Outline

Chapter 1: Fluid mechanics

Chapter 2: Temperature and Heat

Chapter 3:Heat transfer mechanism

Review (Mocktest)
A plane is at altitude of 10000 m where the outside air pressure is 0.25 atm. If the pressure inside the
plane is 1 atm, what is the net outward force on a 1m x 2m door in the wall of the plane (1 atm =
1.01 x 105 𝑃𝑎)
November 2013

The force inside the door in the wall of the plane:

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴 = 1.01 x 105 x 1 x 2 = 202000 𝑁
The force outside the door in the wall of the plane:
𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴 = 0.25 x 1.01 x 105 x 1 x 2 = 50500 𝑁
The total net outward force on the door in the wall of the plane:
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 202000 − 50500 = 151500 (𝑁)
A vertical tube, open at the top to the atmosphere, contain 10 cm of oil (𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.6𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 , 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ) floating on 20 cm of water. What is the gauge pressure (pressure in excess of
atmospheric) at the bottom of the tube?
April 2019

The gauge pressure at the bottom of the tube:

∆𝑝 = 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 + 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
= 0.6 x 1000 x 9.8 x 0.1 + 1000 x 9.8 x 0.2
= 2548 (𝑃𝑎)
What force must be extended on the master cylinder of a hydraulic lift to support the weight of a 2000-
kg car (a large car) resting on a slave cylinder? The master cylinder has a 2.00-cm diameter and the
slave has a 24.0-cm diameter.
April 2013

According to the Pascal’s principle:

2
𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 22 1
= = 2 = 2=
𝐹𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐴𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑣𝑒 24 144
We have:
𝐹𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑚𝑔 = 2000 x 9.8 = 19600 (𝑁)
1 1
→ 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐹𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑣𝑒 = x 19600 = 136.11 (𝑁)
144 144
A block of wood floats in water with one-third of its volume submerged. Determine the density of the
wood if the density of water is 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
November 2014

Since a block of wood floats in water:

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑏 + 𝐹𝑔 = 0
→ 𝐹net = 𝐹b − 𝐹g = 0 → 𝐹b = 𝐹g
We have:
1
The buoyant force: 𝐹b = 𝜌water 𝑔𝑉water = 𝜌water 𝑔 𝑉wood
3
The gravitational force: 𝐹g = 𝑚wood 𝑔
1
→ 𝜌water 𝑔 𝑉wood = 𝑚wood 𝑔
3
𝑚 1
→ 𝜌w𝑜𝑜𝑑 = wood = 𝜌water = 333.3 (𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )
𝑉wood 3
An aluminum ball of volume 4.0 𝑐𝑚3 is dropped in water. Find the acceleration with which the ball
sinks in the water. The density of water is 1.0 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 and the density of aluminum is 2.7 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
November 2013

The ball sinks in the water:

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹𝑏 + 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ
→ 𝐹net = 𝐹b − 𝐹g = 𝑚𝑎

The buoyant force: 𝐹b = 𝜌water 𝑔𝑉water = 𝜌water 𝑔𝑉Al = 1000 𝑥 9.8 𝑥 4 𝑥 10−6 = 0.0392 (𝑁)
The gravitational force: 𝐹g = 𝑚Al 𝑔 = 𝜌Al 𝑉Al 𝑔 = 2700 𝑥 4 𝑥 10−6 𝑥 9.8 = 0.10584 𝑁
The net force:
𝐹net = 𝐹b − 𝐹g = 𝑚Al 𝑎 = 𝜌Al 𝑉Al 𝑎
𝐹b −𝐹g 0.0392 −0.10584
→𝑎= = = −6.17 (𝑚/𝑠 2 )
𝜌Al 𝑉Al 2700 𝑥 4 𝑥 10−6
A fluid flows at 4 m/s in a horizontal pipe. Further down the line, the pipe diameter change to one-third
its original diameter. What is the flow speed of the fluid in this new section of the pipe?
April 2019

For the area, we have:

𝐴2 𝑑22 1
= 2=
𝐴1 𝑑1 9
According to the equation of continuity:
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝐴1
→ 𝑣2 = 𝑣1 = 9𝑣1 = 36 (𝑚/𝑠)
𝐴2
A sprinkle is made of a 1.0 cm diameter garden hose with one end closed and 40 holes, each with a
diameter of 0.05 cm, cut near the closed end (Figure 2). If the water flows at 2 m/s in the hose, what is
the speed of the water leaving the hole?
March 2014

For the area, we have:

𝐴2 𝑑22 0.052
= 2= = 0.0025
𝐴1 𝑑1 1
According to the equation of continuity:
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝐴1
→ 𝑣2 = 𝑣1 = 400𝑣1 = 800 (𝑚/𝑠)
𝐴2
Since there is 40 holes  The velocity of each
hole is 20 m/s
Two streams merge to form a river. One stream has a width of 8.0 m, depth of 4.0 m, and current speed
of 2.0 m/s. The other stream is 7.0 m wide and 3.0 m deep, and flows at 4.0 m/s. If the river has a width
of 10.0 m and a speed of 4.0 m/s, what is its depth?
November 2013

According to the equation of continuity:

𝐴1 𝑣1 + 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟
The area of the first stream: 𝐴1 = 8 𝑥 4 = 32 𝑚2
The area of the second stream: 𝐴1 = 7 𝑥 3 = 21 𝑚2
The area of the river: 𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 10𝑑 (𝑑 is the depth of the river)
Therefore:
32 𝑥 2 + 21 𝑥 4 = 10𝑑 𝑥 4 → 𝑑 = 3.7 (𝑚)
A water pipe carries water from the ground to the first floor of a house. The pressure in the ground level
and on the first floor are 2.0 x 105 Pa and 1.1 x 105 Pa, respectively. Water flows at 2.0 m/s in the
ground level. If the first floor is 4.0 m above the ground, find the speed of water on the first floor.
(The density of water is 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )
November 2016

According to Bernoulli’s equation:

1 2 1 2
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑣1 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦1 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑣2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦2
2 2
1 1
→ 2 𝑥 105 + 𝑥 1000 𝑥 22 + 1000 𝑥 9.8 𝑥 0 = 1.1 𝑥 105 + 𝑥 1000 𝑥 𝑣22 + 1000 𝑥 9.8 𝑥 4
2 2
→ 𝑣2 = 10.27 (𝑚/𝑠)
Water is flowing in a fire hose with a velocity of 1.0 m/s and a pressure of 2.0 x 105 Pa. At the nozzle
the pressure decrease to atmospheric pressure (1.013 x 105 Pa), there is no change in height. Calculate
the velocity of water going out of the nozzle
April 2017

According to Bernoulli’s equation

1 2 1 2
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑣1 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑣2
2 2
1 1
→ 2 𝑥 10 + 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1 = 1.013 𝑥 10 + 𝑥 1000 𝑥 𝑣22
5 2 5
2 2
→ 𝑣2 = 14.085 (𝑚/𝑠)
A cylinder is filled with water and a tightly fitting piston resting on the top of the water as shown in
Figure 1. The pressure from the piston (not including the atmosphere on the top surface of the water is
1000 Pa. A very small hole is opened at a depth of 70.0 cm below the initial water level of the cylinder.
Find the initial speed of water coming out of the hole (The density of water is 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )
November 2014

The pressure at the bottom of the piston (hole)

𝑝1 = 𝑝0 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 1000 + 1000 𝑥 9.8 𝑥 0.7
= 7860 (𝑃𝑎)
According to Bernoulli’s equation
1 2
𝑝1 = 𝜌𝑣2
2
2𝑝1 2 𝑥 7860
→ 𝑣2 = = = 3.96(𝑚/𝑠)
𝜌 1000
A heavy copper pot of mass 2.0 kg (including the copper lid) is at a temperature of 150℃. You pour
0.10 kg of water at 25℃ into the pot then quickly close the lid of the pot so that no steam can escape.
Find the mass of water that changes to the gaseous phase. Assume that no heat is lost to the
surroundings.
April 2015

At the gaseous phase: 𝑇 = 100℃

We have: 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑄𝑝𝑜𝑡 = 𝑐𝑝𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑡 150 − 100 = 380 𝑥 2 𝑥 150 − 100
= 38000 𝐽
Since: 𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑄25℃ →100℃ + 𝑄𝑉
𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 100 − 25 + 𝐿𝑉 𝑚
𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4200 x 0.1 x 100 − 25 + 2260000 x m = 38000
𝑚 = 2.8 𝑔
Conclusion: 2.8 g of water changes to the gaseous phase
An insulated beaker with negligible mass contains 0.250 kg of water at a temperature of 75℃. How
many kilograms of ice at a temperature of -20℃ must be dropped into the water to make the final
temperature of the system 30.0℃ ?
(Specific heat of water: 4190 J/kg.K, specific heat of ice: 2100 J/kg.K. heat of fusion of ice: 334 kJ/kg)
April 2017

The heat of water in an insulated beaker:

𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 30 − 75 = 4190 𝑥 0.25 𝑥 30 − 75 = −47137.5 𝐽
We have: 𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑒 = −𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 47137.5 𝐽
The heat that ice changes from −20℃ → 0℃:
𝑄1 = 𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 0 − −20 = 2100 𝑥 20 𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 42000 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒
The melting heat:
𝑄2 = 𝐿𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 334 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒
The heat that ice changes from 0℃ → 30℃:
𝑄3 = 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 30 − 0 = 4190 𝑥 30 𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 125700 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒
Since:
𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 = 501700 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 47137.5 → 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 0.094 (𝑘𝑔)
An ice-cube tray is filled with 75.0g of water. After reaching an equilibrium temperature of 20.0℃, the
filled tray is placed in a freezer set at -8.0℃ to make ice cubes. The specific heats of water and ice are
4186 J/kg.℃ and 2090 J/kg.℃, respectively. The latent heat of fusion of water is 3.33 𝑥 105 J/kg
a) Calculate the energy that must be removed from the water at 20.0℃ to make ice cubes at -8.0℃
b) What happens if 32 kJ energy is released from the water tray at 20.0℃
November 2018

a) The heat must be removed when water decreases from 20℃ → 0℃:
𝑄1 = 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 0 − 20 = 4186 𝑥 0.075 𝑥 − 20 = −6279 (𝐽)
The heat must be removed when water freezes:
𝑄2 = −𝐿𝑓 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = −3.33 𝑥 105 𝑥 0.075 = −24975 𝐽
The heat must be removed when water decreases from 0℃ → −8℃:
𝑄3 = 𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 −8 − 0 = 2090 𝑥 0.075 𝑥 − 8 = −1254 𝐽
The total energy: 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 = −32508 (𝐽)
b) We have: 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒 = −32 𝑘𝐽 = −32000 𝐽
Since: 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 > 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒 > 𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙  The water is in the change in temperature after freezing
 𝑄′ = 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒 − 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = −746(𝐽)
 Q′ = 𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑇 − 0 = 2090 𝑥 0.075 𝑥 𝑇 − 0 = −746 → 𝑇 = −4.76℃
Conclusion: If 32kJ energy is released from the water tray, the water is frozen at -4.76℃
In the p-V diagram as shown in Figure 1, 150 J of heat is added to the system in process AB, and 600 J
of heat is added to the system in the process BD. What is the total heat in the process ACD?
April 2013

For the process ABD

𝐸𝐴𝐵 = 𝑄𝐴𝐵 = 150 𝐽
𝐸𝐵𝐷 = 𝑄𝐵𝐷 − 𝑊𝐵𝐷 = 600 − 80 𝑥 0.005 − 0.002 𝑥 103
= 360𝐽
𝐸𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 𝐸𝐴𝐵 + 𝐸𝐵𝐷 = 510 𝐽
For the process ACD
𝑊𝐴𝐶 = 30 𝑥 0.005 − 0.002 𝑥 103 = 90 𝐽
𝐸𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 𝑄𝐴𝐶𝐷 − 𝑊𝐴𝐶
Since: 𝐸𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 𝐸𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 510
 𝐸𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 𝑄𝐴𝐶𝐷 − 90 = 510 → 𝑄𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 600 (𝐽)
When a gas system is taken from state a to state b in Fig.1 along the path acb, 150.0 J of heat flows into
the system and 60.0 J of work is done by the system.
a) How much heat flows into the system along the path adb if the work done by the system is 15.0 J?
b) When the system is returned from b to a along the curved path, the absolute value of the work done
by the system is 85.0 J. Does the system absorb or liberate heat? How much heat?
April 2015

a) For the process acb

𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑏 = 150 𝐽, 𝑊𝑎𝑐𝑏 = 60 𝐽
𝐸𝑎𝑐𝑏 = 𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑏 − 𝑊𝑎𝑐𝑏 = 150 − 60 = 90 𝐽
We have: 𝐸𝑎𝑐𝑏 = 𝐸𝑎𝑑𝑏 = 90 𝐽
For the process adb
𝐸𝑎𝑑𝑏 = 𝑄𝑎𝑑𝑏 − 𝑊𝑎𝑑𝑏 = 𝑄𝑎𝑑𝑏 − 15 = 90 → 𝑄𝑎𝑑𝑏 = 105 𝐽
b) Along the curved path, we have:
𝐸ba = −𝐸𝑎𝑑𝑏 = −90𝐽
We have:
𝑊𝑎𝑏 = −85 𝐽
𝐸𝑎𝑏 = 𝑄𝑎𝑏 − 𝑊𝑎𝑏 = 𝑄𝑎𝑏 + 85 = −90 → 𝑄𝑎𝑏 = −175 𝐽
Conclusion: The system liberate heat.
A gas within a closed chamber undergoes a cycle shown in Figure 2. For the cycle, calculate:
a) The change in internal energy of the gas
b) The net work done by the gas
c) The net heat transferred out of the gas
April 2019

a) This is the closed system

→ 𝐸𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐴 = 0
b) We have:
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = 0, 𝑊𝐵𝐶 = 2 𝑥 20 = 40 𝐽
1
𝑊𝐶𝐴 = − 𝑥 80 − 20 𝑥 4 − 2 − 20 𝑥 (4 − 2) = −100 𝐽
2
→ 𝑊𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐴 = 𝑊𝐴𝐵 + 𝑊𝐵𝐶 + 𝑊𝐶𝐴 = −60 𝐽
c) We have:
𝐸𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐴 = 𝑄𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐴 − 𝑊𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐴 = 𝑄𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐴 + 60 = 0 → 𝑄𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐴 = −`60 𝐽
An ideal gas through a closed cycle ABA (Figure 4). Calculate the net work done by the gas for the
cycle ABA if point A and B have the same internal energy and 4.16 kJ of heat released from the gas in
the process from B to A.
March 2014

This is the closed system

𝐸𝐴𝐵𝐴 = 0 → 𝑊𝐴𝐵𝐴 = 𝑄𝐴𝐵𝐴
We have:
1
𝑄𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑥 6 − 3 𝑥 103 + 1 𝑥 6 − 3 𝑥 103
2
= 4500 𝐽
𝑄𝐵𝐴 = −4.16 𝑘𝐽 = −4160 𝐽
→ 𝑊𝐴𝐵𝐴 = 𝑄𝐴𝐵𝐴 = 𝑄𝐴𝐵 + 𝑄𝐵𝐴 = 340 𝐽 = 340 x 10−3
(𝑘𝐽)
In the p-V diagram as shown in Figure 2, the change in the internal energy of the gas as it moves from
B to C is -5J. There is no change in the internal energy when the gas moves from A to B
a) Find the energy released as heat from the gas for the process
b) Find the work done by the gas for process AB if the energy extracted from the gas as heat for the
process ABC is 20 J
November 2016

a) For the process BC:

𝑊𝐵𝐶 = 0
𝐸𝐵𝐶 = 𝑄𝐵𝐶 − 𝑊𝐵𝐶 = 𝑄𝐵𝐶 = −5 𝐽
b) The energy extracted from the gas as heat for the
process ABC
𝑄𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑄𝐴𝐵 + 𝑄𝐵𝐶 = 𝑄𝐴𝐵 − 5 = −20 → 𝑄𝐴𝐵 = −15 𝐽
Since there is no change in the internal energy when the
gas moves from A to B
𝐸𝐴𝐵 = 0 → 𝑊𝐴𝐵 = 𝑄𝐴𝐵 = −15 𝐽
The volume of a metal sphere increase by 9.0 x 10−5 𝑚3 , when its temperature is raised by 80℃. If the
original volume is 2 x 10−2 𝑚3 , find the coefficient of linear expansion of the sphere.
November 2014

We have: ∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝛽∆𝑇
∆𝑉 9 𝑥 10−5 −5
→ 𝛽= = = 5.625 𝑥 10
𝑉∆𝑇 2 𝑥 10−2 𝑥 80
Since: 𝛽 = 3𝛼
𝛽
→ 𝛼 = = 1.875 𝑥 10−5 𝐾 −1
3
Two steel rods are each 1.0 m long at 29℃. Their ends are 1.0 mm apart (Figure 3). To what common
temperature should they be heated so that their ends touch at point A (𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 11 𝑥 10−6 1/℃)
March 2014

We have: The linear expansion in two steel rods:

∆𝐿1 = 𝐿1 𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 ∆𝑇, ∆𝐿2 = 𝐿2 𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 ∆𝑇
The ends touch at point A:
∆𝐿1 + ∆𝐿2 = 0.001
→ 𝐿1 𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 ∆𝑇 x 0.5 + 𝐿2 𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 ∆𝑇 x 0.5 = 0.001
0.002 0.002
→ ∆𝑇 = = −6 = 45.45
𝐿1 𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 +𝐿2 𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 2 𝑥 11 𝑥 10
We have:
∆𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇0 = 𝑇 − 29 = 45.45 → 𝑇 = 74.45 ℃
A pendulum consists of a brass sphere with a diameter of 35.0 cm suspended from a steel cable 10.5 m
long (both measurement are made at 20℃. The swinging sphere clears the floor by a distance of only
2.00 mm when the temperature is 20.0℃. At what temperature will the sphere begin to brush the floor?
April 2017

We have: The coefficient of learn expansion of brass and steel

𝛼𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 2 𝑥 10−5 𝐾 −1 , 𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 1.2 𝑥 10−5 𝐾 −1
For the expansion that the sphere will begin to brush the floor
∆𝑑𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 + ∆𝐿𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 0.002
→ 𝑑𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝛼𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∆𝑇 + 𝐿𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 ∆𝑇 = 0.002
0.002 0.002 2000
→ ∆𝑇 = = −5 −5
=
𝑑𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝛼𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 + 𝐿𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 0.35 𝑥 2 𝑥 10 + 10.5 𝑥 1.2 𝑥 10 133
2000
Since: ∆𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇0 = 𝑇 − 20 = → 𝑇 = 35.037 ℃
133
The coefficient of linear expansion of gold is 14.20 x 10−6 1/K. If the density of gold is 19.30 g/𝑐𝑚3 at
20℃, what will be the density of gold at 90℃?
April 2013

The coefficient of volume expansion: 𝛽 = 3𝛼 = 42.6 𝑥 10−6 1/𝐾

We have: The relationship between density and volume:
𝜌′ 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 1 1
= = = = =
𝜌 𝑉′ 𝑉 + ∆𝑉 𝑉 + 𝑉𝛽∆𝑇 1 + 𝛽∆𝑇 1 + 42.6 𝑥 10−6 𝑥 (90 − 20)
≈ 0.997
The density of gold is 19.30 g/𝑐𝑚3 at 20℃
The density of gold at 90℃
𝜌′ = 0.997𝜌 = 19.24 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
A house has a door made of two layer of glass separated by an air layer. Each of the 3 layers has a
thickness of 2.5 mm and an area of 3.0 𝑚2 . The temperature outside the house is -10℃, while the
temperature inside the house is +25℃. What is the rate of heat transfer by conduction through the
door? Assume steady state and 𝑘𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 1.0 𝑊𝑚−1 𝐾 −1 , 𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0.026 𝑊𝑚−1 𝐾 −1
November 2014

We have: The rate of heat transfer by conduction:

𝐴(𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐶 ) 𝐴(𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐶 )
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = =
𝑛 𝐿𝑖 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3
σ𝑖=1 + +
𝑘𝑖 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3
3 𝑥 (25 − −10)
→ 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = = 1038.022 (𝑊)
0.0025 0.0025 0.0025
+ +
1 0.026 1
A wall of classroom has 2 layers made of different materials with identical areas. The thickness of the
outer layer (𝑘1 = 0.15W/m.K) is 7.0 cm and that of the inner one (𝑘2 = 0.3 W/m.K) is 5.2 cm. The
temperature outside and inside the wall are 32℃ and 20℃, respectively. The energy transfer rate across
the wall is steady.
a) Find the interface temperature 𝑇𝑋 between the two layers
b) How long does it takes to conduct a heat of 100J across the wall of 6.0𝑚2 area?
November 2018

a) We have: The rate of energy of heat transfer is the same

→ 𝑃1 = 𝑃2
𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑋 𝑇𝑋 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑋 𝑇𝑋 − 𝑇2 15 75
𝑘1 𝐴 = 𝑘2 𝐴 0.15𝐴 = 0.3𝐴  𝑇 − 𝑇𝑋 = 𝑇 − 𝑇2
𝐿1 𝐿2 0.07 0.052 7 1 13 𝑋
15 15 75 75 91 15 75
 𝑇1 − 𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇 → 𝑇𝑋 = 𝑇 + 𝑇 = 23.25 ℃
7 7 𝑋 13 𝑋 13 2 720 7 1 13 2
b) We have:
𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑋 32 − 23.25
𝑃 = 𝑃1 = 𝑘1 𝐴 = 0.15 𝑥 6 𝑥 = 112.5 𝑊
𝐿1 0.07
Since:
𝑄 𝑄 100
𝑃= →𝑡= = = 0.89 𝑠
𝑡 𝑃 112.5
Conclusion: It takes 0.89 s to conduct a heat of 100J cross the wall of 6.0𝑚2 area
 Five slab of different materials with equal thickness and same cross sectional area are placed side by
side (Figure 1). Heat flows from the left to the right at a steady state. The temperature at the interfaces
are given. Which slab has the smallest thermal conductivity? Explain.
April 2019

The rate of energy transfer through each material is the same

→ 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 = 𝑃4 = 𝑃5
25 −19 19 −14 14 −10 10 −3 3−−5
𝑘1 𝐴 = 𝑘2 𝐴 = 𝑘3 𝐴 = 𝑘4 𝐴 = 𝑘5 𝐴
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
6𝑘1 = 5𝑘2 = 4𝑘3 = 7𝑘4 = 8𝑘5 = 𝑎 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
→ 𝑘1 = , 𝑘2 = , 𝑘3 = , 𝑘4 = , 𝑘5 =
6 5 4 7 8
→ 𝑘3 > 𝑘2 > 𝑘1 > 𝑘4 > 𝑘5
Conclusion: The fifth material has the smallest thermal conductivity
A wall is made of three layers with the same cross sectional area as shown in Figure 1. The thermal
conductivities of the layers are 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 = 0.8𝑘1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘3 = 0.6𝑘1 . The thickness of the layers are
𝐿1 , 𝐿2 = 0.4𝐿1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿3 = 0.3𝐿1 . Heat flows from the left to the right at a steady state. The temperatures
at the interfaces are 𝑇1 = 37℃ and 𝑇2 = 32℃ (see figure 1). Determine 𝑇3
November 2016

The rate of heat transfer is the same in each material

→ 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 = 𝑃3
𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇 −𝑇
𝑘1 𝐴 1𝐿 2 = 𝑘2 𝐴 2𝐿 𝑋 = 𝑘3 𝐴 𝑋𝐿 3
1 2 3
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑋 𝑇𝑋 − 𝑇3
𝑘1 𝐴 = 0.8𝑘1 𝐴 = 0.6𝑘1 𝐴
𝐿1 0.4𝐿1 0.3𝐿1
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 2 𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑋 = 2 𝑇𝑋 − 𝑇3
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 2 𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑋
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 2 𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑋
→ ൞ →ቐ 𝑇2 + 𝑇3
𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑋 = 𝑇𝑋 − 𝑇3 𝑇𝑋 =
2
→ 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 2𝑇2 − 𝑇2 − 𝑇3
→ 𝑇3 = 2𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 2 𝑥 32 − 37 = 27℃
Figure 4 shows a composite slab consisting of steel and copper, having the same face area 𝐴 = 9 𝑐𝑚2 with thickness 𝐿1 =
10𝑐𝑚 and 𝐿2 = 30 𝑐𝑚. The steel slab is in thermal contact with a hot reservoir 𝑇H = 200.0 °C and the cooper slab is in thermal
contact with a cold reservoir 𝑇C = 25.0 °C. Assume that the heat transfer is a steady-state process. Thermal conductivities of
steel and copper are 𝑘1 = 50 W/mK and 𝑘2 = 401 W/mK respectively.
a) Compute the thermal conduction rate 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 .
b) Compute the temperature 𝑇𝑋 at the interface between steel and copper
𝑇𝐻 −𝑇𝐶 𝐴(𝑇𝐻 −𝑇𝐶)
Hint: 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑘𝐴 ; 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝐿𝑙
𝐿 σ𝑛
𝑙=1 𝑘𝑙
November 2023

a) The thermal conduction rate is given by:

𝐴(𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐶) 9 𝑥 10−4 𝑥(200 − 25)
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = = = 57.312 (𝑊)
𝑛 𝐿𝑙 0.1 0.3
σ𝑙=1 +
𝑘𝑙 50 401
b) This is a steady-state process by 2 slab have the same Area
𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝑋 𝑇𝑋 − 𝑇𝐶
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑘1 = 𝑘2
𝐿1 𝐿2
200 − 𝑇𝑋 𝑇𝑋 − 25
50 = 401
0.1 0.3
Thus, 𝑇𝑋 = 72.641 °𝐶 = 345.79𝐾
The gauge pressure 𝑝g versus depth h is plotted in Figure 1 for three liquids. For a rigid plastic box
fully submerged in each liquid, rank the plots according to the magnitude of the buoyant force acting on
the box, greatest first. Explain your results.
April 2017

We have: The gauge pressure:

𝑝g = 𝜌𝑔ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥
Based on the diagram: 𝜌𝑐 > 𝜌𝑏 > 𝜌𝑎
The magnitude of the buoyant force acting on
the box fully submerged in each liquid
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
Therefore, the rank of the magnitude of the
buoyant force
𝐹𝑐 > 𝐹𝑏 > 𝐹𝑎
The horizontal pipe shown in Figure 1 has a cross-sectional area of 40.0 𝑐𝑚2 at the wider portion and
10.0 𝑐𝑚2 at the constriction. Water is flowing in the pipe, and the volume flow rate from the pipe is
6.00L/s. Mass densities pf water and mercury (fluid in the U-shaped tube) are 1kg/L and 13.6 kg/L,
respectively. Find:
a) The flow speech at the wide and the narrow portions
b) The height difference h of two mercury columns
November 2018

a) The volume flow rate is steady

𝑅1 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 0.004𝑣1 = 0.006 → 𝑣1 = 1.5 𝑚/𝑠
𝑅2 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 0.001𝑣2 = 0.006 → 𝑣2 = 6 𝑚/𝑠
b) According to the Bernoulli’s equation:
1 2 1 2
𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑣1 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑣2
2 2
1 1 1
→ 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝜌water 𝑣2 − 𝜌water 𝑣1 = 𝜌water 𝑣22 − 𝑣12
2 2
2 2 2
We have:
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 𝜌mercury 𝑔ℎ

𝜌water 𝑣22 − 𝑣12 1 𝑥 (62 − 1.52 )

→ℎ= = = 0.1267 (𝑚)
2𝜌mercury 𝑔 2 𝑥 13.6 𝑥 9.8
A steel ring with a 2.5-cm inside diameter at 20.0℃ is warmed so that it can slip over a brass shaft with
a 2.5020-cm outside diameter at 20.0℃. Coefficient of linear expansion for brass and steel are 1.2 x
10−4 𝐾 −1 and 2.0 x 10−5 𝐾 −1 , respectively
a) In what temperature should the ring be warmed?
b) If the ring and the shaft together are cooled by some means such as liquid air, at what temperature
will the ring just slip off the shaft?
April 2015

a) The linear expansion of the steel ring and the brass shaft:
∆𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 ∆𝑇, ∆𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝛼𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∆𝑇
For the ring that can slip over a brass shaft:
∆𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 − 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2.5020 − 2.5 = 0.002 𝑐𝑚 = 2 𝑥 10−5 𝑚
→ 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 ∆𝑇 = 2 𝑥 10−5
2 𝑥 10−5 2 𝑥 10−5
∆𝑇 = = = 40
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 0.025 𝑥 2 𝑥 10−5
→ ∆𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇0 = 𝑇 − 20 = 40 → 𝑇 = 60 ℃
b) For the ring cooled so that it just slip off the shaft
∆𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 + ∆𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = −2 𝑥 10−5
′ ′ −5
−2 𝑥 10−5
→ 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 ∆𝑇 + 𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝛼𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∆𝑇 = −2 𝑥 10 → ∆𝑇′ = = −5.71
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 + 𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝛼𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠
Therefore:∆𝑇 ′ = 𝑇 ′ − 𝑇 = 𝑇 ′ − 60 = −5.71 → 𝑇 ′ = 54.29 ℃
A closed cubical box (60 cm on edge and 5 cm on thickness) contains ice at 0℃. When the outside
temperature is 20℃, it is found that 250g of ice melt each hour. Find the thermal conductivity of the
walls of the box. (Heat of fusion of ice: 𝐿𝑓 = 333 x 103 J/kg.K)
April 2017

The heat that ice is melted each hour: 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑓 = 0.25 𝑥 333 𝑥 103 = 83250 𝐽
The rate of energy of heat transfer:
𝑄 83250
𝑃= = = 23.125 𝑊
𝑡 3600
The total cross-sectional area: 𝐴 = 6 𝑥 0.6 𝑥 0.6 = 2.16 (𝑚2 )
We have:
𝑇𝐻 −𝑇𝐶 20 −0
𝑃 = 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘 𝑥 2.16 𝑥 = 23.125 → 𝑘 = 0.02676 𝑊𝑚−1 𝐾 −1
𝐿 0.05
A cylindrical copper rod of length 1.5 m and cross sectional area 6.5 𝑐𝑚2 is insulated to prevent heat
loss through its surface. The ends are maintained at a temperature difference of 100℃ by having one
end in a water-ice mixture and the other in boiling water and steam. How much ice is melted per hour at
the cold end? (thermal conductivity of copper k = 401 W/m.K, heat of fusion of ice: 333 x 103 J/kg.K)
November 2013

We have: The rate of heat transfer:

𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐶 100
𝑃 = 𝑘𝐴 = 401 𝑥 0.00065 𝑥 = 17.3767 (𝑊)
𝐿 1.5
Also, we have:
𝑄
𝑃 = → 𝑄 = 𝑃𝑡 = 17.3767 𝑥 3600 = 62556 𝐽
𝑡
The mass of ice melted per hour at the cold end
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑓 = 𝑚 𝑥 333 𝑥103 = 62556 → 𝑚 = 0.1878 (𝑘𝑔)