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 Quick Functional
Programming
Why learn functional programming? Isn’t that some compli-
cated ivory-­tower technique used only in obscure languages like
Haskell?

In fact, functional programming is actually very simple. It’s also

very powerful, as Haskell demonstrates by throwing away all the
conventional programming tools and using only functional pro-
gramming features. But it doesn’t have to be done that way.

Functional programming is a power tool that you can use in addi-

tion to all your usual tools, to whatever extent your current main-
stream language supports it. Most languages have at least basic
support.

In this book, we use Python and Java and, as a bonus, Scala. If you
prefer another language, there will be minor differences in syntax,
but the concepts are the same.

Give functional programming a try. You may be surprised

how much a single power tool can help you in your day-­to-­day
programming.
Quick Functional
Programming

David Matuszek
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 David Matuszek
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but
the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all
materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have
attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this
publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged
please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be
reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work,

access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
(CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works
that are not available on CCC please contact mpkbookspermissions@tandf.
co.uk
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent
to infringe.
ISBN: 978-1-032-41532-1 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-41531-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-35854-1 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003358541
Typeset in Minion
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
 To all my students,
past, present, and future.
Contents

About the Author, xi

Preface, xiii

Chapter 1   ◾    What Is Functional Programming? 1

Chapter 2   ◾    Methods and Functions 5

2.1 Methods 6
2.1.1 Methods in Python 6
2.1.2 Methods in Java 7
2.1.3 Methods in Scala 9
2.2 Function Literals 10
2.2.1 Function Literals in Python 11
2.2.2 Function Literals in Java 12
2.2.3 Function Literals in Scala 13
2.3 Sorting Examples 14
2.3.1 Sorting in Python 14
2.3.2 Sorting in Java 16
2.3.3 Sorting in Scala 18

vii
viii   ◾   Contents

Chapter 3   ◾    Higher-Order Functions 21

3.1 Higher-Order Functions in Python 22
3.2 Higher-Order Functions in Java 25
3.3 Higher-Order Functions in Scala 27

Chapter 4   ◾    Functional Interfaces in Java 31

4.1 Single Abstract Methods 31
4.2 Anonymous Inner Classes 32
4.3 Defining Functional Interfaces 33
4.4 Method References 34
4.5 The Other Method Reference 37
4.6 Provided Functional Interfaces 38
4.6.1 IntPredicate 38
4.6.2 Function Composition 39
4.6.3 Predicates Again 41
4.6.4 Unary Operators 42
4.6.5 More Functions and Operators 43
4.6.6 Suppliers and Consumers 44

Chapter 5   ◾    If Expressions 47

5.1 If Expressions in Python 47
5.2 If Expressions in Java 48
5.3 If Expressions in Scala 49

Chapter 6   ◾    Comprehensions 51

6.1 List Comprehensions in Python 52
6.2 Comprehensions in Java 54
6.3 For Expressions in Scala 54
6.4 For Comprehensions in Scala 57
 Contents   ◾   ix

Chapter 7   ◾    Closures 59

7.1 Closures in Python 60
7.2 Closures in Java 61
7.3 Closures in Scala 63
7.4 Closure Example 64

Chapter 8   ◾    Currying 67

8.1 Currying in Python 69
8.2 Currying in Java 71
8.3 Currying in Scala 72

Chapter 9   ◾    Function Composition 75

9.1 Function Composition in Python 75
9.2 Function Composition in Java 77
9.3 Function Composition in Scala 78

Chapter 10   ◾    Optional Values 79

10.1 Optional in Python 80
10.2 Optional in Java 80
10.3 Option in Scala 81

Chapter 11   ◾    Lists 83

11.1 Recursion 84
11.2 Lists in Python 86
11.3 Lists in Java 87
11.4 Lists in Scala 87

Chapter 12   ◾    Streams 91

12.1 Generators in Python 92
12.2 Streams in Java 92
x   ◾   Contents

12.3 Numeric Streams in Java 95

12.4 Streams in Scala 95

Chapter 13   ◾    Important Functions 97

13.1 Important Functions in Python 98
13.2 Important Functions in Java 99
13.3 Important Functions in Scala 102
13.4 Additional Functions in Scala 105

Chapter 14   ◾    Pipelines 107

14.1 Pipelines in Python 109
14.2 Pipelines in Java 110
14.2.1 Intermediate Operations 110
14.2.2 Terminal Operations 112
14.2.3 Collectors 114
14.2.4 Example 115
14.3 Pipelines in Scala 116

Chapter 15   ◾    Summary and Final Examples 119

15.1 Examples in Python 120
15.2 Examples in Java 122
15.3 Examples in Scala 123

Afterword 125

Index, 127
About the Author

I ’m David Matuszek, known to most of my students as “Dr.

Dave.”

I wrote my first program on punched cards in 1963 and immedi-

ately got hooked.

I taught my first computer classes in 1970, as a graduate student in

Computer Science at The University of Texas in Austin. I eventu-
ally got my PhD from there, and I’ve been teaching ever since.
Admittedly, I spent over a dozen years in industry, but even then,
I taught as an adjunct for Villanova university.

I finally escaped from industry and joined the Villanova faculty

full time for a few years and then moved to the University of
Pennsylvania, where I directed a Master’s program (MCIT,
Masters in Computer and Information Technology) for students
coming into computer science from another discipline.

Throughout my career, my main interests have been in artificial

intelligence (AI) and programming languages. I’ve used a lot of
programming languages.

I retired in 2017, but I can’t stop teaching, so I’m writing a series

of “quick start” books on programming and programming

xi
xii   ◾   About the Author

languages. I’ve also written two science fiction novels, Ice Jockey
and All True Value, and I expect to write more. Check them out!

And hey, if you’re a former student of mine, drop me a note. I’d

love to hear from you!

[email protected]
Preface

Y ou probably think that functional programming (FP) is

something dreamed up by ivory-­ tower academics using
obscure languages that few people understand.

You’re right.

You probably think that those weird languages such as Haskell,

Standard ML, and OCaml are never going to be very popular with
ordinary programmers.

Right again.

But did you notice…

• That ivory-­tower academics are some pretty smart people?

• That the programming language you use every day, what-
ever it is, is getting more FP features?

“Pure” functional programming, abandoning all the conventional

programming techniques, really is difficult. But you don’t have to
do that. Think of it this way: Conventional programming consists
of a collection of hand tools, and FP adds a power tool to the mix.
Just one—it doesn’t do everything, and you still need all the other
tools (unless you’re an ivory-­tower academic), but where you can
use it, it saves a lot of work.
xiii
xiv   ◾   Preface

Here’s a spoiler: FP will let you replace many of your loops with
shorter, simpler, easier to understand function calls. Yes, there’s
some unfamiliar syntax involved, but it’s just syntax, and you can
get used to it very quickly. The new concepts, the parts you might
think are the most difficult, turn out to be trivially simple.

You may be surprised how much a single power tool can help you
in your day-­to-­day programming.

FP is coming into prominence now because it is a far better way to

write concurrent programs, suitable for multi-­core computers.
However, this is only a book about functional programming, not
about concurrent programming; that would require a far larger
volume.

Each chapter after the first begins with an explanation of some

particular concept of functional programming. After that, there
are sections exemplifying that concept in each of three languages.

• Python, because it is a simple, widely known language.

Python has only a few of the most basic FP features.
• Java, because it is widely known and has many of the FP
features. The developers of these features have done an
awesome job in fitting these features into a language that
was never designed to hold them.
• Scala, which has been designed from the ground up to be
both object oriented and functional, and therefore provides
the cleanest and most complete set of FP features.

I have tried to make this book accessible to programmers who

do not know Python or Scala. The FP features of these languages
can be understood without an in-­depth knowledge of the language
in which they occur. Unfortunately, no such claim can be made
for Java.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
as they went, when they would again face the enemy, and, coming within
gunshot, fire again.
They were so confident of success that they did not attempt to save
their own camp, which was the objective point of the soldiers; and they
did not realize their dangerous position until they found that their terrific
onslaught on our lines did not in the least impede the progress of the
troops.
Soon the artillery was brought up, and the shells were sent thick and
fast among them. By this time they began to realize that retreat were the
tactics now.
There were 1,600 tepees filled with women and children, with the
usual supply of dogs,—not less than two dogs to a tepee, and such a
stampede.
It was a grand sight in one sense and sad in another. To see this
great, moving mass of 10,000 or 12,000 souls, with their camp
paraphernalia, including dogs and ponies, rushing over the prairie; the
fleeing multitude spread out as far as the eye could reach on either side,
rushing on in mad haste, as though fleeing from the city of destruction. It
was the sight of a lifetime, but sad to contemplate that the sins of some
were being showered upon the heads of the innocent women and
children.
The loss to the Indians in killed was estimated at 100 to 150; the
wounded they carried off the field. The dead were buried in the night in
large trenches, the earth leveled off, and the troops marched away.
The Indians were not satisfied with the result of this engagement;
they naturally would not be. They claimed that the best of their young
men were off hunting for our troops in another direction, and they should
at once call them in and give battle again.
The last six days had been very exciting, and was a nervous strain on
the soldiers. One hundred and seventy-five miles had been made, a battle
of eight hours had been fought, and the camp of Indians destroyed.
The march to the west was resumed over the prairie, with the Knife
Mountains to the north and the Black Hills to the south, looming up in the
distance like great sentinels, standing to contest the approach of
civilization and defying the elements of ages.
In the immediate front, off towards the horizon, was what seemed to
be a level plain,—it was level, but for a little distance, and then broke to
your view what might have inspired a Dante to write a more recent
edition of Inferno; for, as far as the eye could reach, north and south and
for forty miles to the west, the body of the earth had been rent and torn
asunder, as though giant demons, in their infuriated defeat, had sought to
disembowel the earth.
General Sully said of it: “It is hell with the fires put out.”
We are now in the Bad Lands, and it is Sunday,—the Lord’s day, and in
such a region,—where devils had fought. White men’s eyes had probably
never before seen this region, and the Indians were afraid of it; they
looked upon this region as the abode of evil spirits, and that the great
gorges and buttes and yawning chasms were but the product of their
wrath.
The Sunday passed quietly until after noon, when a reconnoitering
party returned and said they had been fired upon by Indians.
About five o’clock on this Sunday General Sully changed the position
of the camp and went four miles farther up the river, in order to be in
better position to prevent a surprise or repel an attack.
The Indians were interested observers, for while this move was being
made 1,000 of them were quietly sitting on their horses on the
surrounding hills, observing.
General Sully, being sick in his tent at this time, the command
devolved upon Colonel Thomas, of the Eighth Minnesota, and to him he
gave orders to “have everything ready to move at six o’clock in the
morning, in perfect fighting order; put one of your most active field
officers in charge of a strong advance guard, and you will meet them at
the head of the ravine, and have the biggest Indian fight that ever will
happen on this continent; and let me further say that under no
circumstances must any man turn his back on a live Indian.”
 On Monday morning, bright and early, on August 8th, 1864, the
columns were formed. The General was in an ambulance at the front, and
in admiration looking up and down the lines of the soldiers who were so
soon to engage the Indians in battle, gave vent to his feelings in words
more expressive than elegant: “Those fellows can whip the devil and all
his angels.”
General Sully himself was unable to go farther, but when he grasped
Colonel Thomas, who was in immediate command, by the hand he said:
“You must make some history to-day.”
“Forward!” and the column is marching out, and not a sound is there
to indicate that its progress will be impeded, as we enter the narrow
gorge, only wide enough for a wagon trail. Almost an hour passes in
steadily climbing up the narrow and secluded way, and when near the
head of the gulch, from the beautiful stillness of the morning the
pandemonium of war broke loose.
The artillery advanced in a gallop, and, in position, soon commenced
planting shells among the redskins. This was followed up by the steady
advance of the dismounted men, who pressed their lines, and they
commenced to fall back. The General, sick though he was, and in the
ambulance, could not endure being there when the fight was going on, so
he ordered up his horse and, mounting, rode to the front, but nature
resisted, and he was obliged to dismount, which he did, and seating
himself on a boulder, with his field glass took in the whole situation.
Colonel Thomas, who was in command, hearing that the General was on
the field, sought him out and said: “I am ready to advance, sir.”
The General, pointing his hand toward a range of hills, said: "Go
ahead, you will find the camp beyond those buttes; hold your men well in
hand, push the Indians; they will fight for their families; protect your
flank, and I will protect the rear.”
The fight went on; the wounded were sent to the rear, and for twelve
miles we drove the Indians from point to point, but darkness came on
before their camp was reached.
In the bivouac at night the scene was a varied one. At the roll-call
there were names not answered, for the unerring arrow and Indian bullet
had done its work. At the next muster it would be necessary to mark after
some name: “Killed in battle in the Bad Lands August 8th, 1864,” or, “died
of wounds received from Indians in battle in the Bad Lands August 8th,
1864,” for there were 109 killed and wounded on this day.
The wounded received proper attention at once, and the other
soldiers, well tired out with the day’s fighting and marching, were soundly
sleeping and dreaming of home.
There were 8,000 warriors engaged in this battle, and as nearly as
could be estimated they lost 350 killed and from 600 to 800 wounded. It
was a bloody battle, and the field was named by the Indians Waps-chon-
choka.
The Indians, after this decisive battle, broke up into small bands and
went in every direction, so that the soldiers, as an army, could not well
follow them.
The war had ended so far as the Indians were concerned, but there
was another fight on hand. Bad water and lack of rations are not a happy
condition of affairs, and the soldiers had to look this square in the face.
And hot! The tongues of some of the men were so swelled from thirst
and heat that they could not talk. The animals suffered equally with the
men, and in numerous instances it became necessary to put them out of
their misery by blowing out their brains.
And thus things went on from day to day until August 12th, when glad
news came from one of the scouts, who came riding back and frantically
waving something in his hands. It was simply a little chip of wood, and
why should this create such unbounded joy among a lot of war-begrimed
veterans? It was freshly cut and evidently came from the steamboat men,
as it was borne down on the bosom of the cool waters of the longed-for
Yellowstone.
The weary soldiers, thirsting and starving, viewed this little harbinger
of plenty with delight, and their strength began to return as they
increased their step in the march toward the river.
O, that beautiful river:—“The Nectar of the Gods.” How life-inspiring its
fluid, as discipline was forgotten and joy and happy shouts took the place
of misery in the command.
 The thirst was slaked, and now for something to eat, for soldiers, poor
mortals, get very hungry, and how often they longed for some good
home-made bread and sugar and cream for coffee. And pies; well, our
mouths used to fairly water for pies. But, on this especial occasion,
almost anything would do, for the boys were awfully hungry, and the
commissary was like “Old Mother Hubbard’s” cupboard—empty.
There were timber bottoms a little way down the river full of elk and
black-tailed deer, so the Indians informed us.
A detail was made, and the hunters went out in search of game, and
before night they returned with the evidence of their day’s hunt with
them. They were like the spies sent out in Bible times, who came back
laden with grapes, and reported that the country which they had explored
was rich, and flowed with milk and honey.
So, too, our soldier-hunters said the bottom lands were alive with elk
and deer; and, by the next night, the luscious ribs and steaks were
sizzling in the blaze, and hunger was being appeased as well as the thirst
had been.
The war being practically over, the several commands returned by
various routes to the points from whence they came, and were at once
ordered South to take their places in some of the other armies. The
campaigns of 1862, ’63 and ’64 were successfully carried out, and we will
recapitulate our desires, our journeyings, our hopes and our fears and our
rejoicings in another chapter, and bid you adieu.
 Examining theColors After the
Campaign.

CHAPTER XLIV.
CONCLUSION.
In writing this narrative my mind has been refreshed and incidents
and the names of persons almost forgotten come to me—they press on
my memory.
I am able to recall many, but to specify them would unduly lengthen
this book. There was one important character, however, whom I had quite
forgotten at the proper time, and in this concluding chapter must make
mention of him.
Pierre Bottineau came originally from the Selkirk settlement, and in
1837 made a claim near St. Anthony Falls.
I was with him upon the plains of Dakota in 1857, and in his way he
was a remarkable man. On one occasion the party got lost in a furious
storm and we knew that war parties of Chippewas were roaming over the
prairie and it was not any way too healthy to be in the region we
supposed we were wandering in. We halted to hold a council and Pierre
said: “As soon as the stars come out I can locate.” So we waited and
waited for the storm to pass over. The night was pitchy dark, but in time
the stars came, when Pierre laid flat down on the ground, face up, and
for perhaps half an hour surveyed the heavens and located our wandering
feet. We were soon on the right trail for our camp, which was forty or fifty
miles away.
Pierre was one of General Sibley’s principal scouts during the several
campaigns against the Indians in 1862 and 1863. He died some years
ago, and speaking of his death reminds me of others prominent in these
military operations who have gone beyond the river.
The two generals, Sibley and Sully, are gone, and of the field and
staff, I can recall Colonel John T. Averill, of the Sixth Minnesota, who was,
after the war, member of Congress. Adjutant Snow and Quartermasters
Carver and Gilbert, Colonels Stephen Miller and Wm. R. Marshall, both
honored by Minnesota by electing them to chief executive—they, with
Lieut. Colonel Bradley and all of the Seventh; Colonel Robert N. McLaren,
of the Second Cavalry, and Major Hatch, of the battalion bearing his
name, and Captain John Jones, of the famous battery. These are among
some of the chiefs who have been called.
Among the line of officers and the rank and file, it would be a mighty
host, and it saddens my heart when I think of them, so I will desist and
conclude by reminding you of the invitation extended and briefly
recapitulate our journeyings.

READER: The invitation extended to you to accompany us on a

military expedition into the Indian country has been accepted. It was
under exciting circumstances, when the whole country was surcharged
with alarm, and for good cause.
The Indians, cruel, relentless, revengeful, and with determination,
were murdering innocent men, women and children, and but for the
friendly offices of a faithful few, whose hearts were whiter than their
skins, the death list and list of horrors would have been far greater; and it
is for these few we speak when we say there are good Indians other than
dead ones; and Minnesota could not do a more appropriate thing to-day
than erect a monument to the memory of Old Betz, Other Day, Chaska
and others, who risked their lives to save their white friends from the
tomahawk of their more vengeful brethren, and who did so much to
alleviate the sufferings and to relieve the anxiety of the captive prisoners.
You went with us to besieged New Ulm and Fort Ridgely; helped bury
the dead at Redwood; marched with us and went into camp and endured
the thirty-six hours of anxiety and suffering at Birch Coolie; helped bury
the dead and care for the wounded there; returned with us to Fort
Ridgely; took part in the battle at Wood Lake, where the Indians were
defeated; shared our joys when we liberated the women at Camp
Release; helped arrest, shackle and guard the Indians; witnessed the
execution of thirty-eight at Mankato; marched across with the “Moscow
Expedition”; rendezvoused with us at Camp Pope in 1863; marched and
fought Indians with us at Big Mound, Dead Buffalo Lake, Stony Lake and
the Missouri River. You mingled your tears with ours over Beaver’s and
Miller’s graves, as we left them in their loneliness on the bank of the river;
participated in and rejoiced with us all the way on our return, took part in
the campaign of 1864, and now, before bidding you adieu, one question:
Are you satisfied?

THE END.

Transcriber Note
Illustrations moved so as to not split paragraphs. Quotation
usage in quoted letters was standardized.
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