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hub n nat

A hub is a multi-port repeater that connects multiple devices in a network, broadcasting data to all ports without filtering, leading to potential data collisions. Hubs are classified into active, passive, and intelligent types, each with varying capabilities for signal regeneration and network management. Network Address Translation (NAT) is a method that allows multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address, improving address conservation and security.

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4 views

hub n nat

A hub is a multi-port repeater that connects multiple devices in a network, broadcasting data to all ports without filtering, leading to potential data collisions. Hubs are classified into active, passive, and intelligent types, each with varying capabilities for signal regeneration and network management. Network Address Translation (NAT) is a method that allows multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address, improving address conservation and security.

Uploaded by

Anushka Pandey
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HUB

A hub is a multi-port repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming from different branches,
for example, the connector in star topology which connects different stations. Hubs cannot
filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected devices. In other words, the collision
domain of all hosts connected through hub remains one. Hub does not have any routing table
to store the data of ports and map destination addresses., the routing table is used to
send/broadcast information across all the ports.

WORKING

A hub is a multiport device, which has multiple ports in a device and shares the data
to multiple ports altogether. A hub acts as a dumb switch that does not know, which
data needs to be forwarded where so it broadcasts or sends the data to each port.

Suppose there are five ports in a hub A, B, C, D, and E. Consider A wants to send any
data frame, or let’s say A is acting as a sender, so the hub will forward the data
transmitted by A to B, C, D, E. Now, at the same time B also wants to send the data
then data received from A and B will collide and can cause data loss. In this situation,
the data gets destroyed, and the hosts send a jam signal to all the hosts informing them
about the collision, and each sender needs to wait for a certain amount of time.
Note: In the hub, data is sent to all ports but each port accepts only that data whose
destination address matches their MAC address.

TYPES OF NETWORK HUB

Networks hubs are classified into three types:

1. Active Hub: They have a power supply for regenerating, and amplifying the signals.
When a port sends weak signalled data, the hub regenerates the signal and strengthens
it, then send it further to all other ports. Active hubs are expensive in costs as
compared to passive hubs.

2. Passive Hub: Passive hubs are simply used to connect signals from different network
cables as they do not have any computerised element. They simply connect the wires
of different devices in the star topology. Passive hubs do not do any processing or
signal regeneration and that’s why do not require electricity the most they can do is
they can copy or repeat the signal. It can’t clean the message, and it can’t amplify or
strengthen the signal.

3. Intelligent Hub: Intelligent hubs as the name suggests are smarter than active and
passive hubs. The intelligent hub comprises a special monitoring unit named
a Management Information Base (MIB). This is software that helps in analysing and
troubleshooting network problems. Intelligent hubs work similarly to active hubs but
with some management features. Like it can monitor the traffic of the network and the
configuration of a port.
FEATURES

Hubs are the hardware device that operates in the physical layer of the OSI model.

 It supports half-duplex transmission


 It works with shared bandwidth and broadcasting.
 The hub can provide a high data transmission rate to different devices.
 It can detect collisions in the network and send the jamming signal to each port.
 Hub does not support Virtual LAN(VLAN) and spanning tree protocol.
 It is unable to filter the data and hence transmit or broadcast it to each port.
 It cannot find the best route/ shortest path to send any data, which makes it an
inefficient device.

ADVANTAGES
 It is less expensive.

 It does not impact network performance.

 Hub support different network media.

DISADVANTAGES
 It cannot find the best/ shortest path of the network.

 No mechanism for traffic detection.

 No mechanism for data filtration.

 Not capable of connecting to different network topologies like token ring, ethernet,
etc.

 NOTE :- Network hubs generally do not have an IP address, as they are designed to
be transparent and forward information between connected devices on the same
network.
NAT (NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION)

Network address translation (NAT) is a method of mapping an IP address space into


another by modifying network address information in the IP header of packets while they are
in transit across a traffic routing device. The technique was initially used to bypass the need
to assign a new address to every host when a network was moved, or when the
upstream Internet service provider was replaced but could not route the network's address
space.

It has become a popular and essential tool in conserving global address space in the face
of IPv4 address exhaustion. One Internet-routable IP address of a NAT gateway can be used
for an entire private network.
NAT is often used by routers to connect private networks to the public internet.

WORKING

A router intercepts data sent from a private network to a public network


The router replaces the private IP address with its own public IP address
The router sends the data to the destination device
When the destination device sends data back, the router reverses the process.
TYPES OF NAT

 STATIC NAT - uses the same public IP address each time.

 DYNAMIC NAT- uses a pool of public IP addresses each time.

 PAT - combines multiple local IP addresses into a single public IP address.

BENEFITS OF NAT

 Conserves IP addresses: NAT allows organizations to use a limited number of


IP addresses more efficiently .
 Improves network performance: NAT allows multiple devices to share a single
internet connection .
 Security: NAT hides internal networks from public networks, making it harder
for attackers to map an organization's internal network .
 IPv4 to IPv6 transition: NAT helps IPv6 networks communicate with IPv4
networks.

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