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Section 6.1: Introduction to Factoring 295

Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

Section 6.1 Introduction to Factoring

1. factor
2. ab + ac = a (b + c ) ⇒ a is a common factor.

3. multiplying
4. prime; multiplication
5. greatest common factor (GCF)
6. grouping

7. Factors of 2 x 2 are 1, 2, x, 2 x, x 2 and 2 x 2 ; factors of 4 x are 1, 2, 4, x, 2 x and 4 x. Therefore,

common factors are 1, 2, x and 2 x.

8. Using common factors from #7 the GCF is 2 x.
9. 2 x = 2 ⋅ x and 4 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⇒ 2 ( x + 2 ). See Figure 9.

10. 6 = 3 ⋅ 2 and 3x = 3 ⋅ x ⇒ 3 ( 2 + x ) . See Figure 10.

Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11

11. z 2 = z ⋅ z and 4 z = 4 ⋅ z ⇒ z ( z + 4 ). See Figure 11.

12. a 2 = a ⋅ a and 5a = 5 ⋅ a ⇒ a ( a + 5 ). See Figure 12.

13. 3 y 2 = 3 y ⋅ y and 12y = 3 y ⋅ 4 ⇒ 3 y ( y + 4 ) . See Figure 13.

Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14

14. 2 z 2 = 2 z ⋅ z and 10 z = 2 z ⋅ 5 ⇒ 2 z ( z + 5 ). See Figure 14.

15. In the expression 3x 2 + 9 x, the terms 3x 2 and 9x both contain a common factor of 3x because

3x 2 = 3x ⋅ x and 9 x = 3 x ⋅ 3. Therefore 3x 2 + 9 x = 3x( x + 3).

16. In the expression 10 y 2 + 2 y, the terms 10 y 2 and 2y both contain a common factor of 2y because

10 y 2 = 2 y ⋅ 5 y and 2 y = 2 y ⋅ 1. Therefore 10 y 2 + 2 y = 2 y (5 y + 1).

17. In the expression 4 y 3 − 2 y 2 , the terms 4 y 3 and −2 y 2 both contain a common factor of 2 y 2

because 4 y 3 = 2 y 2 ⋅ 2 y and −2 y 2 = 2 y 2 (−1). Therefore 4 y 3 − 2 y 2 = 2 y 2 (2 y − 1).

Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

296 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

18. In the expression 6 x 4 + 9 x 2 , the terms 6 x 4 and 9 x 2 both contain a common factor of 3x 2 because

6 x 4 = 3 x 2 ⋅ 2 x 2 and 9 x 2 = 3x 2 ⋅ 3. Therefore 6 x 4 + 9 x 2 = 3x 2 (2 x 2 + 3).

19. In the expression 2 z 3 + 8 z 2 − 4 z , the terms 2 z 3 , 8 z 2 , and −4z all contain a common factor of 2z

because 2 z 3 = 2 z ⋅ z 2 , 8 z 2 = 2 z ⋅ 4 z, and −4 z = 2 z (−2). Therefore 2 z 3 + 8 z 2 − 4 z = 2 z ( z 2 + 4 z − 2).

20. In the expression 5 x 4 − 15 x3 − 10 x 2 , the terms 5 x 4 , − 15 x3 , and −10x 2 all contain a common factor

of 5x 2 because 5 x 4 = 5 x 2 ⋅ x 2 , −15 x3 = 5 x 2 (−3x ), and −10 x 2 = 5 x 2 (−2). Therefore

5 x 4 − 15 x3 − 10 x 2 = 5 x 2 ( x 2 − 3x − 2).

21. In the expression 6 x 2 y − 3xy 2 , the terms 6x 2 y and −3xy 2 both contain a common factor of 3xy

because 6 x 2 y = 3 xy ⋅ 2 x and −3xy 2 = 3xy (− y ). Therefore 6 x 2 y − 3xy 2 = 3xy (2 x − y ).

22. In the expression 7 x3 y 3 + 14 x 2 y 2 , the terms 7x3 y 3 and 14x 2 y 2 both contain a common factor of

7x 2 y 2 because 7 x3 y 3 = 7 x 2 y 2 ⋅ xy and 14 x 2 y 2 = 7 x 2 y 2 ⋅ 2. Therefore

7 x3 y 3 + 14 x 2 y 2 = 7 x 2 y 2 ( xy + 2).

23. 6 x − 18 x 2 ; because 6 x = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x and 18 x 2 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x, common factors are 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⇒

GCF = 6 x and ⇒ 6 x (1 − 3 x ) .

24. 16 x 2 − 24 x3 ; because 16 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x and 24 x3 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x, common factors are

2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⇒ GCF = 8 x 2 and ⇒ 8 x 2 ( 2 − 3 x ) .

25. 8 y 3 − 12 y 2 ; because 8 y 3 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and 12 y 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ y ⋅ y, common factors are

2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⇒ GCF = 4 y 2 and ⇒ 4 y 2 ( 2 y − 3) .

26. 12 y 3 − 8 y 2 + 4 y; because 12 y 3 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and 8 y 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ y ⋅ y and 4 y = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ y,

(
common factors are 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ y ⇒ GCF = 4 y and ⇒ 4 y 3 y 2 − 2 y + 1 . )
27. 6 z 3 + 3z 2 + 9 z; because 6 z 3 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ z ⋅ z ⋅ z and 3z 2 = 3 ⋅ z ⋅ z and 9 z = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ z, common factors are

(
3 ⋅ z ⇒ GCF = 3 z and ⇒ 3z 2 z 2 + z + 3 . )
28. 16 z 3 − 24 z 2 − 36 z; because 16 z 3 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ z ⋅ z ⋅ z and 24 z 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ z ⋅ z and

(
36 z = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ z , common factors are 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ z ⇒ GCF = 4 z and ⇒ 4 z 4 z 2 − 6 z − 9 . )
29. x 4 − 5 x3 − 4 x 2 ; because x 4 = x ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x and 5 x3 = 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x and 4 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x, common factors

are x ⋅ x ⇒ GCF = x 2 and ⇒ x 2 x 2 − 5 x − 4 .( )

30. 2 x 4 + 8 x 2 ; because 2 x 4 = 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x and 8 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x, common factors are 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⇒

Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 6.1: Introduction to Factoring 297

(
GCF = 2 x 2 and ⇒ 2 x 2 x 2 + 4 . )
31. 5 y 5 + 10 y 4 − 15 y 3 + 10 y 2 ; because 5 y 5 = 5 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and 10 y 4 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and

15 y 3 = 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and 10 y 2 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ y ⋅ y, common factors are 5 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⇒

(
GCF = 5 y 2 and ⇒ 5 y 2 y 3 + 2 y 2 − 3 y + 2 . )
32. 7 y 4 − 14 y 3 − 21y 2 + 7 y; because 7 y 4 = 7 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and 14 y 3 = 2 ⋅ 7 ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and

21y 2 = 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ y ⋅ y and 7 y = 7 ⋅ y, common factors are 7 ⋅ y ⇒

(
GCF = 7 y and ⇒ 7 y y 3 − 2 y 2 − 3 y + 1 . )
33. xy + xz; because xy = x ⋅ y and xz = x ⋅ z , common factors are x ⇒ GCF = x and ⇒ x ( y + z ).

34. ab − bc; because ab = a ⋅ b and bc = b ⋅ c, common factors are b ⇒ GCF = b and ⇒ b ( a − c ) .

35. ab 2 − a 2 b; because ab 2 = a ⋅ b ⋅ b and a 2 b = a ⋅ a ⋅ b, common factors are a ⋅ b ⇒

GCF = ab and ⇒ ab (b − a ) .

36. 4 x 2 y + 6 xy 2 ; because 4 x 2 y = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ y and 6 xy 2 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ y, common factors are

2 ⋅ x ⋅ y ⇒ GCF = 2 xy and ⇒ 2 xy ( 2 x + 3 y ) .

37. 5 x 2 y 4 + 10 x3 y 3 ; because 5x 2 y 4 = 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y and 10 x3 y 3 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y, common

factors are 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⇒ GCF = 5 x 2 y 3 and ⇒ 5 x 2 y 3 ( y + 2 x ) .

38. 3r 3t 3 − 6r 4 t 2 ; because 3r 3t 3 = 3 ⋅ r ⋅ r ⋅ r ⋅ t ⋅ t ⋅ t and 6r 4 t 2 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ r ⋅ r ⋅ r ⋅ r ⋅ t ⋅ t , common factors

are 3 ⋅ r ⋅ r ⋅ r ⋅ t ⋅ t ⇒ GCF = 3r 3t 2 and ⇒ 3r 3t 2 (t − 2r ).

39. a 2 b + ab 2 + ab; because a 2 b = a ⋅ a ⋅ b and ab 2 = a ⋅ b ⋅ b and ab = a ⋅ b, common factors = a ⋅ b ⇒

GCF = ab and ⇒ ab ( a + b + 1) .

40. 6ab 2 − 9ab + 12b 2 ; because 6ab 2 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ b and 9ab = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b and 12b 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ b ⋅ b,

common factors = 3 ⋅ b ⇒ GCF = 3b and ⇒ 3b ( 2ab − 3a + 4b ).

41. x ( x + 1) − 2 ( x + 1) has common binomial ( x + 1) ⇒ ( x − 2 )( x + 1)

42. 5 x (3x − 2 ) + 2 (3 x − 2 ) has common binomial (3x − 2 ) ⇒ (5 x + 2 )(3x − 2 )

43. ( z + 5) z + ( z + 5) 4 has common binomial ( z + 5 ) ⇒ ( z + 4 )( z + 5 )

( )
44. 3 y 2 ( y − 2 ) + 5 ( y − 2 ) has common binomial ( y − 2 ) ⇒ 3 y 2 + 5 ( y − 2 )

45. 4 x3 ( x − 5) − 2 x ( x − 5) has common binomial ( x − 5) ⇒ ( 4 x − 2 x ) ( x − 5) ⇒ 2 x ( 2 x

3 2
)
− 1 ( x − 5)

46. 8 x 2 ( x + 3) + ( x + 3) has common binomial ( x + 3) ⇒ (8 x + 1) ( x + 3)

2

Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

298 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

( )
47. x3 + 2 x 2 + 3 x + 6 by associative property = x3 + 2 x 2 + (3x + 6 ) ⇒

common factors = x ( x + 2 ) + 3 ( x + 2 ) ⇒ ( x + 3) ( x + 2 )
2 2

48. x + 6 x + x + 6 by associative property = ( x + 6 x ) + ( x + 6 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = x ( x + 6 ) + ( x + 6 ) ⇒ ( x + 1) ( x + 6 )
2 2

49. 2 y + y + 2 y + 1 by associative property = ( 2 y + y ) + ( 2 y + 1) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = y ( 2 y + 1) + ( 2 y + 1) ⇒ ( y + 1) ( 2 y + 1)
2 2

50. 4 y + 10 y + 2 y + 5 by associative property = ( 4 y + 10 y ) + ( 2 y + 5) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 2 y ( 2 y + 5) + ( 2 y + 5) ⇒ ( 2 y + 1) ( 2 y + 5 )
2 2

51. 2 z − 6 z + 5 z − 15 by associative property = ( 2 z − 6 z ) + (5 z − 15) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 2 z ( z − 3) + 5 ( z − 3) ⇒ ( 2 z + 5 ) ( z − 3)
2 2

52. 15 z − 5 z + 6 z − 2 by associative property = (15 z − 5 z ) + ( 6 z − 2 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 5 z (3z − 1) + 2 (3z − 1) ⇒ (5 z + 2 ) (3z − 1)

2 2

53. 4t − 20t + 3t − 15 by associative property = ( 4t − 20t ) + (3t − 15 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 4t (t − 5) + 3 (t − 5 ) ⇒ ( 4t + 3) (t − 5)
2 2

54. 4t − 12t + 3t − 9 by associative property = ( 4t − 12t ) + (3t − 9 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 4t (t − 3) + 3 (t − 3) ⇒ ( 4t + 3) (t − 3)
2 2

55. 9r + 6r − 6r − 4 by associative property = (9r + 6r ) − ( 6r + 4 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 3r (3r + 2 ) − 2 (3r + 2 ) ⇒ (3r − 2 ) (3r + 2 )

2 2

56. 3r + 12r − 2r − 8 by associative property = (3r + 12r ) − ( 2r + 8 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 3r ( r + 4 ) − 2 ( r + 4 ) ⇒ (3r − 2 ) ( r + 4 )

2 2

57. 7 x + 21x − 2 x − 6 by associative property = ( 7 x + 21x ) − ( 2 x + 6 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 7 x ( x + 3) − 2 ( x + 3) ⇒ ( 7 x − 2 ) ( x + 3)
2 2

58. 6 x + 3 x − 10 x − 5 by associative property = ( 6 x + 3x ) − (10 x + 5 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 3x ( 2 x + 1) − 5 ( 2 x + 1) ⇒ (3x − 5 ) ( 2 x + 1)

2 2

Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 6.1: Introduction to Factoring 299

( )
59. 2 y 3 − 7 y 2 − 4 y + 14 by associative property = 2 y 3 − 7 y 2 − ( 4 y − 14 ) ⇒

common factors = y ( 2 y − 7 ) − 2 ( 2 y − 7 ) ⇒ ( y − 2 ) ( 2 y − 7 )
2 2

60. y − 5 y − 3 y + 15 by associative property = ( y − 5 y ) − (3 y − 15 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = y ( y − 5 ) − 3 ( y − 5 ) ⇒ ( y − 3) ( y − 5)
2 2

61. z − 4 z − 7 z + 28 by associative property = ( z − 4 z ) − ( 7 z − 28 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = z ( z − 4 ) − 7 ( z − 4 ) ⇒ ( z − 7 ) ( z − 4 )
2 2

62. 12 z − 18 z − 10 z + 15 by associative property = (12 z − 18 z ) − (10 z − 15 ) ⇒

3 2 3 2

common factors = 6 z ( 2 z − 3) − 5 ( 2 z − 3) ⇒ ( 6 z − 5 ) ( 2 z − 3)
2 2

63. 2 x − 3x + 4 x − 6 by associative property = ( 2 x − 3 x ) + ( 4 x − 6 ) ⇒

4 3 4 3

common factors = x ( 2 x − 3) + 2 ( 2 x − 3) ⇒ ( x + 2 ) ( 2 x − 3)
3 3

64. x + x + 5 x + 5 by associative property = ( x + x ) + (5 x + 5 ) ⇒

4 3 4 3

common factors = x ( x + 1) + 5 ( x + 1) ⇒ ( x + 5 ) ( x + 1)
3 3

65. ax + bx + ay + by by associative property = ( ax + bx ) + ( ay + by ) ⇒

common factors = x ( a + b ) + y ( a + b ) ⇒ ( x + y )( a + b )

66. ax − bx + ay − by by associative property = ( ax − bx ) + ( ay − by ) ⇒

common factors = x ( a − b ) + y ( a − b ) ⇒ ( x + y )( a − b )

67. 3x3 + 6 x 2 + 3x + 6 has GCF 3 ⇒ 3( x3 + 2 x 2 + x + 2) ⇒ by associative

property = 3[( x3 + 2 x 2 ) + ( x + 2)] ⇒ common factors = 3[ x 2 ( x + 2) + 1( x + 2)] ⇒ 3( x 2 + 1)( x + 2)

68. 5 x3 − 5 x 2 + 5 x − 5 has GCF 5 ⇒ 5( x3 − x 2 + x − 1) ⇒ by associative

property = 5[( x3 − x 2 ) + ( x − 1)] ⇒ common factors = 5[ x 2 ( x − 1) + 1( x − 1)] ⇒ 5( x 2 + 1)( x − 1)

69. 6 y 4 − 24 y 3 − 2 y 2 + 8 y has GCF 2 y ⇒ 2 y (3 y 3 − 12 y 2 − y + 4) ⇒ by associative

property = 2 y[(3 y 3 − 12 y 2 ) − ( y − 4)] ⇒ common factors =

2 y[3 y 2 ( y − 4) − 1( y − 4)] ⇒ 2 y (3 y 2 − 1)( y − 4)

70. 6 x 4 − 12 x3 + 3 x 2 − 6 x has GCF 3x ⇒ 3x(2 x3 − 4 x 2 + x − 2) ⇒ by associative

property = 3x[(2 x3 − 4 x 2 ) + ( x − 2)] ⇒ common factors =

3x[2 x 2 ( x − 2) + 1( x − 2)] ⇒ 3x(2 x 2 + 1)( x − 2)

Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

300 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

71. x5 + 2 x 4 − 3x3 − 6 x 2 has GCF x 2 ⇒ x 2 ( x3 + 2 x 2 − 3x − 6) ⇒ by associative

property = x 2 [( x3 + 2 x 2 ) − (3 x + 6)] ⇒ common factors =

x 2 [ x 2 ( x + 2) − 3( x + 2)] ⇒ x 2 ( x 2 − 3)( x + 2)

72. y 6 + 3 y 5 − 2 y 4 − 6 y 3 has GCF y 3 ⇒ y 3 ( y 3 + 3 y 2 − 2 y − 6) ⇒ by associative

property = y 3 [( y 3 + 3 y 2 ) − (2 y + 6)] ⇒ common factors =

y 3 [ y 2 ( y + 3) − 2( y + 3)] ⇒ y 3 ( y 2 − 2)( y + 3)

73. 4 x5 + 2 x 4 − 12 x3 − 6 x 2 has GCF 2 x 2 ⇒ 2 x 2 (2 x3 + x 2 − 6 x − 3) ⇒ by associative

property = 2 x 2 [(2 x3 + x 2 ) − (6 x + 3)] ⇒ common factors =

2 x 2 [ x 2 (2 x + 1) − 3(2 x + 1)] ⇒ 2 x 2 ( x 2 − 3)(2 x + 1)

74. 18 y 5 + 27 y 4 + 12 y 3 + 18 y 2 has GCF 3 y 2 ⇒ 3 y 2 (6 y 3 + 9 y 2 + 4 y + 6) ⇒ by associative

property = 3 y 2 [(6 y 3 + 9 y 2 ) + (4 y + 6)] ⇒ common factors =

3 y 2 [3 y 2 (2 y + 3) + 2(2 y + 3)] ⇒ 3 y 2 (3 y 2 + 2)(2 y + 3)

75. x3 y + x 2 y 2 − 2 x 2 y − 2 xy 2 has GCF xy ⇒ xy ( x 2 + xy − 2 x − 2 y ) ⇒ by associative

property = xy[( x 2 + xy ) − (2 x + 2 y )] ⇒ common factors = xy[ x( x + y ) − 2( x + y )] ⇒ xy ( x − 2)( x + y )

76. 6 x3 y − 3x 2 y 2 + 18 x 2 y − 9 xy 2 has GCF 3xy ⇒ 3xy (2 x 2 − xy + 6 x − 3 y ) ⇒ by associative

property = 3xy[(2 x 2 − xy ) + (6 x − 3 y )] ⇒ common factors =

3xy[ x (2 x − y ) + 3(2 x − y )] ⇒ 3xy ( x + 3)(2 x − y )

77. 2 x3 y 3 − 2 x 4 y 2 + 4 x 2 y 3 − 4 x3 y 2 has GCF 2 x 2 y 2 ⇒ 2 x 2 y 2 ( xy − x 2 + 2 y − 2 x) ⇒ by associative

property = 2 x 2 y 2 [( xy − x 2 ) + (2 y − 2 x)] ⇒ common factors =

2 x 2 y 2 [ x( y − x) + 2( y − x )] ⇒ 2 x 2 y 2 ( y − x)( x + 2)

78. 4 x 2 y 6 − 4 x 2 y 5 − 8 xy 7 + 8 xy 6 has GCF 4 xy 5 ⇒ 4 xy 5 ( xy − x − 2 y 2 + 2 y ) ⇒ by associative

property = 4 xy 5 [( xy − x) + (−2 y 2 + 2 y )] ⇒ common factors =

4 xy 5 [ x ( y − 1) − 2 y ( y − 1)] ⇒ 4 xy 5 ( y − 1)( x − 2 y )

⎛ b c⎞ b c
79. ax 2 + bx + c = a ⎜ x 2 + x + ⎟ because a ⋅ x 2 = ax 2 , a ⋅ x = bx, and a ⋅ = c.
⎝ a a⎠ a a

⎛a b ⎞ a b
80. ax 2 + bx + c = c ⎜ x 2 + x + 1⎟ because c ⋅ x 2 = ax 2 , c ⋅ x = bx, and c ⋅ 1 = c.
⎝c c ⎠ c c

81. (a) 80t = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ t and 16t 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ t ⋅ t , common factors are

2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ t ⇒ GCF = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ t = 16t.

Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 6.2: Factoring Trinomials I (x2+bx+c) 301

(b) 80t − 16t 2 = 16t (5 − t )

82. (a) 128t = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ t and 16t 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ t ⋅ t , common factors are

2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ t ⇒ GCF = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ t = 16t.

(b) 128t − 16t 2 = 16t (8 − t )

83. The area of the large rectangle is computed as 2 x ⋅ x = 2 x 2 and the area of the small rectangle is

computed as 4 ⋅ x = 4 x . The area of the shaded region will be represented as 2 x 2 − 4 x . The GCF of

the expression 2 x 2 − 4 x is 2 x and the resulting factored polynomial is 2 x ( x − 2) .

84. The area of the large rectangle is computed as 6 x 2 ⋅ 2 x = 12 x3 and the area of the small rectangles is

computed as 3 ⋅ x ⋅ x = 3x 2 . The area of the shaded region will be represented as 12 x3 − 3 x 2 . The

GCF of the expression 12 x3 − 3 x 2 is 3x 2 and the resulting factored polynomial is 3x 2 (4 x − 1) .

85. The area of the large rectangle is computed as 4 y ⋅ 2 y = 8 y 2 and the area of the small triangles is

1
computed as 2 ⋅ x ⋅ y = xy . The area of the shaded region will be represented as 8 y 2 − xy . The
2

GCF of the expression 8 y 2 − xy is y and the resulting factored polynomial is y (8 y − x) .

86. The area of the large rectangle is computed as 10 x 2 ⋅ 2 y = 20 x 2 y and the area of the small rectangles

is computed as 5 ⋅ x ⋅ y = 5 xy . The area of the shaded region will be represented as 20 x 2 y − 5 xy .

The GCF of the expression 20 x 2 y − 5 xy is 5xy and the resulting factored polynomial is 5 xy (4 x − 1) .

x = 3, 4 x3 − 60 x 2 + 200 x ⇒ 4 (3) − 60 (3) + 200 (3) = 108 − 540 + 600 = 168 ⇒ V = 168 in 3 .
3 2
87. (a)

(b) 4 x3 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x and 60 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x and 200 x = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x, common factors

(
are 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⇒ GCF = 4 x ⇒ 4 x x 2 − 15 x + 50 . )
88. (a) Volume = ( 20 − 2 x )( 20 − 2 x )( x ) = 4 x3 − 80 x 2 + 400 x

x = 4, 4 ( 4 ) − 80 ( 4 ) + 400 ( 4 ) = 4 ( 64 ) − 80 (16 ) + 400 ( 4 ) = 256 − 1280 + 1600 = 576 in 3 .

3 2
(b)

(c) 4 x3 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x and 80 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x and 400 x = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x, common

(
factors are 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⇒ GCF = 4 x ⇒ 4 x x 2 − 20 x + 100 . )

Section 6.2 Factoring Trinomials I (x2+bx+c)

1. 1

2. Product is x 2 + ( m + n ) x + mn, coefficient of x-term is m + n and the constant term is mn.

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302 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

3. x 2 + bx + c, so c is the third term ⇒ mn = c and b is the second term ⇒ m + n = b.

4. prime

5. Factors of 28 are 1, 28; 2, 14; 4, 7 and only 4 + 7 = 11 ⇒ 4, 7.

6. Factors of 35 are 1, 35; 5, 7 and only 5 + 7 = 12 ⇒ 5, 7.
7. Factors of −30 are −1, 30; − 2, 15; − 3, 10; − 5, 6; 1, −30; 2, −15; 3, −10; 5, −6 and only

3 + (−10) = −7 ⇒ 3, − 10.

8. Factors of −15 are − 1, 15; 1, − 15; − 3, 5; 3, − 5 and only 3 + ( −5 ) = −2 ⇒ 3, − 5.

9. Factors of −50 are − 1, 50; 1, − 50; − 2, 25; 2, − 25; − 5, 10; 5, − 10 and only
−5 + 10 = 5 ⇒ −5, 10.
10. Factors of −100 are −1, 100; − 2, 50; − 4, 25; − 5, 20; 1, −100; 2, −50; 4, −25; 5, −20 and only

−4 + 25 = 21 ⇒ −4, 25.
11. Factors of 28 are 1, 28; − 1, − 28; 2, 14; − 2, − 14; 4, 7; − 4, − 7 and only

( −4 ) + ( −7 ) = −11 ⇒ −4, − 7.

12. Factors of 80 are 1, 80; − 1, − 80; 2, 40; − 2, − 40; 4, 20; − 4, − 20;

5, 16; − 5, − 16; 8, 10; − 8, − 10 and only ( −2 ) + ( −40 ) = −42 ⇒ −2, − 40.

13. Factors of 2 with sum of 3 are 1 and 2 ⇒ x 2 + 3x + 2 = ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) .

14. Factors of 4 with sum of 5 are 1 and 4 ⇒ x 2 + 5 x + 4 = ( x + 1)( x + 4 ).

15. Factors of 4 with sum of 4 are 2 and 2 ⇒ y 2 + 4 y + 4 = ( y + 2 )( y + 2 ) .

16. Factors of 7 with sum of 8 are 1 and 7 ⇒ y 2 + 8 y + 7 = ( y + 1)( y + 7 ).

17. The only factors of 7 are 1 and 7, whose sum is 8, not 3. The polynomial z 2 + 3z + 7 is prime.

18. The only factors of 5 are 1 and 5, whose sum is 6, not 4. The polynomial z 2 + 4 z + 5 is prime.

19. Factors of 15 with sum of 8 are 3 and 5 ⇒ x 2 + 8 x + 15 = ( x + 3)( x + 5 ).

20. Factors of 14 with sum of 9 are 2 and 7 ⇒ x 2 + 9 x + 14 = ( x + 2 )( x + 7 ) .

21. Factors of 36 with sum of 13 are 4 and 9 ⇒ m 2 + 13m + 36 = ( m + 4 )( m + 9 ) .

22. Factors of 36 with sum of 15 are 3 and 12 ⇒ m 2 + 15m + 36 = ( m + 3)( m + 12 ) .

23. Factors of 100 with sum of 20 are 10 and 10 ⇒ n 2 + 20n + 100 = ( n + 10 )( n + 10 ) .

24. Factors of 100 with sum of 52 are 2 and 50 ⇒ n 2 + 52n + 100 = ( n + 2 )( n + 50 ) .

25. Factors of 5 with sum of −6 are − 1 and − 5 ⇒ x 2 − 6 x + 5 = ( x − 1)( x − 5 ).

26. Factors of 8 with sum of −6 are − 2 and − 4 ⇒ x 2 − 6 x + 8 = ( x − 2 )( x − 4 ).

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Section 6.2: Factoring Trinomials I (x2+bx+c) 303

27. Factors of 12 with sum of −7 are − 3 and − 4 ⇒ y 2 − 7 y + 12 = ( y − 3)( y − 4 ).

28. Factors of 27 with sum of −12 are − 3 and − 9 ⇒ y 2 − 12 y + 27 = ( y − 3 )( y − 9 ).

29. Factors of 40 with sum of −13 are − 5 and − 8 ⇒ z 2 − 13z + 40 = ( z − 5 )( z − 8 ) .

30. Factors of 54 with sum of −15 are − 6 and − 9 ⇒ z 2 − 15 z + 54 = ( z − 6 )( z − 9 ).

31. Factors of 63 with sum of −16 are − 7 and − 9 ⇒ a 2 − 16a + 63 = ( a − 7 )( a − 9 ).

32. Factors of 81 with sum of −82 are − 1 and − 81 ⇒ a 2 − 82a + 81 = ( a − 1)( a − 81) .

33. The factors of 10 are ±1, ± 10, ± 2, ± 5 , but none of these has a pair has sum −6. The polynomial

y 2 − 6 y + 10 is prime.

34. The factors of 3 are ±1, ± 3 , but neither pair has a sum of –2. The polynomial y 2 − 2 y + 3 is prime.

35. Factors of 125 with sum of −30 are − 5 and − 25 ⇒ b 2 − 30b + 125 = (b − 5 )(b − 25 ).

36. Factors of 90 with sum of −19 are − 9 and − 10 ⇒ b2 − 19b + 90 = (b − 9 )(b − 10 ) .

37. Factors of −90 with sum of 13 are − 5 and 18 ⇒ x 2 + 13 x − 90 = ( x − 5 )( x + 18 ) .

38. Factors of −100 with sum of 15 are − 5 and 20 ⇒ x 2 + 15 x − 100 = ( x − 5 )( x + 20 ).

39. Factors of −45 with sum of 4 are − 5 and 9 ⇒ m 2 + 4m − 45 = ( m − 5 )( m + 9 ) .

40. Factors of −60 with sum of 4 are − 6 and 10 ⇒ m 2 + 4m − 60 = ( m − 6 )( m + 10 ).

41. The factors of −63 are −1, 63; 1, −63; 3, −21; −3, 21; 7, −9; and −7, 9 but none of these pairs of

factors has sum 16. The polynomial a 2 + 16a − 63 is prime.

42. The factors of −42 are −1, 42; 1, −42; 2, −21; −2, 21; −3, 14; 3, −14; 6, −7; and −6, 7 but none of

these pairs of factors has sum 13. The polynomial a 2 + 13a − 42 is prime.

43. Factors of −200 with sum of 10 are − 10 and 20 ⇒ n 2 + 10n − 200 = ( n − 10 )( n + 20 ).

44. Factors of −120 with sum of 2 are − 10 and 12 ⇒ n 2 + 2n − 120 = ( n − 10 )( n + 12 ) .

45. Factors of −23 with sum of 22 are − 1 and 23 ⇒ x 2 + 22 x − 23 = ( x − 1)( x + 23) .

46. Factors of −19 with sum of 18 are − 1 and 19 ⇒ x 2 + 18 x − 19 = ( x − 1)( x + 19 ).

47. Factors of −32 with sum of 4 are − 4 and 8 ⇒ a 2 + 4a − 32 = ( a − 4 )( a + 8 ).

48. Factors of −36 with sum of 9 are − 3 and 12 ⇒ a 2 + 9a − 36 = ( a − 3)( a + 12 ).

49. Factors of −20 with sum of −1 are 4 and − 5 ⇒ b 2 − b − 20 ⇒ (b + 4 )(b − 5 ).

50. Factors of −12 with sum of −1 are 3 and − 4 ⇒ b 2 − b − 12 ⇒ (b + 3)(b − 4 ).

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304 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

51. The factors of −22 are 1, −22; −1, 22; −2, 11; and 2, −11 but none of these pairs of factors has sum

−14. The polynomial m 2 − 14m − 22 is prime.

52. The factors of −24 are 1, −24; −1, 24; 2, −12; −2, 12; 3, −8; −3, 8; 4, −6; and −4, 6 but none of these

pairs of factors has sum −11. The polynomial m 2 − 11m − 24 is prime.

53. Factors of −72 with sum of −1 are 8 and − 9 ⇒ x 2 − x − 72 ⇒ ( x + 8 )( x − 9 ) .

54. Factors of −80 with sum of −2 are 8 and − 10 ⇒ x 2 − 2 x − 80 ⇒ ( x + 8 )( x − 10 ).

55. Factors of −34 with sum of −15 are 2 and − 17 ⇒ y 2 − 15 y − 34 ⇒ ( y + 2 )( y − 17 ) .

56. Factors of −39 with sum of −10 are 3 and − 13 ⇒ y 2 − 10 y − 39 ⇒ ( y + 3)( y − 13) .

57. Factors of −66 with sum of −5 are 6 and − 11 ⇒ z 2 − 5 z − 66 ⇒ ( z + 6 )( z − 11) .

58. Factors of −55 with sum of −6 are 5 and − 11 ⇒ z 2 − 6 z − 55 ⇒ ( z + 5)( z − 11) .

59. The GCF of 5 x 2 − 10 x − 40 is 5 ⇒ 5( x 2 − 2 x − 8). Factors of −8 with sum of −2 are −4 and

2 ⇒ 5( x 2 − 2 x − 8) ⇒ 5( x − 4)( x + 2).

60. The GCF of 2 x 2 + 8 x − 10 is 2 ⇒ 2( x 2 + 4 x − 5). Factors of −5 with sum of 4 are 5 and

−1 ⇒ 2( x 2 + 4 x − 5) ⇒ 2( x + 5)( x − 1).

61. The GCF of −3m 2 − 9m + 12 is −3 ⇒ −3(m 2 + 3m − 4). Factors of −4 with sum of 3 are 4 and

−1 ⇒ −3(m 2 + 3m − 4) ⇒ −3(m + 4)(m − 1).

62. The GCF of −4n 2 + 20n − 24 is −4 ⇒ −4(n 2 − 5n + 6). Factors of 6 with sum of –5 are –3 and

−2 ⇒ −4(n 2 − 5n + 6) ⇒ −4(n − 2)(n − 3).

63. The GCF of y 3 − 7 y 2 + 10 y is y ⇒ y ( y 2 − 7 y + 10). Factors of 10 with sum of −7 are −5 and

−2 ⇒ y ( y 2 − 7 y + 10) ⇒ y ( y − 5)( y − 2).

64. The GCF of z 3 + 9 z 2 + 20 z is z ⇒ z ( z 2 + 9 z + 20). Factors of 20 with sum of 9 are 4 and

5 ⇒ z ( z 2 + 9 z + 20) ⇒ z ( z + 4)( z + 5).

65. The GCF of − x3 − 2 x 2 + 15 x is − x ⇒ − x( x 2 + 2 x − 15). Factors of −15 with sum of 2 are 5 and

−3 ⇒ − x( x 2 + 2 x − 15) ⇒ − x( x + 5)( x − 3).

66. The GCF of − y 3 + 9 y 2 − 14 y is − y ⇒ − y ( y 2 − 9 y + 14). Factors of 14 with sum of –9 are –7 and

−2 ⇒ − y ( y 2 − 9 y + 14) ⇒ − y ( y − 2)( y − 7).

67. The GCF of 3a3 + 21a 2 + 18a is 3a ⇒ 3a (a 2 + 7a + 6). Factors of 6 with sum of 7 are 6 and

1 ⇒ 3a(a 2 + 7 a + 6) ⇒ 3a (a + 6)(a + 1).

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Section 6.2: Factoring Trinomials I (x2+bx+c) 305

68. The GCF of 5b3 − 5b 2 − 60b is 5b ⇒ 5b(b 2 − b − 12). Factors of −12 with sum of −1 are −4 and

3 ⇒ 5b(b 2 − b − 12) ⇒ 5b(b − 4)(b + 3).

69. The GCF of −2 x3 + 6 x 2 − 8 x is −2 x ⇒ −2 x( x 2 − 3x + 4). Factors of 4 are ±1, ± 4, ± 2, but neither of

these pairs has sum −3. The polynomial x 2 − 3 x + 4 is prime, so factored form of the original

polynomial is −2 x( x 2 − 3x + 4).

70. The GCF of −4 y 3 + 20 y 2 − 32 y is −4 y ⇒ −4 y ( y 2 − 5 y + 8). Factors of 8 are ±1, ± 8, ± 2, ± 4 but

none of these pairs has sum −5. The polynomial y 2 − 5 y + 8 is prime, so factored form of the

original polynomial is −4 y ( y 2 − 5 y + 8).

71. The GCF of 2m 4 − 10m3 − 28m 2 is 2m 2 ⇒ 2m 2 (m 2 − 5m − 14). Factors of −14 with sum of −5 are −7

and 2 ⇒ 2m 2 (m 2 − 5m − 14) ⇒ 2m 2 (m − 7)(m + 2).

72. The GCF of 6n 4 − 18n3 + 12n 2 is 6n 2 ⇒ 6n 2 (n2 − 3n + 2). Factors of 2 with sum of −3 are −2 and

−1 ⇒ 6n 2 (n 2 − 3n + 2) ⇒ 6n 2 (n − 2)(n − 1).

73. The GCF of −3x 4 + 3x3 + 6 x 2 is −3x 2 ⇒ −3 x 2 ( x 2 − x − 2). Factors of –2 with sum of −1 are −2 and

1 ⇒ −3 x 2 ( x 2 − x − 2) ⇒ −3 x 2 ( x − 2)( x + 1).

74. The GCF of −5 y 4 + 25 y 3 − 30 y 2 is −5 y 2 ⇒ −5 y 2 ( y 2 − 5 y + 6). Factors of 6 with sum of −5 are −3

and −2 ⇒ −5 y 2 ( y 2 − 5 y + 6) ⇒ −5 y 2 ( y − 2)( y − 3).

75. 5 + 6 x + x 2 in standard form is x 2 + 6 x + 5 and factors of 5 with a sum of 6 ⇒ 1, 5 ⇒ ( x + 5 )( x + 1).

76. 8 + 6 x + x 2 in standard form is x 2 + 6 x + 8 and factors of 8 with a sum of 6 ⇒ 2, 4 ⇒

( x + 2 )( x + 4 ).
77. 3 − 4 x + x 2 in standard form is x 2 − 4 x + 3 and factors of 3 with a sum of − 4 ⇒ −1, − 3 ⇒

( x − 1)( x − 3).
78. 10 − 7 x + x 2 in standard form is x 2 − 7 x + 10 and factors of 10 with a sum of − 7 ⇒ −2, − 5 ⇒

( x − 2 )( x − 5 ).
79. Using the hint, the answer will be in the form ( m − x )( n + x ) . We need to find m and n. Factors of

12 with a difference of 4 are 6 and 2 ⇒ 12 + 4 x − x 2 = ( 6 − x )( 2 + x ) .

80. Factors of 28 with a difference of 3 are 7 and 4 ⇒ 28 + 3x − x 2 = ( 7 − x )( 4 + x ) .

81. Factors of 32 with a difference of −4 are 8 and 4 ⇒ 32 − 4 x − x 2 = (8 + x )( 4 − x ) .

82. Factors of 40 with a difference of −3 are 8 and 5 ⇒ 40 − 3x − x 2 = (8 + x )(5 − x ).

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306 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

83. Factors of k with a sum of k + 1 are k and 1 ⇒ x 2 + (k + 1) x + k ⇒ ( x + 1)( x + k ).

84. Factors of −2k with a sum of k − 2 are −2 and k ⇒ x 2 + (k − 2) x − 2k ⇒ ( x − 2)( x + k ).

85. x 2 + 2 x + 1 ⇒ ( x + 1)( x + 1) ⇒ L ⋅ W = x 2 + 2 x + 1 ⇒ L = x + 1. See Figure 85.

86. x 2 + 6 x + 9 ⇒ ( x + 3)( x + 3) ⇒ L ⋅ W = x 2 + 6 x + 9 ⇒ L = x + 3. See Figure 86.

Figure 85 Figure 86 Figure 87 Figure 88

87. x 2 + 3 x + 2 = ( x + 2 )( x + 1) = L ⋅ W ⇒ L = x + 2 or x + 1. See Figure 87.

88. x 2 + 9 x + 8 = ( x + 8 )( x + 1) = L ⋅ W ⇒ L = x + 8 or x + 1. See Figure 88.

89. 6 x 2 + 12 x + 6 divided by 6 ( for 6 surfaces ) = x 2 + 2 x + 1 = ( x + 1)( x + 1) ⇒ each side is x + 1.

90. 6 x 2 + 36 x + 54 divided by 6 ( for 6 surfaces ) = x 2 + 6 x + 9 = ( x + 3)( x + 3 ) ⇒ each side is x + 3.

91. Add the four regions: x 2 + 2 x + 6 x + 12 = x 2 + 8 x + 12 = ( x + 2 )( x + 6 ).

92. Add the four regions: x 2 + 4 x + 4 x + 16 = x 2 + 8 x + 16 = ( x + 4 )( x + 4 ) .

Checking Basic Concepts Sections 6.1 and 6.2

1. 8 x3 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x and 12 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ x and 24 x = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⇒ GCF = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x = 4 x.

2. GCF of 12 z 3 and 18 z 2 is 6 z 2 ⇒ 6 z 2 ( 2 z − 3) .

3. (a) 6 y ( y − 2 ) + 5 ( y − 2 ) = ( 6 y + 5)( y − 2 )

(b) (2 x 3
) ( )
+ x 2 + (10 x + 5) = x 2 ( 2 x + 1) + 5 ( 2 x + 1) = x 2 + 5 ( 2 x + 1)

(c) GCF is 4 ⇒ 4 z 3 − 12 z 2 + 4 z − 12 ⇒ 4( z 3 − 3z 2 + z − 3) ⇒ 4[( z 3 − 3z 2 ) + ( z − 3)] ⇒

4[ z 2 ( z − 3) + 1( z − 3)] ⇒ 4( z 2 + 1)( z − 3)

4. (a) Factors of 8 with a sum of 6 are 2 and 4 ⇒ ( x + 2 )( x + 4 ).

(b) Factors of −42 with a sum of −1 are −7 and 6 ⇒ ( x − 7 )( x + 6 ).

(c) The factors of −5 are 1, −5 and −1, 5 but neither of these pairs has sum 3. The polynomial

a 2 + 3a − 5 is prime.

(d) The GCF of 4a 3 + 20a 2 + 24a is 4a ⇒ 4a(a 2 + 5a + 6) ⇒ 4a ( a + 2 )( a + 3)

5. x 2 + 5 x + 5 x + 25 ⇒ x 2 + 10 x + 25 ⇒ ( x + 5 )( x + 5 )

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Section 6.3: Factoring Trinomials II (ax2+bx+c) 307

Section 6.3 Factoring Trinomials II (ax2+bx+c)

1. ac; b

2. ax 2 ; c

3. By ax 2 + bx + c, if a > 0, b > 0 and c > 0 then: + ; +

4. By ax 2 + bx + c, if c < 0 then: + ; − or − ; + with + ; − working by FOIL.

5. By ax 2 + bx + c, if a > 0, b < 0 and c > 0 then: − ; −

6. By ax 2 + bx + c, if c < 0 then: + ; − or − ; + with − ; + working by FOIL.

7. If ( 4 x + a )(b + 2 ) = 4 x 2 + 11x + 6, then by FOIL: 4 x ⋅ b = 4 x 2 ⇒ b = x and a ⋅ 2 = 6 ⇒ a = 3.

8. If ( a − 2 )(b + 3) = 4 x 2 − 5 x − 6, then by FOIL: a ⋅ b = 4 x 2 and − 2b + 3a = −5 x. If a = x, then

b = 4 x and − 2 ⋅ 4 x + 3 x = −5 x .

9. If ( 2 x − a )( 2 x + b ) = 4 x 2 + 4 x − 3, then by FOIL: -a ⋅ b = −3 ⇒ ab = 3 and − 2ax + 2bx = 4 x.

If a = 1, then b = 3 and − 2 x + 6 x = 4 x .

10. If ( 2 x − a )(b − 3) = 4 x 2 − 8 x + 3, then by FOIL: 2 x ⋅ b = 4 x 2 ⇒ b = 2 x and − a ⋅ ( −3) = 3 ⇒ a = 1.

11. If ( a + 7 )( 2 x − b ) = 6 x 2 + 11x − 7, then by FOIL: 2 x ⋅ a = 6 x 2 ⇒ a = 3x and − b ⋅ ( 7 ) = −7 ⇒ b = 1.

12. If ( a − 7 )(b − 4) = 6 x 2 − 31x + 28, then by FOIL: a ⋅ b = 6 x 2 and − 4a − 7b = −31x . If a = 6 x then

b = x and we have −4(6 x) − 7( x) = −24 x − 7 x = −31x . Therefore, a = 6 x and b = x

13. If (3x − a )( 2 x + b ) = 6 x 2 − x − 15, then by FOIL: − a ⋅ b = −15 ⇒ a ⋅ b = 15 and − 2xa +3xb = − x

If a = 5 then b = 3 and we have −2x(5)+3x(3) = −10 x + 9 x = − x . Therefore, a = 5 and b = 3

14. If ( a − 5 )( x − b ) = 6 x 2 − 53 x + 40, then by FOIL: x ⋅ a = 6 x 2 ⇒ a = 6 x and 5 ⋅ (b ) = 40 ⇒ b = 8.

15. Using factoring by grouping: For 2 x 2 + 7 x + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 2 ⋅ 3 = 6 and m + n = b = 7 ⇒

m = 6, n = 1 ⇒ 2 x 2 + 6 x + x + 3 ⇒ 2 x ( x + 3) + ( x + 3) ⇒ ( 2 x + 1)( x + 3).

16. Using factoring by grouping: For 2 x 2 + 3 x + 1, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 2 ⋅ 1 = 2 and m + n = b = 3 ⇒

m = 2, n = 1 ⇒ 2 x 2 + 2 x + x + 1 ⇒ 2 x ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) ⇒ ( 2 x + 1)( x + 1) .

17. To factor 3 y 2 + 2 y + 4, find numbers m and n such that mn = 3 ⋅ 4 = 12 and m + n = 2. Because no

such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.

18. To factor 2 y 2 + 5 y + 1, find numbers m and n such that mn = 2 ⋅ 1 = 2 and m + n = 5. Because no

such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.

19. Using factoring by grouping: For 3x 2 + 4 x + 1, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 3 ⋅ 1 = 3 and m + n = b = 4 ⇒

m = 3, n = 1 ⇒ 3x 2 + 3x + x + 1 ⇒ 3x ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) ⇒ (3x + 1)( x + 1) .

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308 Chapter 6 Factoring Polynomials and Solving Equations

20. Using factoring by grouping: For 3x 2 + 10 x + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 3 ⋅ 3 = 9 and m + n = b = 10 ⇒

m = 9, n = 1 ⇒ 3 x 2 + 9 x + x + 3 ⇒ 3 x ( x + 3) + ( x + 3) ⇒ (3 x + 1)( x + 3) .

21. Using factoring by grouping: For 6 x 2 + 11x + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 6 ⋅ 3 = 18 and m + n = b = 11 ⇒

m = 9, n = 2 ⇒ 6 x 2 + 9 x + 2 x + 3 ⇒ 3x ( 2 x + 3) + ( 2 x + 3) ⇒ (3x + 1)( 2 x + 3).

22. Using factoring by grouping: For 6 x 2 + 17 x + 5, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 6 ⋅ 5 = 30 and m + n = b = 17 ⇒

m = 15, n = 2 ⇒ 6 x 2 + 15 x + 2 x + 5 ⇒ 3x ( 2 x + 5 ) + ( 2 x + 5 ) ⇒ (3x + 1)( 2 x + 5 ) .

23. Using factoring by grouping: For 5 x 2 − 11x + 2, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 5 ⋅ 2 = 10 and m + n = b = −11 ⇒

m = −10, n = −1 ⇒ 5 x 2 − 10 x − x + 2 ⇒ 5 x ( x − 2 ) − ( x − 2 ) ⇒ (5 x − 1)( x − 2 ).

24. Using factoring by grouping: For 7 x 2 − 8 x + 1, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 7 ⋅ 1 = 7 and m + n = b = −8 ⇒

m = −7, n = −1 ⇒ 7 x 2 − 7 x − x + 1 ⇒ 7 x ( x − 1) − ( x − 1) ⇒ ( 7 x − 1)( x − 1) .

25. Using factoring by grouping: For 2 y 2 − 7 y + 5, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 2 ⋅ 5 = 10 and m + n = b = −7 ⇒

m = −5, n = −2 ⇒ 2 y 2 − 5 y − 2 y + 5 ⇒ y ( 2 y − 5 ) − ( 2 y − 5 ) ⇒ ( y − 1)( 2 y − 5) .

26. Using factoring by grouping: For 2 y 2 − 11y + 12, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 2 ⋅ 12 = 24 and m + n = b = −11 ⇒

m = −8, n = −3 ⇒ 2 y 2 − 8 y − 3 y + 12 ⇒ 2 y ( y − 4 ) − 3 ( y − 4 ) ⇒ ( 2 y − 3)( y − 4 ).

27. To factor 3m 2 − 11m − 6, find numbers m and n such that mn = 3(−6) = −18 and m + n = −11.
Because no such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.

28. To factor 5m 2 − 7m − 2, find numbers m and n such that mn = 5(−2) = −10 and m + n = −7. Because
no such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.

29. Using factoring by grouping: For 7 z 2 − 37 z + 10, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 7 ⋅ 10 = 70 and m + n = b = −37 ⇒

m = −35, n = −2 ⇒ 7 z 2 − 35 z − 2 z + 10 ⇒ 7 z ( z − 5 ) − 2 ( z − 5) ⇒ ( 7 z − 2 )( z − 5 ) .

30. Using factoring by grouping: For 3z 2 − 11z + 6, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 3 ⋅ 6 = 18 and m + n = b = −11 ⇒

m = −9, n = −2 ⇒ 3z 2 − 9 z − 2 z + 6 ⇒ 3 z ( z − 3) − 2 ( z − 3) ⇒ (3z − 2 )( z − 3) .

31. Using factoring by grouping: For 3t 2 − 7t − 6, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 3 ⋅ ( −6 ) = −18 and m + n = b = −7 ⇒

m = −9, n = 2 ⇒ 3t 2 − 9t + 2t − 6 ⇒ 3t (t − 3) + 2 (t − 3) ⇒ (3t + 2 )(t − 3) .

32. Using factoring by grouping: For 8t 2 − 6t − 9, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 8 ⋅ (−9) = −72 and m + n = b = −6 ⇒

m = −12, n = 6 ⇒ 8t 2 − 12t + 6t − 9 ⇒ 4t (2t − 3) + 3(2t − 3) ⇒ (4t + 3)(2t − 3).

33. Using factoring by grouping: For 15r 2 + r − 6, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 15 ⋅ (−6) = −90 and m + n = b = 1 ⇒

m = 10, n = −9 ⇒ 15r 2 + 10r − 9r − 6 ⇒ 5r (3r + 2 ) − 3 (3r + 2 ) ⇒ (5r − 3)(3r + 2 ) .

Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 6.3: Factoring Trinomials II (ax2+bx+c) 309

34. Using factoring by grouping: For 12r 2 + r − 6, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 12 ⋅ ( −6 ) = −72 and m + n = b = 1 ⇒

m = 9, n = −8 ⇒ 12r 2 + 9r − 8r − 6 ⇒ 3r ( 4r + 3) − 2 ( 4r + 3) ⇒ (3r − 2 )( 4r + 3).

35. Using factoring by grouping: For 24 m 2 − 23m − 12, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 24 ⋅ ( −12 ) = −288

and m + n = b = −23 ⇒ m = −32, n = 9 ⇒ 24 m 2 − 32m + 9m − 12 ⇒

8m (3m − 4 ) + 3 (3m − 4 ) ⇒ (8m + 3)(3m − 4 ).

36. Using factoring by grouping: For 24m 2 + 29m − 4, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 24 ⋅ ( −4 ) = −96

and m + n = b = 29 ⇒ m = 32, n = −3 ⇒ 24m 2 + 32m − 3m − 4 ⇒

8m (3m + 4 ) − 1(3m + 4 ) ⇒ (8m − 1)(3m + 4 ) .

37. Using factoring by grouping: For 25 x 2 + 5 x − 2, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 25 ⋅ ( −2 ) = −50 and m + n = b = 5 ⇒

m = 10, n = −5 ⇒ 25 x 2 + 10 x − 5 x − 2 ⇒ 5 x (5 x + 2 ) − (5 x + 2 ) ⇒ (5 x − 1)(5 x + 2 ) .

38. Using factoring by grouping: For 30 x 2 + 7 x − 2, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 30 ⋅ ( −2 ) = −60 and m + n = b = 7 ⇒

m = 12, n = −5 ⇒ 30 x 2 + 12 x − 5 x − 2 ⇒ 6 x (5 x + 2 ) − (5 x + 2 ) ⇒ ( 6 x − 1)(5 x + 2 ) .

39. Using factoring by grouping: For 6 x 2 + 11x − 2, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 6 ⋅ ( −2 ) = −12 and m + n = b = 11 ⇒

m = 12, n = −1 ⇒ 6 x 2 + 12 x − x − 2 ⇒ 6 x ( x + 2 ) − ( x + 2 ) ⇒ ( 6 x − 1)( x + 2 ) .

40. Using factoring by grouping: For 12 x 2 + 28 x − 5, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 12 ⋅ ( −5 ) = −60

and m + n = b = 28 ⇒ m = 30, n = −2 ⇒ 12 x 2 + 30 x − 2 x − 5 ⇒

6 x ( 2 x + 5 ) − ( 2 x + 5 ) ⇒ ( 6 x − 1)( 2 x + 5 ).

41. To factor 15 y 2 − 7 y + 2, find numbers m and n such that mn = 15 ⋅ 2 = 30 and m + n = −7. Because
no such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.

42. To factor 14 y 2 − 5 y + 1, find numbers m and n such that mn = 14 ⋅1 = 14 and m + n = −5. Because no
such numbers exist the polynomial is prime.

43. Using factoring by grouping: For 21n2 + 4n − 1, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 21⋅ ( −1) = −21 and m + n = b = 4 ⇒

m = 7, n = −3 ⇒ 21n 2 + 7n − 3n − 1 ⇒ 7n (3n + 1) − (3n + 1) ⇒ ( 7n − 1)(3n + 1) .

44. Using factoring by grouping: For 21n2 + 10n + 1, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 21 ⋅1 = 21 and m + n = b = 10 ⇒

m = 7, n = 3 ⇒ 21n 2 + 7n + 3n + 1 ⇒ 7n (3n + 1) + (3n + 1) ⇒ ( 7n + 1)(3n + 1).

45. Using factoring by grouping: For 14 y 2 + 23 y + 3, m ⋅ n = a ⋅ c = 14 ⋅ 3 = 42 and m + n = b = 23 ⇒

m = 21, n = 2 ⇒ 14 y 2 + 21y + 2 y + 3 ⇒ 7 y ( 2 y + 3) + ( 2 y + 3) ⇒ ( 7 y + 1)( 2 y + 3) .

Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

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a bird from beyond the sea, with her little children, happened in his
way. “I’ll eat one little chick,” said Ivan Tsarevich.
“Eat it not, Ivan Tsarevich,” begged the bird from beyond the sea;
“in time I will serve thee.”
He went farther, saw in the forest a swarm of bees. “I’ll take some
honey,” said he.
The queen-bee called out, “Touch not my honey, Ivan Tsarevich; in
time I will serve thee.”
He left the honey and went on. Then a lioness and her whelp met
him. “At least I’ll eat this little lion; I feel such hunger that I am
sick.”
“Touch him not, Ivan Tsarevich; in time I will serve thee.”
“Well, let it be as thou sayest.”
He went on hungry; he travelled and travelled. There is the house of
Baba-Yaga. Around the house stand twelve stakes; on eleven are
heads of men,—only one stake is unoccupied.
“Hail to thee, grandmother!”
“Hail to thee, Ivan Tsarevich! Hast come of thy own good will, or
from need?”
“I have come to earn of thee an heroic steed.”
“Very well, Tsarevich; no need to serve a year with me, but three
days in all. If thou wilt herd my mares, I’ll give thee an heroic steed;
but if not, be not angry, thy head will be on the last stake.”
Ivan Tsarevich consented. Baba-Yaga gave him food with drink, and
ordered him to begin the work. As soon as he had driven the mares
a-field, they raised their tails and all ran apart through the meadows.
The Tsarevich could not cast his eyes round before they had
vanished. Then he began to weep and grow sad; he sat on a stone
and fell asleep. The sun was going down when the bird from beyond
the sea flew up and roused him.
“Rise, Ivan Tsarevich; the mares are now home.”
The Tsarevich stood up, came home, but Baba-Yaga was screaming
and crying at her mares. “Why did ye come home?”
“How could we help it, when birds from the whole world flew
together and almost picked our eyes out?”
“Well, to-morrow don’t run in the meadows, but scatter through the
sleeping forest.”
Ivan Tsarevich slept the night; in the morning Baba-Yaga said: “See
to it, Tsarevich. If thou dost not herd the mares, if thou losest even
one of them, thy stormy head will be on the stake.”
He drove the mares a-field. That moment they raised their tails and
ran through the sleeping forest. Again the Tsarevich sat down on a
stone, cried and cried, then fell asleep. The sun had gone behind the
forest when the lioness ran up. “Rise, Ivan Tsarevich; the mares are
driven in.”
Ivan Tsarevich stood up and went home. Baba-Yaga was screaming
and crying more than before at her mares. “Why did ye come
home?”
“How could we help coming? Savage beasts ran at us from the
whole world, came near tearing us to pieces.”
“Well, run to-morrow into the blue sea.”
Ivan Tsarevich slept that night; next morning Baba-Yaga sent him to
herd the mares. “If thou dost not guard them, thy stormy head will
be on the stake.”
He drove the mares to the field; that moment they raised their tails
and vanished from the eye, ran into the blue sea, and stood to their
necks in the water.
Ivan Tsarevich sat on a stone, cried, and fell asleep. The sun had
gone beyond the forest when a bee flew up and said: “Ivan
Tsarevich, the mares are driven in. But when thou art home, do not
show thyself before the eyes of Baba-Yaga; go to the stable and hide
behind the manger. There is a mangy little colt lying on the dung-
heap; steal him, and at dark midnight leave the place.”
Ivan Tsarevich rose up, made his way to the stable, and lay down
behind the manger. Baba-Yaga screamed and cried at her mares:
“Why did ye come home?”
“How could we help coming home when bees, seen and unseen,
flew from the whole world and began to sting us on every side till
the blood came!”
Baba-Yaga went to sleep, and just at midnight Ivan Tsarevich stole
from her the mangy colt, saddled him, sat on his back, and galloped
to the fiery river; when he came to the river he shook the kerchief
three times on the right side, and suddenly, from wherever it came,
a high, splendid bridge was hanging over the river. The Tsarevich
crossed on the bridge, waved the kerchief on the left side only twice,
and there remained above the river a bridge very, very slender.
In the morning Baba-Yaga woke up; the mangy colt is not to be seen
with sight. Baba-Yaga, on an iron mortar, rushed off in pursuit with
all her breath, urging forward with a pestle, and removing her trail
with a broom. She galloped to the fiery river, looked and thought:
“The bridge is good.” She rode out on it, and the moment she
reached the middle the bridge broke. Baba-Yaga went headlong into
the river; there a savage death came to her.
Ivan Tsarevich fed his colt in the green meadows, and it became a
marvellous steed. The Tsarevich came to Marya Morevna; she ran
out to him, threw herself on his neck.
“How has God brought thee to life?”
“In this way and that way,” said he; “come with me.”
“I am afraid, Ivan Tsarevich. If Koshchéi overtakes us again, thou
wilt be cut to pieces.”
“No, he will not overtake us. I have a glorious, heroic steed now; he
goes like a bird.”
They sat on the horse and rode off. Koshchéi Without-Death was
coming home; under him stumbled his steed.
“Why stumble, hungry crowbait; or feelest thou evil?”
“Ivan Tsarevich came, took away Marya Morevna.”
“Can we overtake him?”
“God knows! Now Ivan Tsarevich has an heroic steed better than I.”
“I cannot stand this,” said Koshchéi the Deathless, “I’ll give chase.”
Whether it was long or short, he caught up with Ivan Tsarevich,
sprang to the ground, and wanted to cut him with his sharp sword.
That moment Ivan’s horse struck, with all the sweep of his hoof,
Koshchéi Without-Death, and smashed his skull. The Tsarevich
finished him with his club. Then he raised a pile of wood, made a
fire, burned Koshchéi Without-Death on the fire, and scattered the
ashes to the wind.
Marya Morevna mounted Koshchéi’s horse, and Ivan Tsarevich his
own. They went to visit the Raven, then the Eagle, and last the
Falcon; wherever they came they were met with joy.
“Oh, Ivan Tsarevich, we did not think to see thee! It was not for
nothing thou didst struggle; another such beauty as Marya Morevna
could not be found if sought for in the whole world.”
They visited and feasted, and set out for their own kingdom; arrived
there, gained wealth, and drank mead.
 VARIANT OF THE RESCUE OF IVAN TSAREVICH AND THE
WINNING OF THE COLT.

Eagle son of Eagle flew to the sea and brought mighty winds, the sea
rose, and threw the barrel on shore. Falcon son of Falcon grasped
the barrel in his talons, bore it high, high in the air, and dropped it
thence to the ground. The barrel fell and was broken in pieces; but
Raven son of Raven carried healing water and living water and
sprinkled Ivan Tsarevich with them. Then all three of them caught
him up and bore him to the thrice-ninth land, to the thirtieth
kingdom. They brought him to the thirtieth kingdom and said: “Go
now to the blue sea, where lives a marvellous mare; in front of her
twelve men are mowing hay, and twelve rakers are raking what they
mow: she follows them and eats the hay. When the mare drinks
water, the blue sea rises in waves and leaves fall from the trees;
when she scratches herself on hundred-year oaks, they fall to the
ground like bundles of oats. Every month she has one colt; twelve
wolves follow her and devour these colts. Bide thy time; and the
moment a colt is born with a star on its forehead, seize it quickly,—
that colt will be an heroic steed for thee. On that colt Koshchéi
Without-Death will not overtake thee.” Ivan Tsarevich did as his
brothers-in-law taught him.
Go to notes
 YELENA THE WISE.

I
N a certain kingdom, in a certain land, the Tsar had a golden
company; in this company served a soldier, Ivan by name, a hero
in appearance. The Tsar took him into favor and began to reward
him with rank; in a short time he made him colonel. The superior
officers envied him. “Why have we served for our rank as we have
thirty years, and he has got every rank all at once? We must get rid
of him, or he will go ahead of us.”
The generals and counselling boyars arranged a trip on the sea,
prepared the ship, invited Ivan the colonel to go with them. They
sailed out into the open sea, and went around till late in the
evening. Ivan grew tired, lay on a bed, and fell into a deep sleep.
That was all the boyars and generals were waiting for. They seized
him, put him in a boat, pushed him out to sea, and returned home
themselves.
Soon dark clouds came up and a storm began to roar; the waves
rose and carried the boat it is unknown whither; they carried it far,
far away, and cast it out on an island. Here Ivan woke up, looked,
saw a desert land, no trace of the ship, and the sea ran terribly high.
“It is clear,” thought he, “that the ship has been wrecked by the
storm, and all my comrades are drowned. Glory be to God that I am
safe myself!”
He went to look at the island, walked and walked. Nowhere did he
see a springing beast, a flying bird, or a dwelling of man. Whether it
was long or short, Ivan wandered to an underground passage;
through this he went down a deep precipice, and came to the
underground kingdom, where the six-headed serpent lived and
reigned. He saw a white-walled castle, entered. The first chamber
was empty, in the second there was no one, in the third the six-
headed serpent was sleeping a hero’s sleep. At his side stood a
table, on the table an enormous book was lying.
Ivan opened the book and read to the page where it was written
that a Tsar had never a son, but always a Tsaritsa had sons. He took
and scratched out these words with a knife, and in place of them
wrote that a Tsaritsa had never a son, but always a Tsar had sons.
In an hour’s time the serpent turned to his other side, woke up,
opened his eyes, saw Ivan, and asked: “From what place hast thou
come? I live so many years in the world and I have not seen one
man in my kingdom.”
“How from what place? But thou knowest I am thy son.”
“How can that be?” asked the serpent. “I will look in the book and
see if a Tsar can have a son.”
He opened the book, read in it what Ivan had written, and was
convinced. “Thou art right, my son.”
He took Ivan by the hand, led him through all his treasure-
chambers, showed him his countless wealth, and they began to live
and live on together.
Some time passed, and the six-headed serpent said: “My dear son,
here are the keys of all the chambers; go wherever thy desire may
lead thee, but do not dare to look into that chamber which is
fastened with two locks, one of gold, the other of silver. I will fly
around the world, will look at people, and amuse myself.”
He gave the keys, and flew away out of the underground kingdom to
wander through the white world. Ivan Tsarevich remained all alone.
He lived a month, a second and a third month, and the year was
coming to an end, when it became dreary for him, and he thought to
examine the chambers; he walked and walked till he came straight
in front of the forbidden chamber. The good youth could not restrain
himself; he took out the keys, opened both locks, the gold and the
silver, opened the oaken door.
In that chamber were sitting two maidens riveted in chains: one was
Tsarevna Yelena the Wise, and the other her maid. The Tsarevna
had golden wings, and her maid silver wings. Said Yelena the Wise:
“Hail, good hero! Do us a service not great: give us each of a glass
of spring water to drink.”
Ivan, looking at her unspeakable beauty, forgot all about the
serpent, pitied the poor prisoners, poured out two glasses of spring
water, and gave them to the beautiful women. They drank, shook
themselves; the iron rings were broken, and the heavy chains fell.
The beautiful women clapped their wings and flew through the open
window; then only did Ivan come to his mind. He shut the empty
chamber, came out on the porch, sat on the step, hung his stormy
head below his mighty shoulders, and grew powerfully, powerfully
sad. How was he to give answer? Suddenly the wind began to
whistle, a mighty storm rose up, the six-headed serpent flew home.
“Hail, my dear son!”
Ivan answered not a word.
“Why art thou silent; or has something happened?”
“Evil, father,—I did not obey thy command. I looked into that
chamber where two maidens were sitting riveted in chains, I gave
them spring water to drink, they drank, shook themselves, clapped
their wings, and flew out through the open window.”
The serpent was terribly enraged; he began to abuse and curse in
every fashion. Then he took an iron rod, heated it red hot, and gave
Ivan three blows on the back. “It is thy luck,” said he, “that thou art
my son; if thou wert not, I should eat thee alive.”
As soon as Ivan’s back had healed he began to beg of the serpent:
“Father, let me go out into the world to look for Yelena the Wise.”
“What couldst thou do? I was thirty-three years getting her, and
barely, barely had I the skill to catch her.”
“Let me go, father; let me try my fortune.”
“Well, after me if thou pleasest. Here is the carpet that flies of itself:
wherever thou wishest, there will it bear thee; only I am sorry for
thee, since Yelena the Wise is terribly cunning. If thou catch her she
will still overreach and deceive thee.”
Ivan sat on the carpet that flies of itself, flew out of the underground
kingdom, and hadn’t time to wink before he found himself in a
beautiful garden. He went to a pond, sat under a laburnum-bush,
and began to look and admire the gold and silver fish swimming in
the clear water. Before five minutes had passed, Yelena the Wise
had flown to the pond with her maid. They took off their wings at
once, put them near the bush, undressed, and ran into the water to
bathe.
Ivan took the wings quietly, came from under the bush, and cried
with a loud voice: “But now ye are in my hands!”
The beautiful women sprang out of the pond, put on their clothes,
came to the good youth, and begged him to give back their wings.
“No,” said Ivan, “I will not give them for anything. Yelena the Wise,
thou hast pleased me more than the bright sun; now I will take thee
to my father and my mother, I will marry thee, and thou shalt be my
wife, and I will be thy husband.”
The Tsarevna’s maid said: “Hear me, good youth: ’tis thy wish to
marry Yelena the Wise, but why detain me. Better give me my
wings; I will serve thee in time.”
Ivan thought and thought, and gave her the silver wings. She tied
them on quickly, sprang up, and flew far, far away. After that, Ivan
made a box, put the golden wings into it, and closed it firmly with a
lock. He sat on the self-flying carpet, placed Yelena the Wise at his
side, and flew away to his own kingdom. He came to his father, to
his mother, brought them his bride, and begged them to love and to
favor her. Then there was rejoicing such as no one had seen.
Next day Ivan gave his mother the key of the box. “Take care of it
for a time,” said he, “give it to no one; and I will go to the Tsar and
invite him to the wedding.”
As soon as he had gone, Yelena the Wise ran in: “Mother, give me
the key of the box; I must get clothes to dress for the wedding.” The
mother, knowing nothing, gave her the key without fear. Yelena the
Wise ran to the box, raised the lid, took her wings, put them on,
clapped them once and again; that was all they saw of her.
The bridegroom came home. “Mother, where is my bride? It is time
to prepare for the crown.”
“Oh, my dear son, she has flown away!”
Deeply did the good youth sigh; he took farewell of his father and
his mother, sat on his self-flying carpet, and flew to the underground
kingdom, to the six-headed serpent, who saw him and said: “Well,
daring head, did I speak in vain when I said that thou couldst not
get Yelena the Wise; and if thou didst get her she would deceive
thee?”
“Thou art right, father; but no matter what comes, I will try again, I
will go to get her.”
“Ah! thou irrestrainable fellow, knowest thou she has a rule that
whoever wants to marry her must hide three times, and if she finds
him she will have his head cut off? Many a hero has gone to her, but
all to the last man have laid down their stormy heads; and the same
is preparing for thee. But here is a flint and steel for thee: when
Yelena the Wise makes thee hide, strike the flint with the steel,—
strike out a spark, and set fire to the grass of the steppe. At that
moment a blue-winged eagle will appear and raise thee above the
third range of clouds; if that does not succeed, strike fire again, and
let it into the blue sea. A giant pike will swim to land, will take thee
and bear thee away to the depth of the sea; and if Yelena the Wise
finds thee, then there is no place in which thou canst hide from her.”
Ivan Tsarevich took the flint and steel, thanked the six-headed
serpent, and flew off on the carpet. Whether it was long or short,
near or far, he flew beyond the thrice-ninth land to the thirtieth
kingdom, where lived Yelena the Wise. Her palace was flashing like
fire; it was made of pure silver and gold. At her gate, on iron points,
were the heads of eleven heroes. Ivan the good youth became
thoughtful. “Eleven heads on the points, mine will surely be the
twelfth.” He came down in the broad court, went on the lofty porch,
and straight to the chamber.
Yelena the Wise met him. “Thou!” said she, “why art thou here?”
“I want to take thee in marriage.”
“Well, all right, try. If thou art able to hide from me, I will marry
thee; if not, thou wilt pay with thy head.”
Ivan went out in the open field, took his flint and steel, struck fire,
and put it to the steppe grass. From wherever he came, a blue-
winged eagle flew to him and said, with the voice of a man, “Good
youth, sit on me quickly; hold firmly, or thou wilt fall.”
Ivan sat on the eagle, grasped firmly with his hands. The eagle
clapped his wings, and rose high beyond the third range of clouds.
He is well hidden; it seems no one can find him. But Yelena the Wise
had a mirror: all she had to do was to look in it, and the whole world
was open to her. She knew in a moment where and what was going
on in the white world. She stepped up to that mirror, looked in it,
and knew every secret.
“Stop, cunning fellow,” cried Yelena the Wise, with a loud voice; “I
see thou hast flown above the third range of clouds. The blue-
winged eagle bore thee; it is time to come down to the earth.”
Ivan came to the earth, slipped off the eagle, went to the sea-shore,
struck fire, and put it to the blue sea. Suddenly, from wherever he
came, a giant pike swam to shore. “Well, good youth, creep into my
mouth; I’ll hide thee in the bottom of the sea.” He opened his jaws,
took in the young man, sank with him in the abyss of the sea, and
covered him with sand.
“Now,” thought Ivan, “perhaps it will be all right.” But the point was
not there.
Yelena the Wise barely looked in the mirror, and saw everything at
once. “Stop, cunning fellow, I see thou hast gone into the giant pike,
and thou art sitting now in the abyss of the sea beneath rolling
sands; it is time to come to shore.” The pike swam to shore, threw
out the good youth, and vanished in the sea.
Ivan returned to the broad court of Yelena the Wise, sat on the
porch, and grew powerfully thoughtful and sad. At that moment the
maid of Yelena the Wise ran up the stairway. “Why are thou sad,
good youth?”
“How can I be glad? If I hide not the third time, I must part with the
white world; so here I am sitting and waiting for death.”
“Grieve not; foretell no evil on thy own stormy head. Once I
promised to serve thee; I spoke no empty word. Come, I will hide
thee.”
She took Ivan by the hand, led him in, and put him behind the
mirror. A little later Yelena the Wise ran to the chamber, looked and
looked in the mirror. She could not see her bridegroom; the
appointed time had passed. She grew angry, and with vexation
struck the glass; it fell into fragments, and before her stood Ivan the
brave youth.
There was no help for it,—she had to yield this time. At the house of
Yelena the Wise there was no need of waiting to make mead or
wine; that day they had a noble feast and a wedding. They were
crowned, and began to live,—to live on and win wealth.
Go to notes
 THE SEVEN SIMEONS, FULL BROTHERS.

T
HERE lived an old man and his old wife; they lived many years,
to a great age. Then they began to pray to God to give them a
child who in their old age might help them to work. They
prayed a year, they prayed a second, they prayed a third and fourth,
they prayed a fifth and a sixth, and did not receive a child; but in the
seventh year the Lord gave them seven sons, and they called them
all Simeon. When the old man with the old woman died, the
Simeons were left orphans all in their tenth year.
They ploughed their own land, and were not worse than their
neighbors. It happened one time to Tsar Ador, the ruler of all that
country, to pass their village, and he saw the Seven Simeons
working in the field. He wondered greatly that such small boys were
ploughing and harrowing. Therefore he sent his chief boyar to
inquire whose children they were. When the boyar came to the
Simeons he asked why they, such small children, were doing such
heavy work?
The eldest Simeon answered that they were orphans, that there was
no one to work for them, and said at the same time that they were
all called Simeon. The boyar left them and told this to the Tsar, who
wondered greatly that so many small boys, brothers, should be
called by one name. Therefore he sent the same boyar to take them
to the palace. The boyar carried out the command of the Tsar and
took all the Simeons with him. When the Tsar came to the palace he
assembled the boyars and men of counsel and asked advice in the
following words:
“My boyars and men of counsel, ye see these seven orphans who
have no relatives: I wish to make of them men who may be grateful
to me hereafter; therefore I ask counsel of you. In what science or
art should I have them instructed?”
To this all answered as follows: “Most Gracious Sovereign, as they
are now grown somewhat and have reason, dost thou not think it
well to ask each one of them separately with what science or art he
would like to occupy himself?”
The Tsar accepted this advice gladly, and began by asking the eldest
Simeon: “Listen to me, my friend: with whatever science or art thou
wishest to occupy thyself, in that I will have thee instructed.”
Simeon answered: “Your Majesty, I have no wish to occupy myself
with any science or art; but if you would give command to build a
forge in the middle of your court-yard, I would forge a pillar reaching
to the sky.”
The Tsar saw that there was no reason to teach this Simeon, for he
knew well enough the art of a blacksmith; still, he did not believe
that the boy could forge a pillar to the very sky, therefore he gave
command to build in quick time a forge in the middle of his court-
yard. After the first he called the second Simeon. “And thou, my
friend, whatever science or art thou wishest to study, in that will I
give thee to be taught.”
Then that Simeon answered: “Your Majesty, I do not wish to study
any science or art; but if my eldest brother will forge a pillar to the
sky, then I will climb that pillar to the top, and will look at all lands,
and tell you what is going on in each one of them.”
The Tsar considered that there was no need to teach this Simeon
either, because he was wise already. Then he asked the third
Simeon: “Thou, my friend, what science or art dost thou wish to
learn?”
Simeon answered: “Your Majesty, I do not wish to learn any science
or art; but if my eldest brother will make me an axe, with the axe I
will strike once, twice; that moment there will be a ship.”
Then the king answered: “I need shipwrights, and thou shouldst not
be taught anything else.” Next he asked the fourth: “Thou, Simeon,
what science or art dost thou wish to know?”
“Your Majesty,” answered he, “I do not wish to know any science;
but if my third brother should make a ship, and if it should happen
to that ship to be at sea, and an enemy should attack it, I would
seize it by the prow and take the ship to the underground kingdom;
and when the enemy had gone away I would bring it back to the
surface of the sea.”
The Tsar was astonished at these great wonders of the fourth
Simeon, and he said: “There is no need to teach thee either.” Then
he asked the fifth Simeon: “And thou, Simeon, what science or art
dost thou wish to learn?”
“I do not wish to learn any,” said he; “but if my eldest brother will
make me a gun, with that gun, if I see a bird, I will hit it, even one
hundred versts distant.”
“Well, thou wilt be a splendid sharpshooter for me,” said the Tsar.
Then he asked the sixth Simeon: “Thou, Simeon, what science dost
thou wish to begin?”
“Your Majesty,” said Simeon, “I have no wish to begin any science or
art; but if my fifth brother will shoot a bird on the wing, I will not let
it reach the earth, but will catch it and bring it to you.”
“Thou’rt very cunning,” said the Tsar; “thou wilt take the place of a
retriever for me in the field.” Then the Tsar asked the last Simeon:
“What art or science dost thou wish to learn?”
“Your Majesty,” answered he, “I do not wish to learn any science or
art, because I have a most precious craft.”
“But what is thy craft? Tell me, if it please thee.”
“I know how to steal dexterously,” said Simeon, “so that no man can
steal in comparison with me.”
The Tsar became greatly enraged, hearing of such an evil art, and
said to his boyars and men of counsel: “Gentlemen, how do ye
advise me to punish this thief Simeon? Tell me what death should he
die?”
“Your Majesty,” said they all to him, “why put him to death? He is a
thief in name, but a thief who may be needed on an occasion.”
“For what reason?” asked the Tsar.
“For this reason: your Majesty is trying now these ten years to get
Tsarevna Yelena the Beautiful, and you have not been able to get
her; and besides, have lost great forces and armies, and spent much
treasure and other things. Mayhap this Simeon the thief may in
some way be able to steal Yelena the Beautiful for your Majesty.”
The Tsar said in answer: “My friends, ye tell me the truth.” Then he
turned to Simeon the thief and asked: “Well, Simeon, canst thou go
to the thrice-ninth land, to the thirtieth kingdom, and steal for me
Yelena the Beautiful? I am strongly in love with her, and if thou canst
steal her for me I’ll give thee a great reward.”
“Stealing is my art, your Majesty,” answered the seventh Simeon,
“and I will steal her for you; only give the command.”
“Not only do I give the command, but I beg thee to do it; and delay
no longer at my court, but take for thyself troops and money,
whatever is needed.”
“Neither troops nor treasure do I need,” answered he. “Let all of us
brothers go together, and I will get Tsarevna Yelena the Beautiful.”
The Tsar did not like to part with all the Simeons; still, though he
regretted it, he was obliged to let them all go together. Meanwhile
the forge was built in the court, and the eldest Simeon forged an
iron pillar to the very sky; the second Simeon climbed on that pillar
to the top, and looked in the direction in which was the kingdom of
the father of Yelena the Beautiful. After he had looked he cried from
the top of the pillar: “Your Majesty, I see Yelena the Beautiful sitting
beyond the thrice-ninth land in the thirtieth kingdom under a
window; her marrow flows from bone to bone.”
Now the Tsar was still more enticed by her beauty, and said to the
Simeons in a loud voice: “My friends, start on your journey at once,
for I cannot live without Yelena, the beautiful Tsarevna.”
The eldest Simeon made an axe for the third, and for the fifth he
made a gun; and after that they took bread for the journey, and
Simeon the Thief took a cat, and they went their way. Simeon the
Thief had made the cat so used to him that she ran after him
everywhere like a dog; and if he stopped on the road, or in any
other place, the cat stood on her hind legs, rubbed against him, and
purred. So the brothers went their way for some time, and at last
came to the sea, which they had to cross, and there was nothing to
cross upon. They walked along the shore and looked for a tree of
some kind to make a vessel, and they found a very large oak. The
third Simeon took his axe and cut the oak at the very root, and then
with one stroke and another he made straightway a ship, which was
rigged, and in the ship were various costly goods. All the Simeons
sat on that ship and sailed on their journey.
In a few months they arrived safely at the place where it was
necessary for them to go. When they entered the harbor they cast
anchor at once. On the following day Simeon the Thief took his cat
and went into the town, and coming to the Tsar’s palace he stood
opposite the window of Yelena the Beautiful. At that moment the cat
stood on her hind legs and began to rub against him and to purr. It
is necessary to say that in that kingdom they knew nothing of cats,
and had not heard what kind of beast the cat is.
Tsarevna Yelena the Beautiful was sitting at the window; and seeing
the cat, sent straightway her nurses and maidens to ask Simeon
what kind of beast that was, would he not sell it, and what price
would he take. The maidens and nurses ran out in the street and
asked Simeon what kind of beast that was, and would he not sell it?
Simeon answered: “My ladies, be pleased to relate to her Highness,
Yelena the Beautiful, that this little beast is called a cat, that I will
not sell it, but if she wishes to have it I will give it to her without
price.”
The maidens and nurses ran straight to the palace and told what
they had heard from Simeon.
Tsarevna Yelena the Beautiful was rejoiced beyond measure, ran out
herself, and asked Simeon would he not sell the cat.
Simeon said: “Your Highness, I will not sell the cat; but if you like
her, then I make you a present of her.”
The Tsarevna took the cat in her arms and went to the palace, and
Simeon she commanded to follow. When she came to the palace the
Tsarevna went to her father, and showed him the cat, explaining that
a certain foreigner had given it to her as a present.
The Tsar, seeing such a wonderful little beast, was greatly delighted,
and gave orders to call Simeon the Thief; and when he came, the
Tsar wished to reward him with money for the cat; but as Simeon
would not take it, he said: “My friend, live for the time in my house,
and meanwhile, in your presence, the cat will become better used to
my daughter.”
To this Simeon did not agree, and said to the Tsar: “Your Majesty, I
could live with great delight in your house if I had not the ship on
which I came to your kingdom, and which I cannot commit to any
one; but if you command me, I will come every day and teach the
cat to know your daughter.”
The Tsar commanded Simeon to come every day. Simeon began to
visit Tsarevna Yelena the Beautiful. One day he said to her:
“Gracious lady, often have I come here; I see that you are not
pleased to walk anywhere; you might come to my ship, and I would
show you such costly brocades as you have never seen till this day.”
The Tsarevna went straightway to her father and began to beg
permission to go to the ship-wharf. The Tsar permitted her, and told
her to take nurses and maidens, and go with Simeon.
As soon as they came to the wharf Simeon invited her to his ship,
and when she entered the ship Simeon and his brothers began to
show the Tsarevna various rich brocades. Then Simeon the Thief
said to Yelena the Beautiful: “Now be pleased to tell your nurses and
maidens to leave the ship, because I wish to show you things so
costly that they should not see them.”
The Tsarevna commanded her maidens and nurses to leave the ship.
As soon as they had gone, Simeon the Thief ordered his brothers in
silence to cut off the anchor and go to sea with all sail; meanwhile
he showed the Tsarevna rich goods and made her presents of some.
About two hours had passed while he was showing the stuffs. At last
she said it was time for her to go home, the Tsar her father would
expect her to dinner. Then she went out of the cabin and saw that
the ship was under sail and land no longer in sight.
She struck herself on the breast, turned into a swan, and flew off.
The fifth Simeon took his gun that minute and wounded the swan;
the sixth Simeon did not let her fall to the water, but brought her
back to the ship, where she became a maiden as before.
The nurses and maidens who were at the wharf, seeing the ship
move away from the shore with the Tsarevna, ran straight to the
Tsar and told him of Simeon’s deceit. Then the Tsar sent a whole
fleet in pursuit. When this fleet coming up was very near the ship of
the Simeons, the fourth Simeon seized the prow and conducted the
ship to the underground kingdom. When the ship had become
entirely invisible, the commanders of the fleet thought it was lost,
with the Tsarevna; therefore they returned, and reported to the Tsar
that Simeon’s ship had gone to the bottom with Yelena the Beautiful.
The Simeons arrived at their own kingdom successfully, delivered
Yelena the Beautiful to Tsar Ador, who for such a mighty service of
the Simeons gave liberty to them all, and plenty of gold, silver, and
precious stones, married Yelena the Beautiful himself, and lived with
her many years.
Go to notes
 THE ENCHANTED PRINCESS.

I
N a certain kingdom a soldier served in the mounted guard of the
king. He served twenty-five years in faithfulness and truth; and
for his good conduct the king gave orders to discharge him with
honor, and give him as reward the same horse on which he had
ridden in the regiment, with all the caparison.
The soldier took farewell of his comrades and set out for his native
place. He travelled a day, a second, and a third. Behold, a whole
week had gone; a second and third week! The soldier had no
money; he had nothing to eat himself, nothing to give his horse, and
his home was far, far away. He saw that the affair was a very bad
one; he wanted terribly to eat, began to look in one direction and
another, and saw on one side a great castle. “Well,” thought he,
“better go there; maybe they will take me even for a time to serve,
—I’ll earn something.”
He turned to the castle, rode into the court, put his horse in the
stable, gave him hay, and entered the castle. In the castle a table
was set with food and wine,—with everything that the soul could
wish for.
The soldier ate and drank. “Now,” thought he, “I may sleep.”
All at once a bear came in. “Fear me not, brave hero; thou hast
come in good time. I am not a savage bear, but a fair maiden, an
enchanted princess. If thou canst endure and pass three nights in
this place, the enchantment will be broken, I shall be a princess as
before, and will marry thee.”
The soldier consented. Now, there fell upon him such a sadness that
he could not look on the world, and every moment the sadness
increased; if there had been no wine he could not have held out a
single night, as it seemed. The second night it went so far that the
soldier resolved to leave everything and run away; but no matter
how he struggled, no matter how he tried, he found no way out of
the castle. There was no help for it, he had to stay in spite of
himself.
He passed the third night. In the morning there stood before him a
princess of unspeakable beauty. She thanked him for his service, and
told him to make ready for the crown (marriage). Straightway they
had the wedding, and began to live together without care or trouble.
After a time the soldier remembered his native place; he wanted to
spend some time there. The princess tried to dissuade him.
“Remain, stay here, my friend, go not away. What is lacking to
thee?”
No, she could not dissuade him. She took farewell of her husband,
gave him a sack filled with seeds, and said: “On whatever road thou
mayest travel, throw these seeds on both sides. Wherever they fall,
that moment trees will spring up; on the trees precious fruit will be
hanging in beauty, various birds will sing songs, and tom-cats from
over the sea will tell tales.”
The good hero sat on his horse of service and went his way.
Wherever he journeyed he cast seeds on both sides, and after him
forests were rising, just creeping out of the damp earth. He rode one
day, he rode a second, a third, and saw in the open field a caravan.
On the grass merchants were sitting playing cards, near them a
great kettle was hanging, and, though there was no fire under the
kettle, it was boiling like a fountain within the pot. “What a wonder!”
thought the soldier; “there is no fire to be seen, and in the kettle it is
boiling like a fountain,—let me look at it more closely.” He turned his
horse to the place and rode up to the merchants.
“Hail, honorable gentlemen!” He had no suspicion that these were
not merchants, but all unclean. “That is a good trick of yours,—a
kettle boiling without fire; but I have a better one.”
He took out a seed and threw it on the ground,—that moment a full-
grown tree came up; on the tree were precious fruits in their beauty,
various birds were singing songs, and tom-cats from over the sea
were telling tales. From this boast the unclean knew him.
“Ah,” said they among themselves, “this is the man who liberated the
princess! Come, brothers, let us drug him with a weed, and let him
sleep half a year.”
They went to entertaining him, and drugged him with the magic
weed. The soldier dropped on the grass and fell into deep sleep from
which he could not be roused. The merchants, the caravan, and the
kettle vanished in a twinkle.
Soon after the princess went out in her garden and saw that the
tops of all the trees had begun to wither. “This is not for good,”
thought she; “it is evident that evil has come to my husband.”
Three months passed. It was time for his return, and there was
nothing of him, nothing. The princess made ready and went to
search for him. She went by that road along which he had travelled,
—on both sides forests were growing, birds were singing, and tom-
cats from over the sea were purring their tales. She reached the spot
where there were no more trees, the road wound out into the open
field; she thought, “Where has he gone to? Of course he has not
sunk through the earth.”
She looked, aside by itself was one of the wonderful trees, and
under it her dear husband. She ran to him, pushed, and tried to
rouse him. No, he did not wake. She pinched him, stuck pins in his
side, pricked and pricked him. He did not feel even the pain,—lay
like a corpse without motion. The princess grew angry, and in her
anger pronounced the spell: “Mayest thou be caught by the stormy
whirlwind, thou good-for-nothing sleepy head, and be borne to
places unknown!”
She had barely uttered these words when the wind began to whistle,
to sound, and in one flash the soldier was caught up by a boisterous
whirlwind and borne away from the eyes of the princess. She saw
too late that she had spoken an evil speech. She shed bitter tears,
went home, lived alone and lonely.
The poor soldier was borne by the whirlwind far, far away beyond
the thrice-ninth land, to the thirtieth kingdom, and thrown on a point
between two seas; he fell on the very narrowest little wedge. If the
sleeping man were to turn to the right, or roll to the left, that
moment he would tumble into the sea, and then remember his
name.
The good hero slept out his half year,—moved not a finger; and
when he woke he sprang straight to his feet, looked on both sides.
The waves are rolling; no end can be seen to the broad sea. He
stands in doubt, asking himself, “By what miracle have I come to this
place? Who dragged me hither?” He turned back from the point and
came out on an island; on that island was a mountain steep and
lofty, touching the clouds with its peak, and on the mountain a great
stone. He came near this mountain and saw three devils fighting;
blood was just flowing from them, and bits of flesh flying.
“Stop, ye outcasts! What are ye fighting for?”
“But seest thou our father died three days ago and left three
wonderful things,—a flying carpet, swift-moving boots, and a cap of
invisibility; and we cannot divide them.”
“Oh, ye cursed fellows, to fight for such trifles! If ye wish I’ll divide
them between you, and ye shall be satisfied; I’ll offend no one.”
“Well then, countryman, divide between us if it please thee.”
“Very good. Run quickly through the pine woods and gather one
hundred poods of pitch, and bring it here.”
The devils rushed through the pine woods, collected three hundred
poods of pitch, and brought it to the soldier.
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