority, due to
recent controversies of illegal biopiracy. Indigenous people and local communities
are holders of a rich knowledge about nature and related technical know-how.
Precious indigenous knowledge, when supplemented and validated by the latest
scientific insights, can offer new holistic models of sustainable development—­
economically viable, environmentally benign, and socially acceptable. Every lost
species means the loss of information hidden in its genes.
ix
x Preface

Our nature is full of new drugs, and we have endless frontiers waiting for us
there. Biodiversity is the outward manifestation of chemical diversity. Developing
countries are slowly realizing that they do not have means to provide comprehensive
health care to their masses, and they have started to become more interested in tra-
ditional medicines. This has lead towards more acceptance of phytotherapy. The
demand of plant-­based medicines for age-related disease (autoimmune, degenera-
tive diseases) and preventive medicines (antioxidants, edible vaccines, nutritional
therapy, etc.) will become very important. In the developing countries, large num-
bers of the population are unable to afford pharmaceutical drugs, and they continue
to use their own systems of indigenous medicine, which are mainly plant based.
There is a great need to harness scientific and clinical research in order to investi-
gate the quality, safety, and efficacy of these herbals.
About 2 million taxa of plants and animals have been scientifically named up
until now. The estimates are that we possess up to ~10 million. Only 5–15% of
plants have been properly studied for biological activity. One in every group of 125
plant taxa contains useful pharmaceuticals. The inventory of 21,000 plants used for
medicinal purposes in 91 countries compiled by the WHO depicts that less than
10,000 taxa have been investigated for therapeutic purposes.
The objectives of bioprospecting plants for medical activity include screening of
flora in particular plants used ethnobotanically or in traditional indigenous systems
of medicine for utilizable therapeutic activity. It must not be forgotten that natural
products which result from millennia of biosynthetic pathways modified by evolu-
tion have a well-established track record as medicinal agents and present a wide
range of structural diversity. Drug development through natural product research is
not without its problems, and there is, for example, a need to eliminate common
natural products from plant extracts prior to testing. Researchers can play a useful
role in this area if they have information available to start with. A key to discovering
successful natural remedies is knowing what you are doing and why. Current
research in drug discovery from medicinal plants involves a multifaceted approach
combining botanical, phytochemical, biological, and molecular techniques.

Izmir, Turkey Munir Ozturk

Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Khalid Rehman Hakeem
Contents

Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects

of Licorice: A Review������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    1
Nazim A. Mamedov and Dilfuza Egamberdieva
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) in Turkmenistan: Medicinal
and Biological Aspects ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������   23
Svetlana A. Pleskanovskaya, Maya A. Mamedova,
Mehri A. Ashiraliyeva, Volkan Altay, and Munir Ozturk
Chemical Composition and Biological Uses of Artemisia absinthium
(Wormwood) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   37
Rahil Razzak Bhat, Muneeb U. Rehman, Ambreen Shabir,
Manzoor U. Rahman Mir, Anas Ahmad, Rehan Khan,
Mubashir Husaain Masoodi, Hassan Madkhali, and Majid Ahmad Ganaie
Dietary Phytochemicals and Their Potential Effects
on Diabetes Mellitus 2������������������������������������������������������������������������������������    65
Rajbala Singh, Imran Kazmi, Muhammad Afzal, Faisal Imam,
and Khalid Saad Alharbi
Antianxiety Activities Associated with Herbal Drugs: A Review��������������   87
G. Mustafa, S. H. Ansari, Z. A. Bhat, and A. S. Abdulkareim
Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Arthritis ������������������������������������������ 101
Shakir Saleem, Riqaiyah Khan, Imran Kazmi,
and Muhammad Afzal
Herbal Medicine in Diabetes Mellitus with Cardiovascular Diseases������ 139
Salih Tunc Kaya, Celal Guven, and Eylem Taskin
Protective Role of Medicinal Herb Anethum Graveolens (Dill)
Against Various Human Diseases and Metabolic Disorders���������������������� 181
Furkhan Ahmed Mohammed, Syed Shoeb Razvi, Waseem Mohammed Abdul,
Kaleemuddin Mohammed, Khalid Rehman Hakeem,
Babajan Banaganapalli, Noor Ahmad Shaik, and Ayman I. Elkady
xi
xii Contents

Fern to Pharma: Potential Neuroameliorative Properties

of Pteridophytes �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 195
Girish Chandran, S. R. Smitha Grace, and Jyoti Bala Chauhan
Ajwa Dates: A Highly Nutritive Fruit with the Impending
Therapeutic Application�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 209
Muqtadir Baig Mirza, Fareeduddin Quadri Syed, Fazal Khan,
Ayman I. Elkady, Atef M. Al-Attar, and Khalid Rehman Hakeem
An Insight of Multitudinous and Inveterate Pharmacological
Applications of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel)���������������������������������������������� 231
Fareeduddin Quadri Syed, Muqtadir Baig Mirza,
Ayman I. Elkady, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, and Saleh Alkarim
Anti-sickling Herbs���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 255
Shweta Jain, Ankur Vaidya, Kamal Shah, Durgesh
Nandini Chauhan, and Nagendra Singh Chauhan
Pharmacology and Toxicology of Nepeta cataria (Catmint)
Species of Genus Nepeta: A Review�������������������������������������������������������������� 285
Ajay Sharma, G. A. Nayik, and Damanjit Singh Cannoo
Chemistry and Pharmacology of Guggulsterone: An Active
Principle of Guggul Plant������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 301
Musadiq Hussain Bhat, Mufida Fayaz, Amit Kumar,
and Ashok Kumar Jain
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Approaches
of Traditional Alternate Cassia occidentalis L.�������������������������������������������� 321
M. Ali, S. H. Ansari, Sayeed Ahmad, Syeda Sanobar,
Arshad Hussain, Shah Alam Khan, Md Sarfaraz Alam,
Md Sajid Ali, Md Faruque Ahmad, and Khalid Rehman Hakeem
Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. Phytochemical and Bioactive
Profile Compilations of Less Discussed but Effective
Naturally Growing Saudi Plant�������������������������������������������������������������������� 343
M. Ali, Hassan Ahmad Alhazmi, S. H. Ansari, Arshad Hussain,
Sarfaraz Ahmad, Md Sarfaraz Alam, Md Sajid Ali,
Karam A. El-Sharkawy, and Khalid Rehman Hakeem
Salvadora persica L.: A Medicinal Plant
with Multifaceted Role in Maintaining Oral Hygiene�������������������������������� 353
Waseem Mohammed Abdul, Kaleemuddin Mohammed,
Furkhan Ahmed Mohammed, Syed Shoeb Razvi, Babajan
Banaganapalli, Noor Ahmad Shaik, and Khalid Rehman Hakeem

Index���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 373
Contributors

A. S. Abdulkareim Phytochemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmacognosy

and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
Waseem Mohammed Abdul Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of
Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Muhammad Afzal Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf
University, Sakaka, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Anas Ahmad Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology,
Habitat Centre, Mohali, Punjab, India
Md Faruque Ahmad Department of Clinic Nutrition, College of Applied Medical
Sciences, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
Sarfaraz Ahmad Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan
University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Sayeed Ahmad Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Jamia
Hamdard, New Delhi, India
Md Sarfaraz Alam Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan
University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
Atef M. Al-Attar Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Khalid Saad Alharbi Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf
University, Sakaka, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Hassan Ahmad Alhazmi Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of
Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
M. Ali Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University,
Jizan, Saudi Arabia

xiii
xiv Contributors

Md Sajid Ali Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan

University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
Saleh Alkarim Department of Biological Science, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Volkan Altay Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Hatay Mustafa
Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
S. H. Ansari Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
Mehri A. Ashiraliyeva State Medical University of Turkmenistan, Ashgabat,
Turkmenistan
Babajan Banaganapalli Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Center of Excellence in
Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Musadiq Hussain Bhat School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior,
MP, India
Rahil Razzak Bhat Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary
Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sheri Kashmir University of Agricultural Science
and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Z. A. Bhat Depatment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir,
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Damanjit Singh Cannoo Department of Chemistry, Sant Longowal Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India
Girish Chandran Biochemistry, Department of Lifesciences, Pooja Bhagavat
Memorial Mahajana Education Centre, Post Graduate Wing of SBRR Mahajana
First Grade College, Metagalli, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
Durgesh Nandini Chauhan Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh,
India
Jyoti Bala Chauhan Biochemistry, Department of Lifesciences, Pooja Bhagavat
Memorial Mahajana Education Centre, Post Graduate Wing of SBRR Mahajana
First Grade College, Metagalli, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
Nagendra Singh Chauhan Drugs Testing Laboratory Avam Anusandhan Kendra,
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Dilfuza Egamberdieva Faculty of Biology and Soil Sciences, National University
of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Contributors xv

Ayman I. Elkady Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King

Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Karam A. El-Sharkawy Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of
Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Mufida Fayaz School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, MP, India
Majid Ahmad Ganaie Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
Celal Guven Biophysics Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Omer
Halisdemir, Nigde, Turkey
Khalid Rehman Hakeem Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science,
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Arshad Hussain Department of Pharmacognosy, King Khalid University, Abha,
Saudi Arabia
Faisal Imam College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ashok Kumar Jain Institute of Ethnobiology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, MP,
India
Shweta Jain Pharmacy College, Sir Madanlal Group of Institute, Etawah, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Salih Tunc Kaya Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of
Duzce, Duzce, Turkey
Imran Kazmi Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Fazal Khan Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Kamineni Hospital,
Hyderabad, India
Rehan Khan Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology,
Habitat Centre, Mohali, Punjab, India
Riqaiyah Khan Department of Pharmacology, Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy,
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Shah Alam Khan Department of Pharmacy, Oman Medical College, Muscat,
Sultanate of Oman
Amit Kumar Institute of Ethnobiology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, MP, India
Hassan Madkhali Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
Maya A. Mamedova State Medical University of Turkmenistan, Ashgabat,
Turkmenistan
xvi Contributors

Nazim A. Mamedov Medicinal Plants Program, Stockbridge School of Agriculture,

University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
Mubashir Husaain Masoodi Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of
Applied Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Muqtadir Baig Mirza Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science,
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Furkhan Ahmed Mohammed Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of
Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Kaleemuddin Mohammed Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science,
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Princess Al-Jawhara Albrahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary
Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
G. Mustafa Herbal Cosmetics and Immunomodulatory Lab, Department of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New
Delhi, India
G. A. Nayik Department of Food Engineering & Technology, Sant Longowal
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India
Munir Ozturk Vice President of the Islamic World Academy of Sciences, Amann,
Jordan
Department of Botany, Centre for Environmental Studies, Ege University, Izmir,
Turkey
Svetlana A. Pleskanovskaya State Medical University of Turkmenistan, Ashgabat,
Turkmenistan
Manzoor U. Rahman Mir Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of
Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sheri Kashmir University of Agricultural
Science and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Syed Shoeb Razvi Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Muneeb U. Rehman Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary
Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sheri Kashmir University of Agricultural Science
and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Shakir Saleem Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Mirzapur Pole,
Dist -Saharanpur, UP, India
Department of Pharmacology, Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India
Syeda Sanobar Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan
University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
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