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Modern Operating Systems, 2nd Edition, Chapter 11 course slides

Chapter 11 provides a comprehensive case study of Windows 2000, covering its history, programming, system structure, memory management, and security features. It details the Win32 API, processes and threads management, file system structure, and the implementation of various system functionalities. The chapter also discusses the differences between Windows 2000 and previous versions, as well as the role of device drivers and caching mechanisms.

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2 views

Modern Operating Systems, 2nd Edition, Chapter 11 course slides

Chapter 11 provides a comprehensive case study of Windows 2000, covering its history, programming, system structure, memory management, and security features. It details the Win32 API, processes and threads management, file system structure, and the implementation of various system functionalities. The chapter also discusses the differences between Windows 2000 and previous versions, as well as the role of device drivers and caching mechanisms.

Uploaded by

dave.news03
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 11

Case Study 2: Windows 2000


11.1 History of windows 2000
11.2 Programming windows 2000
11.3 System structure
11.4 Processes and threads in windows 2000
11.5 Memory management
11.6 Input/output in windows 2000
11.7 The windows 2000 file system
11.8 Security in windows 2000
11.9 Caching in windows 2000
1
Windows NT

Some differences between Windows 98 and Windows NT


2
Windows 2000 (1)

Different versions of Windows 2000

3
Windows 2000 (2)

Comparison of some operating system sizes


4
The Win32 Application Programming Interface

The Win32 API allows programs to run on almost all


versions of Windows
5
The Registry (1)

• Top level keys and selected subkeys


• Capitalization has no meaning but follows Microsoft
practice. 6
The Registry (2)

Some of the Win32 API calls for using the registry

7
The Operating System Structure

• Structure of Windows 2000 (slightly simplified).


• Shaded area is executed
• Boxes, D, are device drivers
• Service processes are system daemons 8
Hardware Abstraction Layer

Some of the hardware functions the HAL manages


9
Implementation of Objects (1)

The structure of an object

10
Implementation of Objects (2)

Some common executive object types


managed by the object manager 11
Implementation of Objects (3)

The relationship between handle tables, objects and type objects 12


The Object Name Space

Some typical directories in the object name space


13
Environment Subsystems (1)

Various routes taken to implement Win32 API function calls


14
Environmental Subsystems (2)

• Some key windows 2000 files


– mode they run in
– number of exported function calls
– main contents of each file
• Calls in win32k.sys not formally exported
– not called directly
15
Processes and Threads (1)

Basic concepts used for CPU and resource management


16
Processes and Threads (2)

Relationship between jobs, processes, threads, and fibers


17
Job, Process, Thread & Fiber Mgmt. API Calls

Some of Win32 calls for managing processes, threads and fibers 18


Scheduling (1)

Mapping of Win32 priorities to Windows 2000 priorities

19
Scheduling (2)

Windows 2000 supports 32 priorities for threads 20


Scheduling (3)

An example of priority inversion


21
MS-DOS Emulation

How old MS-DOS programs are run under Windows 2000


22
Booting Windows 2000

• Processes starting up during boot phase


• Those above the line are always started
• Those below are examples of services which could be started
23
Fundamental Concepts (1)

• Virtual address space layout for 3 user processes


• White areas are private per process
• Shaded areas are shared among all processes 24
Fundamental Concepts (2)

• Mapped regions with their shadow pages on disk


• The lib.dll file is mapped into two address spaces
at same time 25
Memory Management System Calls

The principal Win32 API functions for


mapping virtual memory in Windows 2000
26
Implementation of Memory Management

A page table entry for a mapped page on the Pentium

27
Physical Memory Management (1)

The various page lists and the transitions between them


28
Physical Memory Management (2)

Some of the major fields in the page frame data base for a valid page29
Input/Output API Calls

Categories of Win32 API calls


30
Device Drivers

Windows 2000 allows drivers to be stacked 31


File System API Calls in Windows 2000 (1)

• Principle Win32 API functions for file I/O


• Second column gives nearest UNIX equivalent
32
File System API Calls in Windows 2000 (2)

A program fragment for copying a file


using the Windows 2000 API functions
33
File System API Calls in Windows 2000 (3)

• Principle Win32 API functions for directory


management
• Second column gives nearest UNIX equivalent,
when one exists

34
File System Structure (1)

The NTFS master file table 35


File System Structure (2)

The attributes used in MFT records 36


File System Structure (3)

An MFT record for a three-run, nine-block file


37
File System Structure (4)

A file that requires three MFT records to store its runs


38
File System Structure (5)

The MFT record for a small directory.


39
File Name Lookup

Steps in looking up the file C:mariaweb.htm


40
File Compression

(a) An example of a 48-block file being compressed to 32 blocks


(b) The MTF record for the file after compression
41
File Encryption
K retrieved

user's public key

Operation of the encrypting file system


42
Security in Windows 2000

Structure of an access token


43
Security API Calls (1)

Example security descriptor for a file 44


Security API Calls (2)

Principal Win32 API functions for security


45
Caching in Windows 2000

The path through the cache to the hardware


46

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