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Signal Processing Lab- Exercices :

Prof. Rachid SAADANE

FATIMA BELALLAM
1EEE 2
Exercise 1: Fundamentals of Signal
Processing
1. Define a signal and its types:
A signal is a function that represents the variation of a physical
quantity over time, space, or another independent variable.
Types of signals:
o Continuous: Defined for all time instances (e.g., sinusoidal
signals).
o Discrete: Defined only at specific time instances (e.g.,
digital signals).
o Deterministic: Can be expressed using a mathematical
formula.
o Random: Varies unpredictably (e.g., noise).

2. Difference between continuous-time and discrete-time

signals:
a-Continuous-time signals: Defined for all t .

b-Discrete-time signals: Defined only at specific values of t .

3.

Periodicity of a signal:
A signal is said to be periodic if it repeats it self identically after a
fixed duration of time, called the period. Mathematically, a signal
x(t) is periodic if:
x(t+T)=x(t) ,∀t
where T>0 is the fundamental period of the signal.

For discrete-time signals, the condition becomes:

x[n+N]=x[n] ,∀n
where N is the fundamental period in terms of discrete time indices.

4. Role of sampling and the Nyquist-Shannon theorem:

Sampling is the process of converting a continuous-time signal
into a discrete-time signal by taking measurements (samples) at
regular time intervals. It is a crucial step in signal processing
because most modern systems, such as digital communication, data
storage, and signal analysis, operate in the discrete domain.

Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem

The Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem provides the fundamental
guideline for sampling a continuous-time signal without losing any
information.

Statement of the Theorem:

If a signal contains no frequencies higher than fmax (the highest
frequency component of the signal), then the signal can be completely
reconstructed from its samples, provided the sampling rate fs satisfies:

fs≥2fmax

Here, fs is the sampling frequency (rate), and 2fmax is called the

Nyquist rate.
 5. Quantization and its associated error:
Quantization converts continuous values into discrete values in a
digital signal.
Quantization error arises from rounding off values, which
introduces noise into the signal.

Exercise 2: Power and Energy

Computations
1. Concets of power and energy:
o Energy (E): The integral of the square of the signal over all
time (E=∫∣x(t)∣2dt).
o Power (P): The average energy per unit time
T
1
( P=Tlim .
→+∞ 2T
∫ ¿ X (t)∨¿2 dt ¿).
−T

2. Energy of the signal x(t)= e-t for t≥0:

+∞ ∞
1
E=∫ (e ¿¿−t) dt ¿= ∫ e
0
2

0
−2 t
dt = 2

3. Average power of x(t)=cos(2πt):

The average power of a periodic signal is:
lim 1 T lim 1 T lim 1 T
1+cos ⁡(4 πt)
P¿ T →+∞
2T
∫ (cos ⁡(2 πt )) ⅆt ¿
2 T →+∞
T
∫ (cos ⁡(2 πt)) ⅆt =
2 T →+∞
T
∫ 2
ⅆt =
−T 0 0
1
2

4. Instantaneous power and its importance:

Concept of Instantaneous Power

Instantaneous power refers to the power of a signal at a specific point

in time. It represents the rate at which energy is delivered or
consumed by the signal at any given instant.
For a signal x(t), the instantaneous power is mathematically expressed
as :

P(t)=∣x(t)∣2
where ∣x(t)∣2 is the square of the amplitude of the signal at time t.

 For real signals, P(t)=x2(t).

 For complex signals, P(t)=∣x(t)∣2=x(t)⋅x∗(t) , where x∗(t) is the
complex conjugate of x(t) .

Significance of Instantaneous Power in Signal Processing

a. Energy Analysis:
Instantaneous power helps in determining the energy of a
signal over a specific duration. The total energy of the signal
can be calculated as:
+∞ +∞

E = ∫ P ( t ) dt= ∫ ¿ X (t)∨¿ dt ¿
−∞ −∞
2

b. Time-Varying Signals:
For non-stationary or time-varying signals, instantaneous
power provides insights into how the signal's energy is
distributed over time. This is crucial for analyzing signals
like speech, music, or radar signals.
c. Signal Quality and Noise Detection:
Monitoring instantaneous power can help detect anomalies,
such as sudden spikes or dips in power, which might
indicate noise, interference, or signal degradation.
d. Power Control in Communication Systems:
In wireless communication, instantaneous power is used to
adjust the transmitted signal power dynamically to maintain
a consistent quality of service while conserving energy.
e. Signal Modulation Analysis:
In amplitude modulation (AM) or other modulation
schemes, instantaneous power provides information about
the varying amplitude of the signal, which encodes the
message.
 f. Safety and System Design:
For electrical systems, analyzing the instantaneous power of
a signal ensures that power levels stay within safe
operational limits to prevent damage to components.

5. Relationship between power, bandwidth, and SNR:

Higher power improves signal quality, increases the signal-to-
noise ratio (SNR), and enhances transmission across the
bandwidth.

Exercise 3: Signal Classification and Representation

1. Classify the signals:
ox(t)=sin(2πt): Periodic .
-αt
o x(t)=x(t)= e : Aperiodic .
o x(t)=δ(t): Aperiodic (Dirac impulse).
2. Even and odd signals:

 Even: x(t)=x(−t) (e.g., x(t)=t2)

 Odd: x(t)=−x(−t) (e.g., x(t)=t).

3. Frequency-domain representation using Fourier transform:

The Fourier transform decomposes a continuous-time signal into
an infinite sum of sinusoidal components, enabling analysis of its
frequency content.

4. Importance of Signal Representation in Communication

Systems :
 +Signal representation allows engineers to analyze and
understand the behavior of signals in various domains

+ Frequency-domain representation helps optimize the use of

bandwidth, which is a limited resource in communication systems.
+By representing signals in different domains , engineers can
identify and mitigate noise or interference more effectively.
+Signal representation aids in designing channels that can
efficiently transmit signals with minimal distortion or loss.

5. Advantages of orthogonal basis functions:

Representing signals using orthogonal basis functions like sine
and cosine waves provides:

 A compact representation of signals.

 Simplified calculations due to orthogonality.
 Better compression and reconstruction of signals .

Exercise 4 : Fourier series computation for periodic

signals :
1. Definition of Fourier Series for a Periodic Signal
∞

x(t)¿ a 0+ ∑ ¿ ¿
n=1

Where:

a0: The DC component (average value of the signal).

an,bn: Fourier coefficients for cos and sin terms, given by:
T T
2 2 πnt 2
a n¿ T ∫ x ( t ) cos ⁡( T ) ⅆt bn=¿ ∫ x ( t ) sin ⁡( 2 πnt
T 0 T
) ⅆt
0

n represents the harmonic number (integer multiples of the

1
fundamental frequency f0= T )
Significance of Fourier Series in Signal Processing

o The Fourier Series breaks down a periodic signal into its

constituent sinusoidal components. Each term represents a
specific frequency, amplitude, and phase, providing a clear
understanding of the signal's frequency content.
o It simplifies the analysis of periodic signals, especially in
communication and control systems, where understanding
the frequency content is crucial.
o Knowing the frequency components of a signal allows
engineers to design filters to isolate or remove specific
frequencies (e.g., noise reduction or bandpass filtering).
o In linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, analyzing how each
frequency component of the Fourier Series interacts with
the system helps predict the overall response.
o The Fourier Series allows for efficient representation and
reconstruction of periodic signals, which is useful in
applications like data compression (e.g., MP3, JPEG).
o The Fourier Series is used to analyze and model periodic
waveforms like AC voltage and current in electrical power
systems.
2.
Since x(t) is odd:

 All cosine terms an=0 because cosine represents even symmetry.

 The DC component a0=0 because the signal has no net offset (the
positive and negative parts cancel out).

Now, compute the sine coefficients bn :

3.