I .

Education
1. Some people believe that everyone has a right to have access to university education
and that governments should make it free for all students no matter what financial
background they have. To what extent do you agree or disagree ?
### Essay

The debate over whether university education should be freely accessible to all individuals,
regardless of their financial background, is a pertinent one. I strongly agree with the notion
that governments should make higher education free for all students. This essay will discuss
the reasons why free university education is essential for both individuals and society as a
whole, and provide relevant examples and collocations to substantiate this viewpoint.

Firstly, making university education free ensures equal opportunities for all. In a
meritocratic society, one's financial background should not dictate their access to higher
education. Free education allows talented individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds to
pursue their academic ambitions, thereby promoting social mobility. For instance, in
countries like Germany and Norway, where higher education is free, there is a noticeable
increase in the number of students from lower-income families attending universities. This
policy helps bridge the gap between the rich and the poor, fostering a more equitable
society.

Secondly, free university education benefits the economy. An educated workforce is the
backbone of a thriving economy. By investing in free education, governments can cultivate a
pool of skilled professionals who contribute to various sectors, driving innovation and
economic growth. Countries like Finland have demonstrated that free education can lead to
a highly skilled workforce, which in turn attracts foreign investment and boosts the
country's global competitiveness. Thus, the initial expenditure on free education is
outweighed by the long-term economic benefits.

Furthermore, free education can alleviate student debt burdens, which have become a
significant issue in many countries. The United States, for example, grapples with a student
debt crisis, with millions of graduates burdened by loans. This financial strain can deter
individuals from pursuing further education or investing in other areas of their lives, such as
buying a home or starting a business. By making education free, governments can eliminate
this barrier, allowing graduates to enter the workforce without the looming pressure of
debt.

Critics may argue that free education places a financial strain on government resources.
However, the cost of not providing free education—such as increased unemployment,
lower productivity, and higher social welfare expenses—can be far greater. Moreover,
governments can explore alternative funding mechanisms, such as progressive taxation or
reallocating funds from other less critical areas, to support free education initiatives.
In conclusion, the advantages of free university education far outweigh the drawbacks. By
ensuring equal access, fostering economic growth, and alleviating student debt, free
education paves the way for a more equitable and prosperous society. It is imperative that
governments recognize the long-term benefits and take the necessary steps to implement
free higher education for all.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Access to university education** - Entry to higher education - Quyền tiếp cận giáo dục
đại học
2. **Financial background** - Economic status - Hoàn cảnh tài chính
3. **Equal opportunities** - Fair chances - Cơ hội bình đẳng
4. **Social mobility** - Economic advancement - Sự di chuyển xã hội
5. **Higher education** - Tertiary education - Giáo dục đại học
6. **Disadvantaged backgrounds** - Underprivileged conditions - Hoàn cảnh khó khăn
7. **Meritocratic society** - Performance-based society - Xã hội dựa trên năng lực
8. **Skilled professionals** - Qualified experts - Chuyên gia có tay nghề
9. **Economic growth** - Financial development - Tăng trưởng kinh tế
10. **Initial expenditure** - Upfront investment - Chi tiêu ban đầu
11. **Long-term economic benefits** - Sustained financial advantages - Lợi ích kinh tế lâu
dài
12. **Student debt burdens** - Financial obligations from education loans - Gánh nặng nợ
sinh viên
13. **Student debt crisis** - Educational loan dilemma - Khủng hoảng nợ sinh viên
14. **Financial strain** - Economic pressure - Áp lực tài chính
15. **Funding mechanisms** - Financing strategies - Cơ chế tài trợ
16. **Progressive taxation** - Graduated tax system - Thuế luỹ tiến
17. **Reallocating funds** - Redistributing resources - Tái phân bổ ngân sách
18. **Global competitiveness** - International market position - Khả năng cạnh tranh toàn
cầu
19. **Educated workforce** - Knowledgeable labor force - Lực lượng lao động có học thức
20. **Bridging the gap** - Closing the divide - Thu hẹp khoảng cách
21. **Foreign investment** - International capital inflow - Đầu tư nước ngoài
22. **Highly skilled workforce** - Expert labor force - Lực lượng lao động tay nghề cao
23. **Government resources** - State funds - Nguồn lực chính phủ
24. **Alleviate burdens** - Reduce pressures - Giảm nhẹ gánh nặng
25. **Critical areas** - Essential sectors - Khu vực quan trọng

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. Many students from _______ struggle to afford higher education.

2. Free university education promotes _______ by allowing everyone to pursue their
academic goals.
3. The _______ in Finland has led to a highly skilled workforce.
4. By _______ from other sectors, governments can fund free education.
5. _______ ensures that everyone, regardless of their _______ , can access education.
6. A _______ allows countries to attract _______ .
7. The _______ of providing free education can be justified by the _______ .
8. Students in the US face significant _______ due to high tuition fees.
9. _______ can help reduce the financial burden on students and their families.
10. _______ in education are essential for a country's long-term prosperity.

**Answer Key:**

1. disadvantaged backgrounds
2. social mobility
3. initial expenditure
4. reallocating funds
5. meritocratic society, financial background
6. skilled workforce, foreign investment
7. initial expenditure, long-term economic benefits
8. student debt burdens
9. Progressive taxation
10. Government resources

**Exercise 2:**

1. Ensuring _______ in education can help close the divide between rich and poor.
2. _______ allows students to start their careers without financial pressures.
3. Investing in _______ is crucial for a country’s _______ .
4. The concept of _______ focuses on rewarding talent and effort.
5. Governments must find innovative _______ to support free education.
6. _______ in countries like Norway shows the benefits of free higher education.
7. Access to _______ should not be limited by one’s _______ .
8. Free education helps create an _______ , benefiting the overall economy.
9. The _______ of free education policies can attract more _______ .
10. _______ can reduce the economic divide and promote _______ .

**Answer Key:**

1. equal opportunities
2. alleviating burdens
3. higher education, economic growth
4. meritocratic society
5. funding mechanisms
6. Initial expenditure
7. university education, financial background
8. educated workforce
9. long-term economic benefits, foreign investment
10. Bridging the gap, social mobility
2. Some students prefer to take a gap year between high school and university, to work
or to travel. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages ?
### Essay

The decision to take a gap year between high school and university has become increasingly
popular among students. This period, typically used for working or traveling, can offer
significant benefits but also comes with potential drawbacks. I firmly believe that the
advantages of taking a gap year outweigh the disadvantages. This essay will discuss the
positive aspects of a gap year and provide examples and collocations to support this
viewpoint.

Firstly, a gap year provides students with invaluable life experience that can enhance their
personal and academic development. During this time, students have the opportunity to
work, travel, and engage in volunteer activities, all of which can broaden their perspectives
and cultivate a sense of responsibility. For example, students who travel internationally
during their gap year often develop a deeper understanding of different cultures and global
issues. This cultural exposure can be a significant asset in today's interconnected world,
fostering open-mindedness and adaptability.

Moreover, a gap year can serve as a period of self-discovery and career exploration. Many
students are uncertain about their career paths after high school. A gap year allows them to
explore various fields through internships, part-time jobs, or volunteer work. This practical
experience can provide clarity and help students make more informed decisions about their
future studies and careers. For instance, a student interested in medicine might volunteer
at a healthcare facility, gaining firsthand insight into the profession and confirming their
passion for it.

Another advantage of taking a gap year is the potential for financial savings. By working
during this period, students can save money to offset the cost of their university education.
This can alleviate some of the financial burden on their families and reduce the need for
student loans. Additionally, work experience gained during a gap year can enhance a
student's resume, making them more competitive in the job market upon graduation.

However, critics argue that taking a gap year can lead to a loss of academic momentum.
They contend that students may find it challenging to return to a structured academic
environment after a year of relative freedom. While this is a valid concern, it can be
mitigated by maintaining a balance between work, travel, and preparatory academic
activities during the gap year. Moreover, the maturity and skills gained during this period
often outweigh the temporary disruption in academic continuity.
In conclusion, the advantages of taking a gap year—such as gaining life experience,
exploring career options, and saving money—far outweigh the disadvantages. While it is
essential for students to plan their gap year carefully to avoid losing academic momentum,
the benefits of this period can significantly enhance their personal and professional
development. Therefore, students should be encouraged to consider taking a gap year as a
valuable step in their educational journey.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Take a gap year** - Defer university for a year - Nghỉ một năm trước khi vào đại học
2. **Work or travel** - Gain employment or explore - Làm việc hoặc du lịch
3. **Invaluable life experience** - Priceless personal growth - Kinh nghiệm sống vô giá
4. **Academic development** - Educational progress - Phát triển học thuật
5. **Engage in volunteer activities** - Participate in community service - Tham gia hoạt
động tình nguyện
6. **Broaden perspectives** - Expand viewpoints - Mở rộng quan điểm
7. **Cultivate responsibility** - Develop accountability - Trách nhiệm trau dồi
8. **International travel** - Global exploration - Du lịch quốc tế
9. **Deeper understanding** - Enhanced comprehension - Hiểu biết sâu sắc hơn
10. **Self-discovery** - Personal exploration - Tự khám phá bản thân
11. **Career exploration** - Professional investigation - Khám phá nghề nghiệp
12. **Internships** - Work placements - Thực tập
13. **Volunteer work** - Community service - Công việc tình nguyện
14. **Practical experience** - Hands-on learning - Kinh nghiệm thực tế
15. **Financial savings** - Cost reductions - Tiết kiệm tài chính
16. **Offset the cost** - Reduce expenses - Giảm chi phí
17. **Alleviate financial burden** - Ease economic pressure - Giảm gánh nặng tài chính
18. **Student loans** - Educational debt - Khoản vay sinh viên
19. **Resume enhancement** - Improve CV - Nâng cao hồ sơ
20. **Academic momentum** - Educational continuity - Đà học tập
21. **Structured academic environment** - Organized educational setting - Môi trường học
tập có tổ chức
22. **Preparatory academic activities** - Educational readiness tasks - Hoạt động học tập
chuẩn bị
23. **Temporary disruption** - Short-term interruption - Gián đoạn tạm thời
24. **Personal and professional development** - Growth in life and career - Phát triển cá
nhân và nghề nghiệp
25. **Educational journey** - Learning path - Hành trình giáo dục

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**
1. Many students choose to _______ before starting university.
2. During a gap year, students often _______ to gain experience.
3. _______ during a gap year can significantly benefit personal growth.
4. Taking a gap year can lead to significant _______.
5. Students can _______ their university expenses by working during a gap year.
6. Engaging in _______ can provide valuable skills and experiences.
7. _______ gained during a gap year can enhance a student's resume.
8. A gap year offers a period for _______ and _______.
9. _______ can help students decide on their future career paths.
10. Critics worry about the loss of _______ during a gap year.

**Answer Key:**

1. take a gap year

2. work or travel
3. Invaluable life experience
4. financial savings
5. offset the cost
6. volunteer work
7. Practical experience
8. self-discovery, career exploration
9. Internships
10. academic momentum

**Exercise 2:**

1. _______ can expand students' viewpoints and understanding of the world.

2. Taking a gap year allows students to _______ their sense of responsibility.
3. _______ provides opportunities for hands-on learning and personal growth.
4. Students can participate in _______ to help others and gain experience.
5. The _______ from working can help pay for university expenses.
6. Many students use a gap year for _______ to gain insights into different professions.
7. _______ can be a valuable part of a gap year, providing clarity on career choices.
8. By deferring university for a year, students can _______ their personal interests.
9. A gap year can reduce the need for _______ by earning money beforehand.
10. Despite concerns about losing _______, the benefits of a gap year are substantial.

**Answer Key:**

1. International travel
2. cultivate
3. A gap year
4. volunteer activities
5. financial savings
6. career exploration
7. Internships
8. explore
9. student loans
10. academic momentum
3. Some people say that schools should concentrate on teaching students academic
subjects that will be useful for their future careers. Other people say that subjects such as
music and sports are also necessary. Discuss both views and give your own opinion
### Essay

The debate over the curriculum focus in schools is a longstanding one. On one hand, some
people argue that schools should concentrate on teaching academic subjects that are
directly useful for students' future careers. On the other hand, others believe that subjects
such as music and sports are equally necessary for a well-rounded education. In this essay, I
will discuss both perspectives and provide my own opinion on the matter.

Proponents of prioritizing academic subjects assert that these disciplines provide essential
knowledge and skills that are directly applicable in the workforce. Subjects such as
mathematics, science, and languages are foundational for many professional fields. For
instance, proficiency in mathematics is crucial for careers in engineering, finance, and
technology. Similarly, understanding science is fundamental for roles in healthcare,
research, and environmental management. These subjects not only enhance critical thinking
and problem-solving abilities but also prepare students for higher education and specialized
training.

Furthermore, in an increasingly competitive job market, a strong academic background can

give students an edge. Employers often seek candidates with robust analytical skills and
comprehensive knowledge in relevant subjects. By focusing on academics, schools can
better equip students with the qualifications needed to secure desirable positions and
succeed in their careers.

However, those who advocate for the inclusion of music and sports in the curriculum
highlight the holistic benefits these subjects offer. Music education fosters creativity,
emotional expression, and cultural awareness. It can enhance cognitive abilities, such as
memory and spatial reasoning, which are beneficial across various academic and
professional fields. For example, studies have shown that students who engage in music
perform better in mathematics due to the development of abstract reasoning skills.

Sports, on the other hand, promote physical health, teamwork, and discipline. Regular
physical activity is essential for preventing lifestyle-related diseases and maintaining overall
well-being. Moreover, sports teach valuable life skills such as leadership, perseverance, and
the ability to work collaboratively towards a common goal. These skills are transferable to
any career and contribute to personal development and resilience.
In my opinion, a balanced approach that incorporates both academic subjects and
extracurricular activities like music and sports is ideal. While academic subjects are
undeniably important for career preparation, music and sports play a crucial role in
nurturing well-rounded individuals. Schools should aim to create a diverse curriculum that
not only prepares students for professional success but also promotes their physical,
emotional, and social development.

In conclusion, both academic subjects and extracurricular activities have their unique
merits. A comprehensive education system should strive to integrate both, ensuring that
students are well-equipped for their future careers while also developing their personal and
interpersonal skills.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Concentrate on teaching** - Focus on educating - Tập trung vào việc giảng dạy
2. **Academic subjects** - Scholarly disciplines - Các môn học học thuật
3. **Useful for future careers** - Beneficial for professional life - Hữu ích cho sự nghiệp
tương lai
4. **Well-rounded education** - Holistic learning - Giáo dục toàn diện
5. **Essential knowledge** - Fundamental understanding - Kiến thức thiết yếu
6. **Directly applicable** - Immediately useful - Áp dụng trực tiếp
7. **Proficiency in mathematics** - Mastery of math - Thành thạo toán học
8. **Critical thinking** - Analytical reasoning - Tư duy phản biện
9. **Competitive job market** - Challenging employment landscape - Thị trường việc làm
cạnh tranh
10. **Robust analytical skills** - Strong problem-solving abilities - Kỹ năng phân tích mạnh
mẽ
11. **Holistic benefits** - Comprehensive advantages - Lợi ích toàn diện
12. **Cognitive abilities** - Mental skills - Khả năng nhận thức
13. **Spatial reasoning** - Visual-spatial skills - Khả năng suy luận không gian
14. **Preventing lifestyle-related diseases** - Avoiding health issues linked to lifestyle -
Ngăn ngừa bệnh liên quan đến lối sống
15. **Overall well-being** - General health - Sức khỏe tổng thể
16. **Valuable life skills** - Important personal competencies - Kỹ năng sống quý giá
17. **Personal development** - Individual growth - Phát triển cá nhân
18. **Creating a diverse curriculum** - Designing a varied syllabus - Tạo ra một chương
trình giảng dạy đa dạng
19. **Professional success** - Career achievement - Thành công nghề nghiệp
20. **Emotional expression** - Expressing feelings - Biểu hiện cảm xúc
21. **Cultural awareness** - Understanding different cultures - Nhận thức văn hóa
22. **Leadership skills** - Managerial abilities - Kỹ năng lãnh đạo
23. **Work collaboratively** - Cooperate effectively - Làm việc hợp tác
24. **Transferable skills** - Applicable abilities - Kỹ năng có thể chuyển đổi
25. **Interpersonal skills** - Social competencies - Kỹ năng giao tiếp
### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. Schools should _______ on educating students in _______ that are directly useful for
their future careers.
2. Music education can enhance _______ such as memory and _______ .
3. In a _______ , a strong academic background can give students an edge.
4. Proficiency in mathematics is crucial for careers in engineering, finance, and technology
due to its _______ .
5. _______ fosters creativity, emotional expression, and cultural awareness.
6. Regular physical activity is essential for _______ .
7. By _______ , schools can better prepare students for higher education.
8. _______ like leadership and teamwork are promoted through sports.
9. A _______ that includes both academic subjects and extracurricular activities is ideal.
10. _______ prepares students for professional success and personal development.

**Answer Key:**

1. concentrate, academic subjects

2. cognitive abilities, spatial reasoning
3. competitive job market
4. direct applicability
5. Music education
6. overall well-being
7. focusing on academics
8. Valuable life skills
9. diverse curriculum
10. Holistic learning

**Exercise 2:**

1. Advocates for a _______ highlight the benefits of both academic subjects and
extracurricular activities.
2. _______ is beneficial for developing strong problem-solving abilities.
3. Sports teach _______ such as leadership, perseverance, and teamwork.
4. Schools should aim to create a _______ that promotes both professional and personal
growth.
5. _______ can lead to higher academic performance in other subjects.
6. The _______ of physical health, teamwork, and discipline are essential for overall
development.
7. _______ ensures students are well-prepared for the challenges of the workforce.
8. Understanding science is fundamental for roles in _______ .
9. _______ provides essential knowledge and skills applicable across various fields.
10. _______ should integrate both academic and extracurricular activities to nurture well-
rounded individuals.

**Answer Key:**

1. well-rounded education
2. Critical thinking
3. valuable life skills
4. diverse curriculum
5. Music education
6. holistic benefits
7. Concentrating on teaching
8. healthcare and research
9. Academic subjects
10. A comprehensive education system
4. Online classes make conventional classrooms unnecessary. To what extend do you
agree or disagree ?
### Essay

The rise of online classes has sparked a debate over the necessity of conventional
classrooms. While some argue that online education can completely replace traditional
classroom settings, I believe that conventional classrooms remain indispensable for a well-
rounded educational experience. This essay will explore the reasons why online classes
cannot fully substitute traditional classrooms and provide examples and collocations to
support this viewpoint.

Firstly, conventional classrooms foster essential social interactions and collaborative skills
that online classes often lack. In a physical classroom, students engage in face-to-face
communication with their peers and teachers, which is crucial for developing interpersonal
skills. These interactions help students build teamwork, resolve conflicts, and develop
empathy. For instance, group projects and classroom discussions in a traditional setting
enhance students' ability to work collaboratively and think critically. In contrast, online
classes can be isolating, with limited opportunities for spontaneous discussions and peer
interactions.

Secondly, traditional classrooms provide a structured learning environment that is difficult

to replicate online. The physical presence of a teacher and the routine of attending classes
at a specific time create a disciplined learning atmosphere. This structure helps students
stay focused, motivated, and accountable for their studies. In online settings, the flexibility
can sometimes lead to procrastination and lack of discipline. For example, students may
struggle to manage their time effectively and may miss deadlines without the regular
reminders and supervision present in conventional classrooms.
Moreover, hands-on learning experiences, such as laboratory experiments, art classes, and
physical education, are integral parts of education that are best conducted in person. These
activities require specialized equipment, direct supervision, and immediate feedback, which
are challenging to provide online. For instance, science students benefit significantly from
conducting experiments in a lab, where they can observe reactions firsthand and learn
practical skills. Such experiences are vital for comprehending complex concepts and cannot
be adequately replaced by virtual simulations.

Critics of traditional classrooms argue that online education offers accessibility and
convenience, making education more inclusive. While this is true, it is essential to recognize
that online classes also have limitations, such as the digital divide. Not all students have
equal access to the necessary technology and stable internet connections, which can
exacerbate educational inequalities. Furthermore, the lack of physical presence in online
classes can lead to feelings of isolation and decreased student engagement.

In conclusion, while online classes offer certain advantages, they cannot render
conventional classrooms unnecessary. The social interactions, structured environment, and
hands-on learning experiences provided by traditional classrooms are crucial components of
a comprehensive education. Therefore, a hybrid approach that combines the benefits of
both online and traditional education might be the most effective way forward, ensuring
that students receive a balanced and enriching learning experience.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Conventional classrooms** - Traditional educational settings - Lớp học truyền thống

2. **Online classes** - Virtual courses - Lớp học trực tuyến
3. **Social interactions** - Interpersonal communication - Tương tác xã hội
4. **Collaborative skills** - Teamwork abilities - Kỹ năng hợp tác
5. **Face-to-face communication** - Direct interaction - Giao tiếp trực tiếp
6. **Interpersonal skills** - People skills - Kỹ năng giao tiếp cá nhân
7. **Group projects** - Team assignments - Dự án nhóm
8. **Classroom discussions** - In-class debates - Thảo luận trong lớp
9. **Structured learning environment** - Organized educational setting - Môi trường học
tập có cấu trúc
10. **Disciplined learning atmosphere** - Regulated study environment - Môi trường học
tập có kỷ luật
11. **Stay focused** - Maintain concentration - Giữ tập trung
12. **Hands-on learning experiences** - Practical educational activities - Trải nghiệm học
tập thực hành
13. **Laboratory experiments** - Lab practicals - Thí nghiệm trong phòng thí nghiệm
14. **Physical education** - Sports classes - Giáo dục thể chất
15. **Specialized equipment** - Specific tools - Thiết bị chuyên dụng
16. **Immediate feedback** - Prompt responses - Phản hồi ngay lập tức
17. **Virtual simulations** - Online models - Mô phỏng ảo
18. **Comprehending complex concepts** - Understanding difficult ideas - Hiểu các khái
niệm phức tạp
19. **Accessibility and convenience** - Ease of access - Tính dễ tiếp cận và thuận tiện
20. **Digital divide** - Technological gap - Khoảng cách số
21. **Stable internet connections** - Reliable online access - Kết nối internet ổn định
22. **Educational inequalities** - Learning disparities - Bất bình đẳng giáo dục
23. **Physical presence** - In-person attendance - Sự hiện diện vật lý
24. **Feelings of isolation** - Sense of loneliness - Cảm giác cô lập
25. **Student engagement** - Learner participation - Sự tham gia của học sinh

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. _______ offer a structured environment that helps students _______ on their studies.
2. _______ are crucial for developing _______ such as empathy and conflict resolution.
3. _______ and _______ are often limited in online classes, leading to feelings of isolation.
4. _______ allow students to work together and enhance their _______ .
5. Students in _______ benefit from _______ and immediate feedback.
6. The _______ highlights the unequal access to _______ necessary for online learning.
7. _______ can be challenging to manage without the discipline provided by _______ .
8. _______ are best conducted in person due to the need for _______ and direct
supervision.
9. Online classes offer _______ , but they cannot replace the _______ of traditional settings.
10. A _______ might combine the best aspects of _______ and online education.

**Answer Key:**

1. Conventional classrooms, stay focused

2. Social interactions, interpersonal skills
3. Face-to-face communication, classroom discussions
4. Group projects, collaborative skills
5. laboratory experiments, specialized equipment
6. digital divide, stable internet connections
7. Time management, structured learning environments
8. Hands-on learning experiences, specialized equipment
9. accessibility and convenience, disciplined learning atmosphere
10. hybrid approach, conventional classrooms

**Exercise 2:**

1. _______ in physical classrooms help students develop essential _______ .

2. Online education may lead to a sense of _______ due to limited _______ .
3. _______ provide an organized setting, promoting a _______ .
4. _______ often suffer from lack of _______ in virtual courses.
5. _______ require specific tools and _______ supervision.
6. The _______ in the US reveals significant _______ in technology access.
7. _______ can enhance student participation, reducing the risk of _______ .
8. Combining _______ with online learning can create a more _______ .
9. While online classes offer _______ , they cannot fully replicate the _______ of in-person
education.
10. _______ allow for practical application of knowledge, unlike _______ .

**Answer Key:**

1. Social interactions, interpersonal skills

2. isolation, face-to-face communication
3. Structured learning environments, disciplined learning atmosphere
4. Student engagement, immediate feedback
5. Laboratory experiments, direct
6. digital divide, educational inequalities
7. Classroom discussions, feelings of isolation
8. hands-on learning experiences, comprehensive education
9. accessibility and convenience, structured learning environment
10. Hands-on learning experiences, virtual simulations
II. Environment
1. Some believe that conserving endangered animals is not necessary and others think
that these resources should be diverted to projects that directly benefit humans . Discuss
both views and give your opinion.
### Essay

The debate over whether resources should be allocated to conserving endangered animals
or diverted to projects that directly benefit humans is a contentious one. While some argue
that conserving endangered species is not essential, others believe that these efforts are
crucial for ecological balance and the future well-being of humanity. This essay will discuss
both perspectives and provide a personal opinion on the matter.

On one hand, those who believe that conserving endangered animals is unnecessary often
argue that the resources spent on these efforts could be better used for projects that have
immediate human benefits. For example, investing in healthcare, education, and
infrastructure can directly improve the quality of life for many people. In developing
countries, where resources are already limited, prioritizing human needs over animal
conservation can seem like a more practical approach. Moreover, some species may be
beyond saving, and the money spent on conservation could be seen as a futile effort.

However, on the other hand, conserving endangered animals is vital for maintaining
ecological balance. Each species plays a unique role in its ecosystem, and the loss of one can
have a cascading effect on others. For instance, the extinction of a predator can lead to
overpopulation of its prey, which in turn can devastate plant life and other animals
dependent on that vegetation. Moreover, biodiversity is essential for the resilience of
ecosystems, which humans rely on for clean air, water, and fertile soil. Conservation efforts
can also have indirect benefits for humans, such as the potential discovery of new
medicines derived from plants and animals.

Furthermore, ethical considerations cannot be overlooked. Humans have been a significant

factor in the endangerment of many species through activities like deforestation, pollution,
and overhunting. Therefore, it can be argued that we have a moral obligation to protect and
preserve the biodiversity we have endangered. Additionally, many people derive intrinsic
value and cultural significance from wildlife, and losing species can diminish the richness of
human experience.

In conclusion, while it is understandable why some believe that resources should be

directed towards projects that directly benefit humans, conserving endangered animals is
crucial for ecological balance, future benefits, and ethical responsibility. In my opinion, it is
possible to find a balance between these priorities. Governments and organizations can
work towards more efficient resource allocation, ensuring that both human development
and conservation efforts are adequately funded. By doing so, we can secure a sustainable
future for both humans and the myriad species with whom we share this planet.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Conserving endangered animals** - Protecting threatened species - Bảo tồn động vật
có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng
2. **Directly benefit humans** - Direct human advantage - Trực tiếp có lợi cho con người
3. **Resources spent on** - Funds allocated to - Nguồn lực chi cho
4. **Immediate human benefits** - Direct advantages for people - Lợi ích trực tiếp cho con
người
5. **Quality of life** - Standard of living - Chất lượng cuộc sống
6. **Prioritizing human needs** - Focusing on human necessities - Ưu tiên nhu cầu con
người
7. **Practical approach** - Realistic method - Cách tiếp cận thực tế
8. **Cascading effect** - Domino impact - Hiệu ứng dây chuyền
9. **Ecosystem resilience** - Environmental robustness - Sự bền vững của hệ sinh thái
10. **Indirect benefits** - Secondary advantages - Lợi ích gián tiếp
11. **Ethical considerations** - Moral aspects - Các khía cạnh đạo đức
12. **Significant factor** - Major contributor - Nhân tố quan trọng
13. **Deforestation** - Forest clearance - Phá rừng
14. **Moral obligation** - Ethical duty - Nghĩa vụ đạo đức
15. **Intrinsic value** - Inherent worth - Giá trị nội tại
16. **Cultural significance** - Societal importance - Ý nghĩa văn hóa
17. **Richness of human experience** - Diversity of human life - Sự phong phú của trải
nghiệm con người
18. **Resource allocation** - Distribution of funds - Phân bổ nguồn lực
19. **Human development** - Human progress - Sự phát triển của con người
20. **Ecological balance** - Environmental equilibrium - Cân bằng sinh thái
21. **Sustainable future** - Long-term viability - Tương lai bền vững
22. **Biodiversity** - Biological diversity - Đa dạng sinh học
23. **Environmental degradation** - Deterioration of the environment - Suy thoái môi
trường
24. **Wildlife preservation** - Conservation of fauna - Bảo tồn động vật hoang dã
25. **Human experience** - Human interaction with nature - Trải nghiệm của con người

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. _______ is essential for maintaining the health of ecosystems.

2. Some believe that resources should be used for projects that _______ .
3. The _______ can be seen as a more realistic method in resource-limited settings.
4. Loss of a species can have a _______ on its ecosystem.
5. _______ ensures that ecosystems can recover from disturbances.
6. _______ from conservation efforts can include discovering new medicines.
7. Humans have a _______ to protect species they have endangered.
8. _______ like deforestation have significantly contributed to species endangerment.
9. The _______ of some animals adds to the richness of human culture.
10. Efficient _______ can balance human development and conservation efforts.

**Answer Key:**

1. Conserving endangered animals

2. directly benefit humans
3. practical approach
4. cascading effect
5. Ecosystem resilience
6. Indirect benefits
7. moral obligation
8. Significant factors
9. Intrinsic value
10. resource allocation

**Exercise 2:**

1. Efforts to _______ are crucial for ecological balance.

2. Projects that _______ are often prioritized in developing countries.
3. Improving the _______ for people is a common argument against wildlife conservation.
4. Protecting species helps maintain the _______ of the environment.
5. Ethical duty involves considering the _______ of human actions on other species.
6. _______ can have long-term benefits for human health and medicine.
7. _______ is a major cause of habitat loss for many species.
8. _______ plays a critical role in maintaining environmental equilibrium.
9. The _______ from protecting wildlife can enhance human experiences.
10. A _______ involves focusing on both human progress and environmental conservation.

**Answer Key:**

1. conserve endangered animals

2. directly benefit humans
3. quality of life
4. ecological balance
5. ethical considerations
6. Wildlife preservation
7. Deforestation
8. Biodiversity
9. Cultural significance
10. sustainable future
2. Explain some of the ways in which humans are damaging the environment. What can
governments do to address these problems . What can individual people do?
### Essay

The impact of human activities on the environment has become increasingly evident, with a
myriad of ways in which we are damaging our planet. This essay will discuss some of the
primary ways humans harm the environment, the measures governments can take to
address these issues, and the steps individuals can implement to contribute to
environmental protection.

One of the most significant ways humans damage the environment is through pollution.
Industrial activities, automobile emissions, and improper waste disposal contribute to air,
water, and soil pollution. For instance, the burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases
into the atmosphere, leading to climate change. Similarly, plastic waste, which takes
centuries to decompose, pollutes oceans and harms marine life. Deforestation is another
major issue, driven by the need for agricultural land, urbanization, and logging. This practice
not only destroys habitats but also contributes to the loss of biodiversity and exacerbates
climate change by reducing the number of trees that absorb carbon dioxide.

Governments play a crucial role in mitigating these environmental problems. One effective
measure is the implementation of stringent regulations and policies. For example,
governments can enforce laws that limit emissions from factories and vehicles, promote the
use of renewable energy sources, and impose heavy penalties for illegal dumping of waste.
Additionally, governments can invest in public transportation infrastructure to reduce the
reliance on private vehicles, thereby decreasing air pollution. Reforestation programs and
the creation of protected areas can help restore and preserve natural habitats.

Moreover, governments can encourage environmental awareness and education. By

integrating environmental studies into school curriculums and running public awareness
campaigns, governments can educate citizens about the importance of environmental
conservation and the steps they can take to protect the planet.

Individuals also have a significant part to play in addressing environmental issues. One of
the simplest yet most effective actions is adopting a more sustainable lifestyle. This includes
reducing energy consumption by using energy-efficient appliances, opting for public
transportation, walking or cycling instead of driving, and minimizing waste by recycling and
composting. Reducing the use of single-use plastics and supporting eco-friendly products
can also make a substantial difference.

Furthermore, individuals can engage in community initiatives such as tree planting drives,
local clean-up projects, and advocacy for environmental protection policies. By being
conscious consumers and making environmentally responsible choices, individuals can
collectively contribute to a healthier planet.

In conclusion, human activities have undeniably caused significant damage to the

environment. However, by implementing strict regulations, promoting environmental
education, and adopting sustainable practices, both governments and individuals can work
together to mitigate these adverse effects and protect our planet for future generations.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Human activities** - Human actions - Hoạt động của con người

2. **Environmental impact** - Ecological effect - Tác động môi trường
3. **Significant ways** - Major methods - Những cách đáng kể
4. **Industrial activities** - Manufacturing processes - Hoạt động công nghiệp
5. **Automobile emissions** - Vehicle exhaust - Khí thải ô tô
6. **Improper waste disposal** - Inadequate waste management - Xử lý rác thải không
đúng cách
7. **Burning of fossil fuels** - Combustion of hydrocarbons - Đốt cháy nhiên liệu hóa thạch
8. **Greenhouse gases** - Climate-warming emissions - Khí nhà kính
9. **Climate change** - Global warming - Biến đổi khí hậu
10. **Plastic waste** - Synthetic debris - Rác thải nhựa
11. **Marine life** - Oceanic organisms - Sinh vật biển
12. **Deforestation** - Forest clearance - Phá rừng
13. **Loss of biodiversity** - Decline in species variety - Mất đa dạng sinh học
14. **Stringent regulations** - Strict laws - Quy định nghiêm ngặt
15. **Renewable energy sources** - Sustainable power options - Nguồn năng lượng tái tạo
16. **Public transportation infrastructure** - Mass transit systems - Cơ sở hạ tầng giao
thông công cộng
17. **Heavy penalties** - Severe fines - Hình phạt nặng
18. **Reforestation programs** - Tree planting initiatives - Chương trình trồng rừng
19. **Protected areas** - Conservation zones - Khu vực bảo vệ
20. **Environmental awareness** - Ecological consciousness - Nhận thức về môi trường
21. **Public awareness campaigns** - Information drives - Chiến dịch nâng cao nhận thức
cộng đồng
22. **Sustainable lifestyle** - Eco-friendly living - Lối sống bền vững
23. **Energy-efficient appliances** - Power-saving devices - Thiết bị tiết kiệm năng lượng
24. **Single-use plastics** - Disposable plastics - Nhựa dùng một lần
25. **Eco-friendly products** - Environmentally safe goods - Sản phẩm thân thiện với môi
trường

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. _______ have a profound _______ on our planet.

2. The _______ from factories and vehicles contribute significantly to _______ .
3. _______ is a major environmental issue driven by the need for agricultural land and
urbanization.
4. Governments should implement _______ to limit _______ from industrial activities.
5. The _______ can help restore natural habitats and _______ biodiversity.
6. _______ and public awareness campaigns can educate citizens about environmental
conservation.
7. Adopting a _______ can include using _______ and minimizing waste.
8. By supporting _______, individuals can reduce their ecological footprint.
9. Participating in local clean-up projects and tree planting drives are examples of _______ .
10. Governments can promote the use of _______ to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

**Answer Key:**

1. Human activities, environmental impact

2. emissions, air pollution
3. Deforestation
4. stringent regulations, emissions
5. reforestation programs, preserve
6. Environmental awareness, public awareness campaigns
7. sustainable lifestyle, energy-efficient appliances
8. eco-friendly products
9. community initiatives
10. renewable energy sources
**Exercise 2:**

1. _______ has led to the release of _______ into the atmosphere.

2. _______ such as plastic waste pollutes oceans and harms _______ .
3. Governments can impose _______ for _______ .
4. The _______ is exacerbated by the destruction of forests.
5. Investing in _______ can help reduce air pollution.
6. Educating the public through _______ is crucial for environmental protection.
7. Using _______ can significantly lower energy consumption.
8. Reducing the use of _______ can help decrease environmental pollution.
9. Individuals should support _______ to promote sustainability.
10. A _______ includes reducing waste and using _______ .

**Answer Key:**

1. Burning of fossil fuels, greenhouse gases

2. Improper waste disposal, marine life
3. heavy penalties, illegal dumping
4. loss of biodiversity
5. public transportation infrastructure
6. public awareness campaigns
7. energy-efficient appliances
8. single-use plastics
9. eco-friendly products
10. sustainable lifestyle, renewable energy sources
3. Fossil fuel is the main source of energy. In some countries, the use of alternative
sources of energy is encouraged. Is this a positive or negative development ?
### Essay

The predominance of fossil fuels as the primary source of energy has been a defining
feature of industrial progress and economic development globally. However, a growing
number of countries are encouraging the use of alternative energy sources. This shift
towards renewable energy is a positive development for several reasons, including
environmental sustainability, economic benefits, and energy security. This essay will
elaborate on these points with examples and relevant collocations to illustrate why the
promotion of alternative energy is advantageous.

Firstly, the environmental benefits of alternative energy sources are substantial. Fossil fuels
are notorious for their contribution to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, which
exacerbate climate change. In contrast, renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and
hydroelectric power generate energy without emitting harmful pollutants. For example,
Denmark has significantly reduced its carbon footprint by investing heavily in wind energy,
demonstrating the potential for other nations to follow suit. This transition not only helps
combat global warming but also improves air quality and public health.
Secondly, the economic advantages of developing alternative energy sources are
noteworthy. The renewable energy sector has become a significant source of job creation
and economic growth. Countries investing in renewable energy infrastructure, such as
Germany and China, have seen substantial economic benefits, including job creation in the
manufacturing, installation, and maintenance of renewable energy systems. Additionally,
the cost of renewable energy has been decreasing steadily, making it increasingly
competitive with traditional fossil fuels. As the technology advances, economies of scale
and innovation will likely drive further cost reductions, making renewable energy an
economically viable alternative.

Moreover, energy security is another critical advantage of alternative energy sources.

Reliance on fossil fuels often involves dependency on geopolitically unstable regions, which
can lead to energy supply disruptions and price volatility. By diversifying their energy
portfolios with renewable sources, countries can reduce their vulnerability to external
shocks. For instance, Iceland has achieved near-total energy independence through its use
of geothermal and hydroelectric power, providing a model for how other nations can
enhance their energy security.

Critics may argue that the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources poses
challenges for energy reliability. However, advancements in energy storage technology and
grid management are rapidly addressing these issues. Battery storage systems and smart
grids, for example, are improving the reliability and integration of renewable energy into
national grids, ensuring a stable and continuous energy supply.

In conclusion, the encouragement of alternative energy sources is undeniably a positive

development. The environmental sustainability, economic growth, and enhanced energy
security offered by renewable energy make it a prudent choice for the future. Governments
worldwide should continue to support and invest in alternative energy to foster a more
sustainable and resilient energy landscape.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Main source of energy** - Primary energy source - Nguồn năng lượng chính
2. **Alternative sources of energy** - Renewable energy sources - Nguồn năng lượng thay
thế
3. **Encouraged the use of** - Promoted the adoption of - Khuyến khích sử dụng
4. **Positive development** - Beneficial advancement - Phát triển tích cực
5. **Environmental sustainability** - Ecological balance - Sự bền vững môi trường
6. **Economic benefits** - Financial advantages - Lợi ích kinh tế
7. **Energy security** - Energy independence - An ninh năng lượng
8. **Greenhouse gas emissions** - Carbon emissions - Khí thải nhà kính
9. **Public health** - Population health - Sức khỏe cộng đồng
10. **Job creation** - Employment opportunities - Tạo việc làm
11. **Economic growth** - Financial growth - Tăng trưởng kinh tế
12. **Renewable energy infrastructure** - Sustainable energy systems - Cơ sở hạ tầng năng
lượng tái tạo
13. **Cost of renewable energy** - Price of sustainable energy - Chi phí năng lượng tái tạo
14. **Technological advancements** - Innovations in technology - Tiến bộ công nghệ
15. **Economies of scale** - Cost advantages - Quy mô kinh tế
16. **Geopolitically unstable regions** - Politically volatile areas - Khu vực bất ổn về địa
chính trị
17. **Energy supply disruptions** - Interruptions in energy provision - Gián đoạn cung cấp
năng lượng
18. **Price volatility** - Fluctuating prices - Biến động giá
19. **Diversifying energy portfolios** - Expanding energy sources - Đa dạng hóa nguồn
năng lượng
20. **External shocks** - External disruptions - Cú sốc bên ngoài
21. **Energy independence** - Self-sufficient energy supply - Sự tự chủ năng lượng
22. **Intermittent nature** - Unpredictable availability - Tính không liên tục
23. **Energy reliability** - Consistent energy supply - Độ tin cậy của năng lượng
24. **Energy storage technology** - Energy storage solutions - Công nghệ lưu trữ năng
lượng
25. **Smart grids** - Intelligent energy networks - Lưới điện thông minh

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. Fossil fuels are the _______ for many industrial activities worldwide.
2. _______ such as wind and solar power are becoming more popular.
3. Governments have _______ alternative energy to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
4. The shift towards renewable energy is considered a _______ for many countries.
5. _______ is essential to combat climate change and reduce pollution.
6. There are significant _______ associated with the renewable energy sector.
7. Developing renewable energy sources enhances a country's _______ .
8. Fossil fuels are major contributors to _______ .
9. Renewable energy sources improve _______ by reducing air pollution.
10. The renewable energy industry has spurred _______ in many regions.

**Answer Key:**

1. main source of energy

2. Alternative sources of energy
3. encouraged the use of
4. positive development
5. Environmental sustainability
6. economic benefits
7. energy security
8. greenhouse gas emissions
9. public health
10. job creation

**Exercise 2:**

1. Investments in _______ lead to long-term _______ .

2. Building _______ is crucial for a sustainable future.
3. The _______ has decreased significantly over the past decade.
4. _______ have made renewable energy more accessible and affordable.
5. Countries can achieve _______ by investing in local energy resources.
6. Reliance on _______ can cause _______ .
7. _______ in renewable energy can mitigate the risks of _______ .
8. Iceland's model of _______ demonstrates the potential of renewable energy.
9. The _______ of renewables can address the issue of their _______ .
10. _______ and _______ improve the stability of renewable energy supplies.

**Answer Key:**

1. renewable energy infrastructure, economic growth

2. renewable energy infrastructure
3. cost of renewable energy
4. Technological advancements
5. energy independence
6. geopolitically unstable regions, energy supply disruptions
7. Diversifying energy portfolios, external shocks
8. energy independence
9. energy storage technology, intermittent nature
10. Energy storage technology, smart grids
III. Family
1. People in many countries are spending less time with their family. What are the
reasons and effects of this ?
### Essay

The phenomenon of people spending less time with their family is becoming increasingly
prevalent in many countries. This trend can be attributed to various reasons, and it has
significant effects on both individuals and society. This essay will explore the primary causes
of this issue and discuss its consequences, using relevant examples and collocations to
support the arguments.

One of the main reasons for reduced family time is the increasing demands of work. In
today's competitive job market, individuals are often required to work long hours to meet
their professional goals and secure their financial stability. For example, in countries like the
United States and Japan, it is common for employees to work overtime regularly, leaving
little time for family interactions. Additionally, the rise of the gig economy has led to more
people taking on multiple jobs, further diminishing their availability for family activities.

Another contributing factor is the advancement of technology. While technology has

revolutionized communication, it has also led to a decrease in face-to-face interactions.
Social media, online gaming, and streaming services have become major sources of
entertainment, often consuming hours that could otherwise be spent with family. For
instance, a study conducted in the UK found that the average person spends more than two
hours a day on social media, significantly reducing the time available for family bonding.

Furthermore, the pursuit of personal interests and hobbies has also played a role in this
trend. With an abundance of recreational activities available, individuals often prioritize
their personal passions over family time. This is particularly evident in urban areas where
opportunities for cultural, sports, and social activities are abundant. As a result, family
members may find themselves drifting apart as they pursue their individual interests.

The effects of spending less time with family are profound and multifaceted. One of the
most significant consequences is the weakening of family bonds. Regular family interactions
are crucial for building strong emotional connections and fostering a sense of belonging.
When family members spend less time together, they may feel isolated and disconnected,
leading to strained relationships and increased conflicts.

Additionally, the lack of family time can negatively impact the development of children.
Family is the primary source of socialization for children, and regular interactions with
parents and siblings are essential for their emotional and psychological well-being. Without
adequate family support, children may experience difficulties in forming healthy
relationships, exhibit behavioral problems, and face academic challenges.

Moreover, the reduction in family time can contribute to a decline in societal cohesion.
Families are the foundational units of society, and strong family relationships promote
social stability and community involvement. When individuals prioritize work or personal
interests over family, it can lead to a fragmented society with weaker social ties and
reduced community engagement.

In conclusion, the reasons for people spending less time with their family include increased
work demands, technological distractions, and the pursuit of personal interests. The effects
of this trend are detrimental to both individuals and society, resulting in weakened family
bonds, negative impacts on children's development, and a decline in societal cohesion. It is
essential for individuals to recognize the importance of family time and strive to strike a
balance between their personal and professional lives to foster healthier and more
connected communities.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Spending less time** - Dedicating fewer hours - Dành ít thời gian hơn
2. **Family interactions** - Family engagements - Giao tiếp gia đình
3. **Competitive job market** - Intense employment landscape - Thị trường việc làm cạnh
tranh
4. **Professional goals** - Career objectives - Mục tiêu nghề nghiệp
5. **Financial stability** - Economic security - Ổn định tài chính
6. **Overtime regularly** - Frequent extended work hours - Làm thêm giờ thường xuyên
7. **Gig economy** - Freelance job market - Nền kinh tế hợp đồng ngắn hạn
8. **Face-to-face interactions** - In-person communication - Giao tiếp trực tiếp
9. **Social media** - Online networking platforms - Mạng xã hội
10. **Online gaming** - Internet-based games - Trò chơi trực tuyến
11. **Streaming services** - Online content platforms - Dịch vụ phát trực tuyến
12. **Family bonding** - Strengthening family ties - Gắn kết gia đình
13. **Personal passions** - Individual interests - Đam mê cá nhân
14. **Urban areas** - City regions - Khu vực đô thị
15. **Cultural activities** - Artistic and heritage events - Hoạt động văn hóa
16. **Social activities** - Community engagements - Hoạt động xã hội
17. **Family bonds** - Familial connections - Mối quan hệ gia đình
18. **Emotional connections** - Affectionate ties - Kết nối tình cảm
19. **Sense of belonging** - Feeling of inclusion - Cảm giác thuộc về
20. **Strained relationships** - Tense connections - Mối quan hệ căng thẳng
21. **Increased conflicts** - Heightened disagreements - Mâu thuẫn gia tăng
22. **Psychological well-being** - Mental health - Sức khỏe tâm lý
23. **Adequate family support** - Sufficient familial assistance - Hỗ trợ gia đình đầy đủ
24. **Behavioral problems** - Conduct issues - Vấn đề hành vi
25. **Academic challenges** - Educational difficulties - Khó khăn học tập

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. Many employees are required to work _______ , leaving little time for family
engagements.
2. The rise of the _______ has led to more people taking on multiple jobs.
3. _______ like social media and streaming services often consume hours that could be
spent with family.
4. The pursuit of _______ in urban areas often takes precedence over family time.
5. Regular _______ are crucial for building strong _______ .
6. Without _______ , children may face _______ and behavioral problems.
7. Family is the primary source of _______ for children.
8. The lack of family time can lead to _______ and increased conflicts.
9. _______ are essential for children's emotional and _______ .
10. The weakening of _______ can contribute to a decline in societal cohesion.
**Answer Key:**

1. overtime regularly
2. gig economy
3. Technological distractions
4. personal passions
5. family interactions, emotional connections
6. adequate family support, academic challenges
7. socialization
8. strained relationships
9. Family bonds, psychological well-being
10. family bonds

**Exercise 2:**

1. Individuals in a _______ often work long hours to achieve their _______ .

2. The increase in _______ has diminished the availability for in-person communication.
3. _______ has revolutionized communication but also decreased face-to-face interactions.
4. With an abundance of _______, individuals prioritize their personal passions over family
time.
5. _______ in the UK found that the average person spends more than two hours a day on
social media.
6. _______ for cultural, sports, and _______ are abundant in city regions.
7. The reduction in family time can lead to a decline in _______ .
8. Children without _______ may exhibit _______ and face academic challenges.
9. Strong family relationships promote _______ and community involvement.
10. It is essential to strike a balance between personal and _______ to foster healthier
communities.

**Answer Key:**

1. competitive job market, professional goals

2. work demands
3. Technology
4. recreational activities
5. Studies
6. Opportunities, social activities
7. societal cohesion
8. adequate family support, behavioral problems
9. social stability
10. professional lives
2. Nowadays, more and more people decide to have children later in their life. What are
the reasons ? Is this positive or negative trend ?
### Essay

In contemporary society, an increasing number of individuals are opting to have children

later in life. This trend can be attributed to various factors, including career aspirations,
financial stability, and personal development. While there are both positive and negative
aspects to this phenomenon, the benefits often outweigh the drawbacks. This essay will
explore the reasons behind this trend and evaluate its impact on individuals and society.

One primary reason for delaying parenthood is the pursuit of career goals. Many people
prioritize establishing their careers and achieving professional success before starting a
family. In an increasingly competitive job market, individuals often invest significant time
and effort into their education and career development. For example, in many developed
countries, it is common for people to pursue higher education and gain substantial work
experience before considering parenthood. This delay allows individuals to secure stable,
well-paying jobs, which can provide a better quality of life for their future children.

Another factor contributing to this trend is the desire for financial stability. Raising children
requires substantial financial resources, and many people prefer to ensure they are
financially secure before taking on the responsibilities of parenthood. By delaying having
children, individuals can save money, purchase a home, and reduce any existing debts,
thereby providing a more stable and secure environment for their family. This financial
preparedness can lead to less stress and a higher standard of living for both parents and
children.

Personal development and lifestyle choices also play a significant role in this trend. Many
individuals choose to focus on personal growth, travel, and leisure activities before settling
down and starting a family. This period of self-discovery and fulfillment can lead to more
mature and well-rounded individuals who are better prepared for the challenges of
parenthood. For instance, couples who have had the opportunity to travel and explore
different cultures may bring a broader perspective to their parenting approach, enriching
their children's upbringing.

While there are concerns that having children later in life may pose certain health risks,
such as complications during pregnancy or reduced fertility, advances in medical technology
have mitigated many of these risks. Additionally, older parents often bring more emotional
maturity and life experience to parenting, which can result in more thoughtful and patient
parenting practices.

In conclusion, the trend of having children later in life is driven by various factors, including
career aspirations, financial stability, and personal development. Although there are
potential downsides, the positive aspects, such as better financial preparedness and
emotional maturity, often outweigh the negatives. Therefore, this trend can be seen as a
positive development that benefits both individuals and society as a whole.
### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Increasing number** - Growing amount - Số lượng ngày càng tăng

2. **Opting to have children later** - Choosing to delay parenthood - Lựa chọn có con
muộn hơn
3. **Career aspirations** - Professional goals - Khát vọng nghề nghiệp
4. **Financial stability** - Economic security - Ổn định tài chính
5. **Personal development** - Self-growth - Phát triển cá nhân
6. **Competitive job market** - Challenging employment landscape - Thị trường việc làm
cạnh tranh
7. **Substantial work experience** - Significant job experience - Kinh nghiệm làm việc đáng
kể
8. **Higher education** - Advanced learning - Giáo dục bậc cao
9. **Well-paying jobs** - High-income employment - Công việc lương cao
10. **Quality of life** - Standard of living - Chất lượng cuộc sống
11. **Financial resources** - Economic means - Nguồn tài chính
12. **Stable environment** - Secure surroundings - Môi trường ổn định
13. **Financial preparedness** - Economic readiness - Chuẩn bị tài chính
14. **Personal growth** - Self-improvement - Tự phát triển
15. **Lifestyle choices** - Way of living decisions - Lựa chọn lối sống
16. **Self-discovery** - Personal exploration - Khám phá bản thân
17. **Emotional maturity** - Psychological development - Trưởng thành cảm xúc
18. **Life experience** - Practical knowledge - Kinh nghiệm sống
19. **Health risks** - Medical dangers - Nguy cơ sức khỏe
20. **Complications during pregnancy** - Pregnancy difficulties - Biến chứng khi mang thai
21. **Reduced fertility** - Lowered reproductive ability - Giảm khả năng sinh sản
22. **Advances in medical technology** - Progress in healthcare technology - Tiến bộ trong
công nghệ y tế
23. **Emotional maturity** - Psychological maturity - Sự trưởng thành về mặt cảm xúc
24. **Parenting approach** - Child-rearing strategy - Phương pháp nuôi dạy con
25. **Enriching their children's upbringing** - Enhancing their child's development - Làm
phong phú sự trưởng thành của con cái

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. The _______ of individuals choosing to delay parenthood is growing.

2. Many people are _______ due to career goals and financial concerns.
3. _______ is a common reason for people delaying parenthood.
4. Securing _______ allows individuals to provide a better quality of life for their children.
5. _______ can lead to less stress and a higher standard of living.
6. People often prioritize _______ before starting a family.
7. The _______ makes it challenging for individuals to balance career and family.
8. _______ is essential for achieving financial stability before having children.
9. Focusing on _______ can lead to more mature and well-rounded individuals.
10. Advances in _______ have mitigated many health risks associated with late parenthood.

**Answer Key:**

1. increasing number
2. opting to have children later
3. Career aspirations
4. financial stability
5. Financial preparedness
6. personal development
7. competitive job market
8. Higher education
9. personal growth
10. medical technology

**Exercise 2:**

1. Many individuals choose to delay parenthood to achieve their _______ .

2. _______ is a key factor in deciding when to have children.
3. By delaying parenthood, people can save money and create a _______ for their family.
4. The trend of having children later is often driven by the pursuit of _______ .
5. _______ and leisure activities are important for many people before they settle down.
6. _______ allows couples to provide a more stable environment for their children.
7. _______ brings more emotional maturity and life experience to parenting.
8. There are concerns that delaying parenthood may lead to _______ .
9. _______ during pregnancy can be a concern for older parents.
10. _______ in personal growth and self-discovery are common reasons for delaying
parenthood.

**Answer Key:**

1. career aspirations
2. Financial stability
3. stable environment
4. career aspirations
5. Lifestyle choices
6. Financial preparedness
7. Delaying parenthood
8. health risks
9. Complications
10. Investments
3. Parents often give children everything they ask for and let them do what they like. Is it
good for children? What are the consequences when they grow up ?
### Essay

In contemporary society, it is increasingly common for parents to grant their children

everything they desire and allow them to do as they please. While this approach may stem
from a desire to make children happy, it raises significant concerns about its long-term
effects. I strongly believe that indulging children in this manner is detrimental to their
development and can have serious consequences as they grow into adulthood. This essay
will explore the reasons why overindulgence is harmful to children and the potential
negative outcomes it can lead to in their future lives.

Firstly, when parents give in to every demand of their children, it fosters a sense of
entitlement. Children who are constantly indulged may come to expect that their every
whim will be satisfied without effort. This entitlement can hinder their ability to develop
important life skills such as patience, perseverance, and resilience. For example, a child who
always gets the latest toy or gadget immediately upon asking may struggle to understand
the value of hard work and saving money, leading to irresponsible financial habits in
adulthood.

Secondly, allowing children to do whatever they like can result in a lack of discipline and
poor self-control. Boundaries and rules are essential for teaching children how to navigate
the world responsibly. Without these guidelines, children may struggle to respect authority
and adhere to societal norms. This lack of discipline can manifest in various ways, including
academic underperformance, behavioral issues, and difficulties in maintaining relationships.
For instance, a child who is never required to complete their homework or chores may lack
the discipline needed to succeed in their studies or future career.

Furthermore, overindulgence can impact a child's emotional development. Constantly

receiving what they want can prevent children from learning how to cope with
disappointment and frustration. These emotions are a natural part of life, and learning to
manage them is crucial for emotional maturity. A child who is shielded from negative
experiences may grow up to be emotionally fragile, unable to handle stress or setbacks
effectively. This emotional fragility can affect their personal and professional relationships,
leading to challenges in both spheres.

Critics may argue that giving children everything they want is a way to show love and
ensure their happiness. However, true parental love involves preparing children for the real
world, where they will inevitably face challenges and limitations. By setting appropriate
boundaries and teaching children the value of effort and discipline, parents can equip them
with the tools they need to become well-adjusted, responsible adults.

In conclusion, while it may seem kind and loving to indulge children's every desire and allow
them to do as they please, this approach can have serious negative consequences.
Entitlement, lack of discipline, and poor emotional development are just a few of the
potential outcomes of overindulgence. It is crucial for parents to strike a balance between
providing for their children and setting necessary boundaries to foster their overall
development and prepare them for a successful future.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Grant their children everything** - Give their children all they want - Cho con cái mọi
thứ
2. **Indulge their children** - Pamper their children - Nuông chiều con cái
3. **Sense of entitlement** - Feeling of deservingness - Cảm giác quyền lợi
4. **Life skills** - Essential abilities - Kỹ năng sống
5. **Develop patience** - Cultivate endurance - Phát triển tính kiên nhẫn
6. **Financial habits** - Money management practices - Thói quen tài chính
7. **Lack of discipline** - Absence of self-control - Thiếu kỷ luật
8. **Poor self-control** - Weak self-regulation - Kiểm soát bản thân kém
9. **Respect authority** - Acknowledge hierarchy - Tôn trọng quyền lực
10. **Societal norms** - Social standards - Chuẩn mực xã hội
11. **Academic underperformance** - Poor school results - Học lực kém
12. **Behavioral issues** - Conduct problems - Vấn đề hành vi
13. **Emotional development** - Growth of emotional intelligence - Phát triển cảm xúc
14. **Cope with disappointment** - Handle letdowns - Đối phó với thất vọng
15. **Emotional maturity** - Psychological growth - Trưởng thành về cảm xúc
16. **Handle stress** - Manage tension - Xử lý căng thẳng
17. **Personal relationships** - Interpersonal connections - Quan hệ cá nhân
18. **Professional relationships** - Work-related connections - Quan hệ nghề nghiệp
19. **Show love** - Express affection - Thể hiện tình yêu
20. **Ensure happiness** - Guarantee joy - Đảm bảo hạnh phúc
21. **Set appropriate boundaries** - Establish limits - Đặt ranh giới thích hợp
22. **Real world** - Actual life - Thế giới thực
23. **Face challenges** - Encounter difficulties - Đối mặt với thử thách
24. **Well-adjusted adults** - Emotionally balanced grown-ups - Người trưởng thành cân
bằng
25. **Prepare them for the future** - Equip them for adulthood - Chuẩn bị cho tương lai

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. Parents who _______ may inadvertently harm their development.

2. Overindulgence can lead to a _______ , making children expect everything to be given to
them.
3. Developing _______ is crucial for managing life's challenges.
4. Without _______ , children may struggle to follow _______ and respect authority.
5. Children who lack _______ may underperform in school and exhibit _______ .
6. _______ allows children to understand and manage their emotions.
7. Learning to _______ helps children become more resilient.
8. _______ is essential for handling life's ups and downs.
9. Balancing indulgence with _______ is key to healthy child development.
10. _______ should involve teaching children how to _______ effectively.

**Answer Key:**

1. indulge their children

2. sense of entitlement
3. life skills
4. discipline, societal norms
5. self-control, behavioral issues
6. Emotional development
7. cope with disappointment
8. Emotional maturity
9. appropriate boundaries
10. Showing love, handle stress

**Exercise 2:**

1. Parents often _______ out of a desire to _______ .

2. _______ is important for children to function well in society.
3. Without _______ , children may not develop _______ .
4. Establishing _______ helps children understand limits.
5. Preparing children for the _______ involves teaching them to _______ .
6. _______ financial habits early can prevent issues later in life.
7. Overindulgence can negatively impact _______ in the workplace.
8. _______ often involves learning to manage _______ .
9. Children who are not taught to _______ may struggle with _______ in adulthood.
10. _______ means children must learn to respect _______ .

**Answer Key:**

1. grant their children everything, ensure happiness

2. Respecting authority
3. discipline, self-control
4. appropriate boundaries
5. real world, face challenges
6. Developing
7. professional relationships
8. Emotional development, disappointment
9. handle stress, personal relationships
10. Preparing for the future, societal norms
4. In recent years, the family structure has changed, as well as family roles. What are the
changes that have occurred? Do you think these changes are positive or negative ?
### Essay

The dynamics of family structures and roles have undergone significant transformations in
recent years. This essay will explore the changes that have taken place and analyze whether
these changes are positive or negative.

One of the most notable changes in family structures is the shift from extended families to
nuclear families. Traditionally, extended families, which included multiple generations living
under one roof, were common. However, contemporary society has seen a rise in nuclear
families, consisting only of parents and their children. This change has been driven by
factors such as urbanization, increased mobility, and the pursuit of individual careers. While
nuclear families offer more privacy and independence, they can also lead to isolation from
extended family support systems.

Another significant change is the evolving role of women within the family. In the past,
women were primarily responsible for domestic duties and child-rearing. Today, more
women are pursuing higher education and careers, leading to a more equitable distribution
of household responsibilities. This shift has empowered women and contributed to their
financial independence. However, it has also introduced challenges, such as the need to
balance work and family life, which can create stress and time constraints for working
parents.

The role of fathers has also seen a transformation. Traditionally, fathers were seen as the
primary breadwinners, with limited involvement in household chores and childcare.
Nowadays, there is a growing trend of fathers taking on more active roles in parenting and
domestic tasks. This change promotes a more balanced family dynamic and strengthens the
bond between fathers and their children.

Additionally, there has been an increase in single-parent families and same-sex parent
families. Single-parent families often result from divorce, separation, or the choice of
individuals to raise children independently. While these families can face economic and
social challenges, they also demonstrate resilience and adaptability. Same-sex parent
families have become more visible and accepted, contributing to the diversity of family
structures and promoting inclusivity.

In my opinion, these changes in family structures and roles are largely positive. The shift
towards nuclear families and the evolving roles of women and fathers reflect societal
progress towards gender equality and individual empowerment. The rise of single-parent
and same-sex parent families highlights the importance of inclusivity and acceptance in
modern society. While these changes come with their own set of challenges, they ultimately
contribute to a more diverse and equitable society.
In conclusion, the changes in family structures and roles in recent years have been
profound. These changes, driven by urbanization, gender equality, and social acceptance,
have led to more diverse and balanced family dynamics. Despite the challenges they
present, these changes are largely positive, fostering a more inclusive and equitable society.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Family structure** - Family composition - Cấu trúc gia đình

2. **Family roles** - Domestic responsibilities - Vai trò trong gia đình
3. **Extended families** - Multi-generational households - Gia đình mở rộng
4. **Nuclear families** - Immediate families - Gia đình hạt nhân
5. **Urbanization** - Urban development - Đô thị hóa
6. **Increased mobility** - Greater geographic movement - Sự di chuyển tăng lên
7. **Pursuit of individual careers** - Career ambitions - Theo đuổi sự nghiệp cá nhân
8. **Privacy and independence** - Autonomy and seclusion - Sự riêng tư và độc lập
9. **Isolation from extended family** - Separation from larger family unit - Cô lập khỏi gia
đình mở rộng
10. **Domestic duties** - Household chores - Công việc nhà
11. **Child-rearing** - Parenting - Nuôi dạy con cái
12. **Higher education** - Advanced schooling - Giáo dục đại học
13. **Financial independence** - Economic self-sufficiency - Sự độc lập tài chính
14. **Balancing work and family life** - Managing career and home responsibilities - Cân
bằng công việc và cuộc sống gia đình
15. **Time constraints** - Limited time - Hạn chế về thời gian
16. **Primary breadwinners** - Main income earners - Người kiếm tiền chính
17. **Household chores** - Domestic tasks - Công việc gia đình
18. **Active roles in parenting** - Engaged in child-rearing - Vai trò tích cực trong nuôi dạy
con cái
19. **Balanced family dynamic** - Equitable family interactions - Cân bằng trong gia đình
20. **Single-parent families** - One-parent households - Gia đình đơn thân
21. **Same-sex parent families** - LGBTQ+ parent households - Gia đình có cha mẹ đồng
giới
22. **Economic challenges** - Financial difficulties - Thách thức kinh tế
23. **Social challenges** - Societal obstacles - Thách thức xã hội
24. **Inclusivity and acceptance** - Embracing diversity - Bao dung và chấp nhận
25. **Resilience and adaptability** - Strength and flexibility - Sự kiên cường và thích ứng

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. The shift from _______ to _______ has been driven by urbanization and increased
mobility.
2. Modern families often pursue _______ , leading to more privacy and independence.
3. _______ women can create stress due to _______ .
4. The rise of _______ families highlights the importance of inclusivity and acceptance.
5. Fathers today take on more _______ , promoting a _______ .
6. Single-parent families face both _______ and _______ .
7. Traditionally, fathers were _______ with limited involvement in household chores.
8. _______ has empowered women and contributed to their _______ .
9. More women are pursuing _______ , leading to changes in _______ .
10. The growing trend of _______ is a reflection of societal progress.

**Answer Key:**

1. extended families, nuclear families

2. individual careers
3. Balancing work and family life, time constraints
4. same-sex parent
5. active roles in parenting, balanced family dynamic
6. economic challenges, social challenges
7. primary breadwinners
8. Higher education, financial independence
9. higher education, family roles
10. nuclear families

**Exercise 2:**

1. The transformation of _______ has led to more diverse family dynamics.

2. _______ in countries with high urbanization rates have become more common.
3. _______ require parents to manage both career and home responsibilities.
4. The increase in _______ underscores the need for embracing diversity.
5. More fathers are taking on _______ and _______ .
6. Single-parent households often show _______ in the face of challenges.
7. The pursuit of _______ contributes to more _______ in families.
8. Women pursuing _______ have shifted traditional _______ .
9. The role of _______ has evolved from being _______ to active participants in domestic
tasks.
10. _______ offer privacy but can lead to _______ .

**Answer Key:**

1. family structure
2. Nuclear families
3. Time constraints
4. same-sex parent families
5. domestic duties, active roles in parenting
6. resilience and adaptability
7. individual careers, financial independence
8. higher education, domestic responsibilities
9. fathers, primary breadwinners
10. Nuclear families, isolation from extended family
IV. History
1. It is more important for schoolchildren to learn about local history than world history.
To what extent do you agree or disagree ?
### Essay

The debate over the relative importance of local history versus world history in the
education of schoolchildren is a crucial one. While some argue that local history should take
precedence, I believe that both local and world history are equally important for a well-
rounded education. This essay will discuss the reasons why an integrated approach to
teaching history is beneficial, providing examples and collocations to support this viewpoint.

Firstly, learning about local history helps students understand their immediate environment
and cultural heritage. It fosters a sense of identity and pride in their community. For
instance, in Vietnam, learning about the country’s struggle for independence and the
achievements of historical figures like Ho Chi Minh instills national pride and a deeper
connection to one’s roots. This localized knowledge helps students appreciate the
contributions and sacrifices of their ancestors, which can inspire civic responsibility and
community involvement.

Secondly, world history provides a broader perspective, enabling students to understand

global interconnections and the complexities of the modern world. Knowledge of significant
events such as the World Wars, the Renaissance, and the Industrial Revolution allows
students to see how historical developments have shaped contemporary global society. For
example, understanding the causes and consequences of World War II helps students
comprehend current international relations and the importance of global cooperation.

Moreover, a combined approach to history education promotes critical thinking and a

comprehensive worldview. When students study both local and global histories, they can
draw parallels and contrasts, enhancing their analytical skills. This dual focus prepares them
for the challenges of a globalized world. For instance, comparing the Vietnamese struggle
for independence with similar movements in other parts of the world, such as India or
Algeria, helps students appreciate universal themes of resistance and liberation.

Critics might argue that an emphasis on local history is more practical, given limited
classroom time and resources. However, integrating local and world history does not
necessarily mean allocating equal time to both. Teachers can use local history as a
foundation and gradually expand to global contexts, creating a cohesive narrative that
highlights the interconnectedness of historical events. This approach ensures that students
receive a balanced education without overwhelming them.
In conclusion, while the importance of local history in fostering a sense of identity and
community cannot be understated, world history is equally crucial in providing a broader
perspective and developing critical thinking skills. An integrated approach to history
education, which includes both local and world history, is essential for preparing students to
navigate and contribute to a globalized society. Governments and educators should strive to
create a curriculum that balances both aspects, ensuring a holistic understanding of history.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Local history** - Regional past - Lịch sử địa phương

2. **World history** - Global past - Lịch sử thế giới
3. **Well-rounded education** - Comprehensive learning - Giáo dục toàn diện
4. **Immediate environment** - Surrounding area - Môi trường xung quanh
5. **Cultural heritage** - Historical legacy - Di sản văn hoá
6. **Sense of identity** - Personal connection - Cảm giác về bản sắc
7. **National pride** - Patriotic feeling - Niềm tự hào dân tộc
8. **Civic responsibility** - Community duty - Trách nhiệm công dân
9. **Global interconnections** - Worldwide links - Sự kết nối toàn cầu
10. **Historical developments** - Past events - Các sự kiện lịch sử
11. **Contemporary global society** - Modern world community - Xã hội toàn cầu hiện đại
12. **Significant events** - Major occurrences - Sự kiện quan trọng
13. **International relations** - Global diplomacy - Quan hệ quốc tế
14. **Global cooperation** - Worldwide collaboration - Hợp tác toàn cầu
15. **Critical thinking** - Analytical reasoning - Tư duy phản biện
16. **Comprehensive worldview** - Broad perspective - Thế giới quan toàn diện
17. **Historical figures** - Notable personalities - Nhân vật lịch sử
18. **Cohesive narrative** - Unified story - Câu chuyện mạch lạc
19. **Classroom time** - Instructional hours - Thời gian trên lớp
20. **Educational curriculum** - Academic program - Chương trình giáo dục
21. **Analytical skills** - Critical reasoning abilities - Kỹ năng phân tích
22. **Globalized world** - International community - Thế giới toàn cầu hoá
23. **Historical events** - Past occurrences - Các sự kiện lịch sử
24. **Balanced education** - Equitable learning - Giáo dục cân bằng
25. **Holistic understanding** - Complete comprehension - Sự hiểu biết toàn diện

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. Learning about _______ helps students connect with their roots and appreciate their
_______ .
2. Understanding _______ allows students to grasp the _______ of the modern world.
3. A _______ includes knowledge of both local and _______ .
4. Students develop a _______ by studying significant events from both their _______ and
the world.
5. Teachers can create a _______ that incorporates local history as a foundation and
expands to a _______ .
6. Studying _______ fosters a sense of _______ and community involvement.
7. Knowledge of _______ helps students understand current _______ and the need for
_______ .
8. A _______ approach to history education enhances students’ _______ .
9. _______ promotes a deeper understanding of both local and _______ .
10. Governments should ensure that the _______ provides a _______ of historical
education.

**Answer Key:**

1. local history, cultural heritage

2. world history, complexities
3. well-rounded education, global history
4. comprehensive worldview, immediate environment
5. cohesive narrative, global context
6. local history, identity
7. world history, international relations, global cooperation
8. combined, critical thinking
9. Historical developments, global events
10. educational curriculum, balanced approach

**Exercise 2:**

1. _______ provides students with a sense of _______ and connection to their community.
2. Learning about the _______ helps students understand their country’s _______ .
3. _______ is crucial for appreciating the _______ between different regions.
4. _______ involves studying major _______ that have shaped the world.
5. Integrating _______ into the _______ can enhance students’ analytical abilities.
6. The _______ of historical education should include both _______ and world events.
7. _______ in education can lead to a more _______ .
8. Teachers should balance _______ with _______ to create a cohesive learning experience.
9. Understanding _______ helps students see the impact on _______ .
10. A well-designed _______ fosters both _______ and a global perspective.

**Answer Key:**

1. Local history, identity

2. immediate environment, cultural heritage
3. World history, global interconnections
4. Comprehensive education, significant events
5. critical thinking, educational curriculum
6. balanced approach, local history
7. Well-rounded education, globalized world
8. local history, world history
9. historical events, contemporary society
10. curriculum, national pride
2. Many museums and historical sites are mainly visited by tourists but not local people
Why is this the case ?
What can be done to attract more local people to these museums ?
### Essay

Museums and historical sites often become primary attractions for tourists while being
overlooked by local residents. This phenomenon can be attributed to several factors.
However, there are effective strategies that can be employed to encourage more locals to
visit these culturally significant sites.

Firstly, one reason why locals tend to avoid museums and historical sites is due to the
familiarity and lack of novelty. Residents often take their local heritage for granted,
believing they can visit these sites anytime, which paradoxically results in them rarely doing
so. In contrast, tourists, driven by the desire to explore and understand new cultures, are
naturally drawn to these locations.

Secondly, the marketing strategies of museums and historical sites are often targeted
towards tourists rather than locals. Promotions, advertisements, and tour packages typically
focus on attracting visitors from afar, leaving local communities out of the loop. For
instance, many museums offer brochures in multiple languages and design exhibits to cater
to international tastes, inadvertently neglecting local interests.

Moreover, the entry fees can be a deterrent for locals. Tourists often budget for such
expenses as part of their travel costs, whereas locals might not prioritize spending on
attractions within their hometown. Additionally, locals might perceive these sites as less
engaging if the exhibits and programs do not change frequently, reducing the incentive to
visit repeatedly.

To address this issue and attract more local visitors, several measures can be implemented.
One effective approach is to organize community events and educational programs that
resonate with local interests. For example, hosting local history workshops, cultural
festivals, and school field trips can create a sense of connection and pride among residents.

Another strategy is to offer discounted or free entry for locals, especially on certain days or
during special events. This can make visits more accessible and appealing. Museums and
historical sites can also collaborate with local businesses and organizations to create
packages that include dining or shopping discounts, enhancing the overall experience for
local visitors.
Furthermore, diversifying the exhibits and incorporating interactive and dynamic elements
can keep the content fresh and engaging. Rotating exhibits, featuring local artists, and
integrating modern technology such as virtual reality can provide unique and immersive
experiences that attract repeat visits from locals.

In conclusion, while museums and historical sites are often frequented by tourists, several
factors contribute to the lack of local patronage. By implementing targeted marketing,
community engagement, and innovative exhibit strategies, these cultural institutions can
attract more local visitors and foster a deeper appreciation for their heritage among
residents.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Primary attractions** - Main draws - Điểm thu hút chính

2. **Local residents** - Community members - Cư dân địa phương
3. **Overlooked by** - Ignored by - Bị bỏ qua bởi
4. **Culturally significant sites** - Heritage locations - Địa điểm có ý nghĩa văn hóa
5. **Take for granted** - Underappreciate - Xem thường
6. **Explore and understand** - Discover and learn about - Khám phá và hiểu
7. **Marketing strategies** - Promotional approaches - Chiến lược tiếp thị
8. **Attracting visitors** - Drawing tourists - Thu hút du khách
9. **Leaving local communities out** - Excluding residents - Bỏ qua cộng đồng địa phương
10. **Tour packages** - Travel deals - Gói du lịch
11. **Budget for such expenses** - Allocate funds for these costs - Dành ngân sách cho các
chi phí này
12. **Perceive as less engaging** - View as uninteresting - Cảm thấy ít hấp dẫn hơn
13. **Community events** - Local gatherings - Sự kiện cộng đồng
14. **Educational programs** - Learning activities - Chương trình giáo dục
15. **Sense of connection** - Feeling of belonging - Cảm giác kết nối
16. **Cultural festivals** - Heritage celebrations - Lễ hội văn hóa
17. **Discounted or free entry** - Reduced or no admission fee - Vé vào cửa giảm giá hoặc
miễn phí
18. **Special events** - Exclusive occasions - Sự kiện đặc biệt
19. **Local businesses** - Community enterprises - Doanh nghiệp địa phương
20. **Enhancing the experience** - Improving the visit - Nâng cao trải nghiệm
21. **Diversifying the exhibits** - Varying the displays - Đa dạng hóa các cuộc triển lãm
22. **Interactive and dynamic elements** - Engaging and lively components - Yếu tố tương
tác và năng động
23. **Rotating exhibits** - Changing displays - Triển lãm xoay vòng
24. **Modern technology** - Contemporary tech - Công nghệ hiện đại
25. **Unique and immersive experiences** - Distinct and engaging visits - Trải nghiệm độc
đáo và nhập vai
### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. Many historical sites are considered _______ for tourists.

2. Local residents often _______ their local museums.
3. _______ like workshops and festivals can attract more local visitors.
4. _______ can be an effective way to improve the visit for locals.
5. Offering _______ for residents can make these sites more accessible.
6. By _______ exhibits, museums can keep the content fresh.
7. _______ can provide distinct and engaging visits.
8. _______ targeted at tourists often exclude local communities.
9. Local museums can create a _______ among residents.
10. Incorporating _______ can make exhibits more engaging.

**Answer Key:**

1. primary attractions
2. overlook
3. Community events
4. Enhancing the experience
5. discounted or free entry
6. rotating
7. Unique and immersive experiences
8. Marketing strategies
9. sense of connection
10. interactive and dynamic elements

**Exercise 2:**

1. Many residents _______ museums as places they can visit anytime, leading to less
frequent visits.
2. _______ can help residents discover and learn about their own heritage.
3. _______ like reduced admission fees can draw more locals.
4. Local museums often _______ in their marketing efforts.
5. Hosting _______ can create a stronger connection with the community.
6. _______ is crucial for keeping the local audience engaged.
7. _______ can make the exhibits lively and appealing.
8. Museums should focus on _______ to include more local interests.
9. Collaborating with _______ can enhance the overall visit for locals.
10. Featuring _______ in exhibits can attract repeat visits from residents.

**Answer Key:**
1. take for granted
2. Educational programs
3. Special events
4. leave local communities out
5. cultural festivals
6. Diversifying the exhibits
7. Interactive and dynamic elements
8. marketing strategies
9. local businesses
10. modern technology
3. Some people say that increasing business and cultural contact between countries is a
positive development, while others think that many countries will lose their national
identities as a result. Discuss both views and give your own opinion
### Essay

The globalized world we live in today has led to an increase in business and cultural contacts
between countries. While some see this as a positive development, enhancing cooperation
and understanding, others fear it could lead to the erosion of national identities. This essay
will discuss both perspectives and offer my viewpoint on the issue.

Proponents of increasing international business and cultural contact argue that it fosters
economic growth and mutual understanding. Economic cooperation between countries
often leads to job creation, technological advancements, and improved standards of living.
For example, multinational companies operating in developing countries can provide
employment opportunities and bring in expertise that boosts local economies. Additionally,
cultural exchanges promote tolerance and appreciation of diversity. Events like
international film festivals, cultural exhibitions, and exchange programs enable people to
experience different traditions and lifestyles, broadening their horizons and reducing
prejudices.

On the other hand, critics worry that such interactions might dilute national identities. They
argue that the pervasive influence of dominant cultures, particularly through media and
consumer products, can overshadow local customs and traditions. For instance, the global
spread of American fast food chains and entertainment can lead to the homogenization of
cultural practices, making it difficult for unique local identities to thrive. This cultural
dominance can result in younger generations adopting foreign habits and values, potentially
neglecting their own heritage and traditions.

In my opinion, while the concerns about losing national identity are valid, the benefits of
increased business and cultural contact outweigh the drawbacks. Global interactions are
not inherently destructive to national identities; rather, they offer a platform for countries
to showcase and celebrate their uniqueness on a global stage. For instance, Japan has
successfully promoted its culture worldwide through cuisine, fashion, and technology while
maintaining its distinct national identity. Similarly, countries can harness globalization to
preserve and enhance their cultural heritage by adapting and integrating global influences
in a way that enriches their traditions.

Moreover, the preservation of national identity in a globalized world requires proactive

efforts from governments and communities. Educational initiatives that emphasize cultural
heritage, festivals that celebrate traditional practices, and policies that protect local
industries can all contribute to maintaining a strong national identity. By taking deliberate
steps, countries can ensure that globalization serves as a means to enrich rather than erode
their unique cultural landscapes.

In conclusion, while there are valid concerns about the potential loss of national identities
due to increasing business and cultural contact between countries, the overall benefits of
such interactions are substantial. Embracing globalization while actively preserving cultural
heritage can lead to a more interconnected and culturally diverse world, where national
identities are not only maintained but also celebrated and enriched.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Globalized world** - Internationalized environment - Thế giới toàn cầu hóa

2. **Business and cultural contacts** - Commercial and cultural interactions - Quan hệ kinh
doanh và văn hóa
3. **Positive development** - Beneficial progress - Phát triển tích cực
4. **National identities** - Cultural uniqueness - Bản sắc quốc gia
5. **Economic growth** - Financial expansion - Tăng trưởng kinh tế
6. **Mutual understanding** - Reciprocal comprehension - Hiểu biết lẫn nhau
7. **Job creation** - Employment generation - Tạo việc làm
8. **Technological advancements** - Innovations in technology - Tiến bộ công nghệ
9. **Standards of living** - Quality of life - Mức sống
10. **Cultural exchanges** - Intercultural interactions - Trao đổi văn hóa
11. **Appreciation of diversity** - Valuing variety - Đánh giá cao sự đa dạng
12. **Broadening horizons** - Expanding perspectives - Mở rộng tầm nhìn
13. **Dilute national identities** - Weaken cultural uniqueness - Làm loãng bản sắc quốc
gia
14. **Pervasive influence** - Widespread impact - Ảnh hưởng lan rộng
15. **Homogenization of cultural practices** - Uniformity in traditions - Đồng nhất hóa các
thực hành văn hóa
16. **Global stage** - International platform - Sân khấu toàn cầu
17. **Showcase and celebrate uniqueness** - Display and honor distinctiveness - Trình diễn
và tôn vinh sự độc đáo
18. **Proactive efforts** - Active initiatives - Nỗ lực chủ động
19. **Cultural heritage** - Traditional legacy - Di sản văn hóa
20. **Festivals that celebrate traditional practices** - Events honoring customs - Lễ hội tôn
vinh thực hành truyền thống
21. **Policies that protect local industries** - Regulations safeguarding domestic
businesses - Chính sách bảo vệ các ngành công nghiệp địa phương
22. **Enrich traditions** - Enhance customs - Làm giàu truyền thống
23. **Cultural landscape** - Heritage environment - Bối cảnh văn hóa
24. **International film festivals** - Global cinema events - Liên hoan phim quốc tế
25. **Cultural dominance** - Prevalent cultural influence - Sự thống trị văn hóa

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. The _______ has led to more _______ between countries.

2. _______ in developing countries is often boosted by international _______.
3. _______ allows people to _______ different traditions and lifestyles.
4. Critics fear that such interactions might _______ .
5. The _______ of dominant cultures can overshadow local customs and traditions.
6. _______ can lead to the _______ of cultural practices.
7. Japan has promoted its culture on the _______ while maintaining its _______.
8. _______ are needed to ensure that globalization does not erode national identities.
9. Educational initiatives that emphasize _______ help in preserving cultural heritage.
10. _______ can serve as a platform for countries to _______ their uniqueness.

**Answer Key:**

1. globalized world, business and cultural contacts

2. Economic growth, business contacts
3. Cultural exchanges, appreciate
4. dilute national identities
5. pervasive influence
6. Homogenization, uniqueness
7. global stage, national identity
8. Proactive efforts
9. cultural heritage
10. Globalization, showcase and celebrate

**Exercise 2:**

1. Increasing _______ between countries can lead to _______ .

2. _______ are important for _______ and reducing prejudices.
3. Some fear that national identities may be _______ by _______ from dominant cultures.
4. _______ of American fast food chains can lead to the _______ of local practices.
5. Governments can take _______ to protect their _______ .
6. _______ can help countries _______ their cultural heritage on the global stage.
7. _______ that celebrate _______ are crucial for maintaining national identities.
8. _______ is essential for a country’s _______ .
9. _______ can create jobs and improve _______ .
10. Cultural _______ can result in a more _______ world.

**Answer Key:**

1. business and cultural contacts, economic growth

2. Cultural exchanges, broadening horizons
3. diluted, pervasive influence
4. The spread, homogenization
5. proactive efforts, national identities
6. Cultural heritage, showcase and celebrate
7. Festivals, traditional practices
8. Economic growth, standards of living
9. International business, mutual understanding
10. appreciation, diverse
4. Some people think that the government should spend more money on public services
rather than waste money on arts (music and painting). To what extent do you agree or
disagree ?
### Essay

The allocation of government funds between public services and the arts is a contentious
issue. Some people argue that more money should be spent on public services, considering
arts expenditures a waste. However, I believe that both sectors are essential and deserve
balanced funding. This essay will discuss the importance of public services and the arts,
providing examples and collocations to support this viewpoint.

Public services, such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure, are fundamental to a

nation's well-being. These services directly impact citizens' quality of life and are often seen
as the government's primary responsibility. For example, a well-funded healthcare system
ensures that all citizens receive necessary medical attention, leading to a healthier
population. Similarly, investment in education equips individuals with the skills and
knowledge needed to contribute to the economy. Therefore, it is undeniable that public
services should receive substantial funding to maintain and improve these essential
services.

However, dismissing the arts as a waste of money overlooks their significant contributions
to society. Arts, including music and painting, enrich cultural heritage, foster creativity, and
enhance social cohesion. For instance, public art programs can revitalize urban areas,
making them more attractive and vibrant. Furthermore, arts education has been shown to
improve cognitive abilities and academic performance in students. In addition, the arts
industry generates economic benefits through tourism, employment, and related
businesses. Cities like Paris and New York thrive on their reputation as cultural hubs,
drawing millions of visitors annually who spend money on various goods and services.
A balanced approach to funding is crucial. Public services and the arts are not mutually
exclusive but complementary. Investing in public services addresses immediate and tangible
needs, while funding the arts ensures long-term cultural and intellectual growth.
Governments can explore innovative funding strategies to support both sectors without
compromising one for the other. For example, partnerships with private organizations and
community involvement can supplement public funding for the arts.

Critics may argue that during economic downturns, prioritizing public services over the arts
is necessary. While it is true that basic needs must be met, completely disregarding the arts
can lead to a culturally impoverished society. The challenge lies in finding a sustainable
balance that allows for the flourishing of both essential services and cultural development.

In conclusion, while public services are vital and should be well-funded, the arts also play a
crucial role in society. A balanced approach to government spending ensures that both
sectors receive adequate support, leading to a well-rounded and prosperous society.
Governments must recognize the value of the arts alongside public services and allocate
resources accordingly.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Public services** - Community services - Dịch vụ công cộng

2. **Government funds** - State resources - Quỹ chính phủ
3. **Healthcare system** - Medical services - Hệ thống chăm sóc sức khỏe
4. **Education system** - Learning institutions - Hệ thống giáo dục
5. **Infrastructure investment** - Development of facilities - Đầu tư cơ sở hạ tầng
6. **Quality of life** - Standard of living - Chất lượng cuộc sống
7. **Cultural heritage** - Cultural legacy - Di sản văn hóa
8. **Social cohesion** - Community unity - Sự gắn kết xã hội
9. **Cognitive abilities** - Intellectual skills - Khả năng nhận thức
10. **Academic performance** - Educational achievement - Thành tích học tập
11. **Economic benefits** - Financial advantages - Lợi ích kinh tế
12. **Urban revitalization** - City renewal - Sự tái sinh đô thị
13. **Private organizations** - Corporate entities - Tổ chức tư nhân
14. **Community involvement** - Public participation - Sự tham gia của cộng đồng
15. **Cultural development** - Cultural advancement - Phát triển văn hóa
16. **Intellectual growth** - Mental development - Sự phát triển trí tuệ
17. **Tourism industry** - Travel sector - Ngành du lịch
18. **Economic downturns** - Financial recessions - Suy thoái kinh tế
19. **Culturally impoverished** - Lacking cultural richness - Nghèo nàn về văn hóa
20. **Sustainable balance** - Equitable distribution - Cân bằng bền vững
21. **Cultural hubs** - Artistic centers - Trung tâm văn hóa
22. **Basic needs** - Fundamental necessities - Nhu cầu cơ bản
23. **Flourishing society** - Thriving community - Xã hội phồn vinh
24. **Innovative funding strategies** - Creative financial solutions - Chiến lược tài trợ sáng
tạo
25. **Supplement public funding** - Add to state resources - Bổ sung ngân sách công

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. _______ such as healthcare and education are essential for societal well-being.
2. _______ can help improve the _______ of individuals in a community.
3. _______ is crucial for a country's development, alongside _______ in other sectors.
4. The _______ ensures that everyone has access to necessary _______ .
5. Investment in _______ leads to improved _______ and intellectual growth.
6. _______ play a significant role in preserving and promoting _______ .
7. _______ can help revitalize urban areas and foster _______ .
8. The _______ in arts can lead to substantial _______ .
9. Governments should find _______ to support both public services and the arts.
10. A _______ allows for the flourishing of both essential services and _______ .

**Answer Key:**

1. Public services
2. Healthcare system, quality of life
3. Infrastructure investment, development
4. Education system, learning institutions
5. education, cognitive abilities
6. Cultural heritage, cultural legacy
7. Urban revitalization, social cohesion
8. Economic benefits, financial advantages
9. Innovative funding strategies
10. Sustainable balance, cultural development

**Exercise 2:**

1. A _______ ensures that cultural and intellectual growth are prioritized alongside basic
needs.
2. The _______ generates jobs and promotes community unity.
3. Even during _______, it is important to maintain support for the arts.
4. _______ can help bridge the gap between public and private sector funding.
5. _______ are essential for a nation’s long-term prosperity and well-being.
6. _______ can lead to a _______ society, lacking creativity and innovation.
7. _______ such as museums and theaters attract tourists and boost the economy.
8. Public funding for arts can be _______ by community and corporate support.
9. A _______ recognizes the need for both public services and cultural advancement.
10. _______ contribute to the _______ of urban areas, making them more vibrant and
appealing.

**Answer Key:**

1. balanced approach
2. arts industry
3. economic downturns
4. Private organizations
5. Public services
6. Neglecting the arts, culturally impoverished
7. Cultural hubs
8. supplemented
9. flourishing society
10. Art programs, revitalization
V. Media
1. Some people say that we do not need printed newspaper anymore. To what extent do
you agree or disagree with this opinion?
### Essay

In the digital age, the relevance of printed newspapers has been increasingly questioned.
Some argue that we no longer need printed newspapers, as digital media has become more
accessible and convenient. I strongly agree with this viewpoint, as the advantages of digital
news far outweigh the benefits of traditional print media. This essay will explore the
reasons why digital newspapers are preferable and provide relevant examples and
collocations to support this argument.

Firstly, digital newspapers offer unparalleled convenience and accessibility. With the
proliferation of smartphones, tablets, and laptops, people can access news from anywhere
at any time. This immediacy ensures that readers are always updated with the latest
information. For instance, news apps and websites provide real-time updates, whereas
printed newspapers are limited to the information available at the time of printing. This
real-time access to information is crucial in our fast-paced world where events unfold
rapidly.

Secondly, digital newspapers are environmentally friendly. The production and distribution
of printed newspapers require significant amounts of paper, ink, and energy, contributing to
deforestation and pollution. By contrast, digital newspapers have a minimal environmental
footprint. As awareness of environmental issues grows, many people prefer digital news
sources as a way to reduce their ecological impact. For example, The Guardian has reported
a substantial decrease in their carbon footprint since focusing more on their digital
platform.
Moreover, digital newspapers offer interactive and multimedia content that enhances the
reader's experience. Unlike printed newspapers, digital platforms can incorporate videos,
audio clips, and interactive graphics, providing a richer and more engaging way to consume
news. For example, a digital article on climate change might include video interviews with
scientists, interactive maps showing affected areas, and infographics illustrating data
trends. This multimedia approach caters to various learning styles and keeps readers more
engaged.

Critics of digital newspapers argue that printed newspapers have a tactile and nostalgic
value that digital formats cannot replicate. While this may be true for some, it is a
subjective preference that does not outweigh the practical benefits of digital news.
Additionally, the preservation of printed newspapers for archival purposes can be achieved
through digitization, ensuring that historical records are maintained without the need for
continuous printing.

In conclusion, the shift from printed newspapers to digital news sources is both inevitable
and beneficial. The convenience, environmental benefits, and enhanced content offered by
digital newspapers make them a superior choice in today's world. While printed
newspapers may hold sentimental value for some, the advantages of digital media clearly
demonstrate that we no longer need printed newspapers.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Printed newspapers** - Traditional newspapers - Báo in ấn

2. **Digital media** - Online news platforms - Truyền thông kỹ thuật số
3. **Accessible and convenient** - Easy to access and user-friendly - Tiện lợi và dễ tiếp cận
4. **Real-time updates** - Instant news updates - Cập nhật tin tức thời gian thực
5. **Fast-paced world** - Rapidly changing world - Thế giới thay đổi nhanh chóng
6. **Environmental footprint** - Ecological impact - Dấu chân môi trường
7. **Digital platforms** - Online media outlets - Nền tảng kỹ thuật số
8. **Interactive and multimedia content** - Engaging and varied media content - Nội dung
tương tác và đa phương tiện
9. **Reader's experience** - User engagement - Trải nghiệm của người đọc
10. **Deforestation and pollution** - Environmental degradation - Phá rừng và ô nhiễm
11. **Minimal environmental footprint** - Low ecological impact - Dấu chân môi trường tối
thiểu
12. **Ecological impact** - Environmental effect - Tác động sinh thái
13. **Multimedia approach** - Multi-format media strategy - Cách tiếp cận đa phương tiện
14. **Engaging way to consume news** - Interactive news consumption - Cách thức hấp
dẫn để tiếp nhận tin tức
15. **Tactile and nostalgic value** - Physical and sentimental worth - Giá trị xúc giác và hoài
niệm
16. **Subjective preference** - Personal choice - Sở thích cá nhân
17. **Practical benefits** - Functional advantages - Lợi ích thực tế
18. **Archival purposes** - Preservation reasons - Mục đích lưu trữ
19. **Enhanced content** - Improved media content - Nội dung nâng cao
20. **News apps and websites** - Digital news platforms - Ứng dụng và trang web tin tức
21. **Preservation of printed newspapers** - Maintaining physical newspapers - Bảo tồn
báo in
22. **Historical records** - Archives - Hồ sơ lịch sử
23. **Minimal environmental footprint** - Low ecological impact - Dấu chân môi trường tối
thiểu
24. **Rapidly changing world** - Fast-evolving world - Thế giới thay đổi nhanh chóng
25. **Online news platforms** - Digital news media - Các nền tảng tin tức trực tuyến

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. The rise of _______ has made accessing news easier and more convenient.
2. _______ offer instant news updates, unlike printed newspapers.
3. In our _______, staying updated with current events is crucial.
4. Digital newspapers have a _______ compared to traditional print media.
5. The shift to _______ helps reduce _______ and _______ .
6. Many people prefer digital news sources to minimize their _______ .
7. _______ provide a richer and more _______ for readers.
8. An article with an _______ is more engaging than a text-only piece.
9. Some argue that printed newspapers have a _______ that digital formats lack.
10. The _______ of digital newspapers include easy access and environmental benefits.

**Answer Key:**

1. digital media
2. Real-time updates
3. fast-paced world
4. minimal environmental footprint
5. digital platforms, deforestation, pollution
6. ecological impact
7. Interactive and multimedia content, engaging experience
8. multimedia approach
9. tactile and nostalgic value
10. practical benefits

**Exercise 2:**

1. _______ have become less popular due to the rise of digital news.
2. Online news platforms offer a more _______ way to consume news.
3. Many readers appreciate the _______ provided by news apps and websites.
4. _______ is important for reducing the environmental impact of news production.
5. The _______ of printed newspapers can be preserved through digitization.
6. _______ are often used to maintain important _______ .
7. Digital news sources help people stay updated in a _______ .
8. The _______ of printed newspapers includes both physical and sentimental worth.
9. By shifting to _______, we can achieve a more _______ .
10. _______ allows readers to access news from anywhere at any time.

**Answer Key:**

1. Printed newspapers
2. engaging
3. real-time updates
4. Minimal environmental footprint
5. historical records
6. Archival purposes, historical records
7. rapidly changing world
8. subjective preference
9. digital platforms, minimal environmental footprint
10. Online news platforms

2. Nowadays, there is a trend that reports of media focus on problems and emergencies
rather than positive development. Some people think it is harmful to individuals and to
society. To what extent, do you agree or disagree ?
### Essay

In contemporary society, media outlets frequently prioritize reporting on problems and

emergencies over positive developments. This trend has sparked a debate on whether such
a focus is detrimental to individuals and society as a whole. I strongly agree that an
excessive emphasis on negative news can have harmful effects, and this essay will explore
the reasons for this viewpoint with relevant examples and collocations.

Firstly, the constant barrage of negative news can lead to a phenomenon known as "mean
world syndrome," where individuals perceive the world to be more dangerous and
threatening than it actually is. This distorted view can result in increased anxiety, fear, and
pessimism among the public. For instance, frequent reports of crime, disasters, and political
unrest can make people feel insecure and distrustful of others. Such a perspective not only
affects individual mental health but also undermines social cohesion, as people become
more isolated and less willing to engage with their communities.

Secondly, the media's focus on problems and emergencies can contribute to a phenomenon
called "compassion fatigue." When audiences are constantly exposed to stories of suffering
and tragedy, they may become desensitized and less empathetic towards the plight of
others. This apathy can hinder charitable actions and support for social causes. For example,
continuous coverage of humanitarian crises without highlighting successful interventions or
positive outcomes can make viewers feel overwhelmed and powerless, reducing their
likelihood to contribute to relief efforts.

Moreover, the neglect of positive developments in media reporting can skew public
perception and decision-making. Positive news stories, such as advancements in
technology, medical breakthroughs, and successful community initiatives, provide a
balanced view of reality and inspire hope and optimism. Without exposure to such stories,
individuals may develop a cynical outlook and lack motivation to pursue constructive
actions. For instance, highlighting innovative solutions to environmental issues can
encourage people to adopt sustainable practices and support policies aimed at combating
climate change.

Critics might argue that focusing on problems and emergencies is necessary for raising
awareness and prompting action. While it is true that addressing societal issues is
important, a balanced approach that includes positive developments is more effective in
fostering a well-informed and motivated populace. Media outlets have a responsibility to
present a comprehensive picture of the world, showcasing both challenges and
achievements to empower individuals and drive progress.

In conclusion, the media's disproportionate emphasis on negative news can have adverse
effects on individuals' mental health, social cohesion, and public perception. By
incorporating more positive developments into their reporting, media outlets can
contribute to a more balanced and constructive discourse, ultimately benefiting society as a
whole. It is crucial for media organizations to recognize their influence and strive for a more
holistic approach to news reporting.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Media outlets** - News organizations - Cơ quan truyền thông

2. **Prioritize reporting** - Focus on broadcasting - Ưu tiên báo cáo
3. **Negative news** - Detrimental reports - Tin tức tiêu cực
4. **Mean world syndrome** - Perceived threat phenomenon - Hội chứng thế giới đen tối
5. **Increased anxiety** - Heightened worry - Gia tăng lo lắng
6. **Social cohesion** - Community unity - Sự gắn kết xã hội
7. **Compassion fatigue** - Empathy exhaustion - Sự mệt mỏi từ bi
8. **Humanitarian crises** - Human suffering events - Khủng hoảng nhân đạo
9. **Positive developments** - Beneficial advancements - Những tiến bộ tích cực
10. **Public perception** - Societal view - Nhận thức công chúng
11. **Balanced view of reality** - Equitable perspective - Quan điểm cân bằng về thực tế
12. **Charitable actions** - Philanthropic efforts - Hoạt động từ thiện
13. **Social causes** - Community initiatives - Nguyên nhân xã hội
14. **Technological advancements** - Innovations in technology - Những tiến bộ công nghệ
15. **Medical breakthroughs** - Healthcare innovations - Đột phá y tế
16. **Successful community initiatives** - Effective local projects - Sáng kiến cộng đồng
thành công
17. **Cynical outlook** - Skeptical perspective - Quan điểm hoài nghi
18. **Constructive actions** - Positive efforts - Hành động xây dựng
19. **Environmental issues** - Ecological concerns - Vấn đề môi trường
20. **Sustainable practices** - Eco-friendly methods - Thực hành bền vững
21. **Balanced approach** - Equitable method - Phương pháp cân bằng
22. **Comprehensive picture** - Holistic view - Bức tranh toàn diện
23. **Mental health** - Psychological well-being - Sức khỏe tinh thần
24. **Public discourse** - Societal conversation - Diễn đàn công cộng
25. **Holistic approach** - Integrated method - Cách tiếp cận toàn diện

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. _______ often emphasize problems and emergencies over positive stories.

2. The trend of focusing on _______ can lead to increased anxiety and fear.
3. Exposure to constant negative news can undermine _______ .
4. _______ is a phenomenon where people feel less empathy due to overexposure to
suffering.
5. Media should include more _______ to provide a _______ .
6. Constant negative reporting can distort _______ .
7. Highlighting _______ can inspire people to adopt _______ .
8. Without a _______, people may develop a _______ .
9. A _______ in news reporting includes both challenges and achievements.
10. Media have a responsibility to present a _______ of reality.

**Answer Key:**

1. Media outlets
2. negative news
3. social cohesion
4. Compassion fatigue
5. positive developments, balanced view of reality
6. public perception
7. technological advancements, sustainable practices
8. balanced approach, cynical outlook
9. balanced approach
10. comprehensive picture

**Exercise 2:**

1. _______ should focus on both problems and achievements to maintain a _______ .

2. The phenomenon known as _______ can result from too much negative news.
3. Reports on _______ often lead to a sense of hopelessness.
4. To foster _______, media should highlight successful community initiatives.
5. _______ in various fields can motivate positive societal changes.
6. A _______ of the world helps in reducing anxiety and fear.
7. _______ can be more effective when the media also showcases _______ .
8. A constant stream of negative reports can negatively affect _______ .
9. By focusing solely on problems, media can create a skewed _______ .
10. _______ include news on medical breakthroughs and innovations.

**Answer Key:**

1. Media outlets, balanced view of reality

2. mean world syndrome
3. humanitarian crises
4. social cohesion
5. Positive developments
6. balanced view of reality
7. Charitable actions, positive developments
8. mental health
9. public perception
10. Positive developments
3. Advertising are becoming more and more common in everyday life. Is it a positive or
negative development ?
### Essay

Advertising has become an integral part of our daily lives, appearing in various forms such
as television commercials, online ads, billboards, and social media. While some view this
proliferation of advertising as a positive development, others argue that it has negative
consequences. I believe that advertising has both positive and negative aspects, and this
essay will explore these dimensions in detail.

On the positive side, advertising serves as a crucial tool for businesses to reach potential
customers. It helps companies promote their products and services, leading to increased
sales and revenue. For instance, small businesses can utilize targeted online ads to attract
local customers, thereby enhancing their visibility and competitiveness. Moreover,
advertising informs consumers about new products, innovations, and services that may
improve their quality of life. For example, advertisements for health products or
educational courses can provide valuable information that encourages healthier and more
informed choices.

Advertising also plays a significant role in the economy by generating employment

opportunities. The advertising industry encompasses a wide range of professions, including
graphic designers, copywriters, marketers, and data analysts. This sector's growth
contributes to job creation and economic development. Additionally, advertising revenues
support various media outlets, such as newspapers, television channels, and websites,
ensuring the availability of diverse and quality content for the public.

However, the negative aspects of advertising cannot be overlooked. One major concern is
the manipulation and exploitation of consumer behavior. Advertisements often use
psychological tactics to create artificial needs and desires, encouraging people to buy
products they do not necessarily need. This can lead to overconsumption, financial strain,
and environmental degradation. For example, the relentless promotion of fast fashion
encourages excessive purchasing of clothing, which contributes to waste and pollution.

Furthermore, advertising can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and unrealistic standards.

Many ads, particularly those in the beauty and fashion industries, promote unattainable
ideals of beauty and success, leading to negative self-image and mental health issues among
consumers. Children and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to such influences, as they
are still developing their sense of identity and self-worth.

In conclusion, advertising has both positive and negative effects on society. While it
supports business growth, informs consumers, and contributes to the economy, it also
manipulates consumer behavior, promotes overconsumption, and perpetuates harmful
stereotypes. To maximize the benefits and minimize the drawbacks of advertising, it is
essential for regulatory bodies to enforce ethical standards and for consumers to develop
critical thinking skills to navigate the complex advertising landscape. Thus, advertising can
be a positive development if approached responsibly.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Integral part** - Essential component - Thành phần không thể thiếu

2. **Proliferation of advertising** - Growth of advertisements - Sự gia tăng của quảng cáo
3. **Positive development** - Beneficial progress - Phát triển tích cực
4. **Negative consequences** - Adverse effects - Hậu quả tiêu cực
5. **Reach potential customers** - Target prospective buyers - Tiếp cận khách hàng tiềm
năng
6. **Increase sales and revenue** - Boost profits - Tăng doanh số và doanh thu
7. **Enhancing visibility and competitiveness** - Improving presence and marketability -
Nâng cao sự hiện diện và tính cạnh tranh
8. **Quality of life** - Standard of living - Chất lượng cuộc sống
9. **Generating employment opportunities** - Creating jobs - Tạo cơ hội việc làm
10. **Economic development** - Financial growth - Phát triển kinh tế
11. **Consumer behavior** - Buying habits - Hành vi tiêu dùng
12. **Artificial needs and desires** - Fake wants and longings - Nhu cầu và mong muốn giả
tạo
13. **Overconsumption** - Excessive use - Sự tiêu thụ quá mức
14. **Financial strain** - Economic pressure - Áp lực tài chính
15. **Environmental degradation** - Ecological damage - Sự suy thoái môi trường
16. **Harmful stereotypes** - Negative clichés - Khuôn mẫu có hại
17. **Unrealistic standards** - Unattainable benchmarks - Tiêu chuẩn phi thực tế
18. **Negative self-image** - Poor self-perception - Hình ảnh bản thân tiêu cực
19. **Mental health issues** - Psychological problems - Vấn đề sức khỏe tâm thần
20. **Regulatory bodies** - Oversight agencies - Cơ quan quản lý
21. **Ethical standards** - Moral guidelines - Tiêu chuẩn đạo đức
22. **Critical thinking skills** - Analytical abilities - Kỹ năng tư duy phản biện
23. **Support business growth** - Foster commercial expansion - Hỗ trợ phát triển kinh
doanh
24. **Informed choices** - Well-considered decisions - Lựa chọn có thông tin
25. **Psychological tactics** - Mental strategies - Chiến thuật tâm lý

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. Advertising has become an _______ of our daily lives.

2. The _______ informs consumers about new products and services.
3. Many ads promote _______ , leading to negative self-image.
4. The _______ of fast fashion contributes to environmental degradation.
5. _______ use various _______ to influence consumer behavior.
6. To ensure ethical advertising, _______ should enforce _______ .
7. Advertising can _______ by creating jobs and boosting the economy.
8. Overconsumption can lead to _______ and _______ .
9. Advertisements can _______ by informing consumers about health products.
10. The _______ of advertising can have both positive and negative effects.

**Answer Key:**

1. integral part
2. proliferation of advertising
3. unrealistic standards
4. overconsumption
5. Psychological tactics
6. regulatory bodies, ethical standards
7. generate employment opportunities
8. financial strain, environmental degradation
9. support business growth
10. growth

**Exercise 2:**

1. The _______ in the advertising industry contributes to economic development.

2. Companies use advertising to _______ and _______ .
3. Advertisements often create _______ that lead to unnecessary purchases.
4. Many people believe that advertising can _______ if approached responsibly.
5. _______ are essential for consumers to navigate the complex advertising landscape.
6. By _______ , governments can support responsible advertising practices.
7. The _______ of online ads helps small businesses attract local customers.
8. _______ often appear in commercials, influencing societal norms.
9. To avoid _______ , consumers need to develop critical thinking skills.
10. Advertising can provide _______ that improve consumers' quality of life.

**Answer Key:**

1. growth
2. reach potential customers, increase sales and revenue
3. artificial needs and desires
4. be a positive development
5. Critical thinking skills
6. enforcing ethical standards
7. targeted approach
8. Harmful stereotypes
9. overconsumption
10. valuable information
4. Some people believe what children watch on TV influences their behavior. Some say it
is the amount of time watching television that influences their behavior. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.
### Essay

The influence of television on children's behavior has long been a topic of debate. While
some argue that the content of what children watch on TV significantly shapes their
behavior, others contend that it is the amount of time spent watching television that has a
greater impact. Both perspectives hold merit, and this essay will discuss both views before
presenting a personal opinion.

On one hand, the content children are exposed to on television can profoundly influence
their behavior. Television shows, movies, and advertisements often contain messages,
values, and behaviors that children may imitate. For example, violent TV programs have
been linked to increased aggression in children. The social learning theory posits that
children learn by observing and mimicking the actions of others, particularly those they see
as role models. Thus, exposure to inappropriate or harmful content can lead to the
adoption of negative behaviors. Conversely, educational programs can have a positive
impact by teaching children about good manners, empathy, and problem-solving skills. For
instance, shows like "Sesame Street" have been praised for their educational content and
positive influence on children's cognitive and social development.
On the other hand, the amount of time children spend watching television is also a crucial
factor. Excessive TV watching can lead to various negative outcomes, regardless of the
content. For instance, children who spend too much time in front of the TV are more likely
to experience sedentary lifestyles, leading to health issues such as obesity. Moreover,
excessive screen time can interfere with important activities like reading, playing outdoors,
and socializing with peers, which are essential for a child's overall development. Studies
have shown that children who watch TV for more than two hours a day are more likely to
have attention problems and lower academic performance. Thus, it is not just what children
watch, but also how much they watch that matters.

In my opinion, both the content and the amount of time spent watching television are
important in influencing children's behavior. However, I believe that content has a slightly
more significant impact. While limiting screen time is crucial to ensure children have a
balanced lifestyle, ensuring that the content they are exposed to is appropriate and
educational can have more direct and lasting effects on their behavior and development.
Parents and caregivers should monitor and regulate both aspects, ensuring that children are
exposed to positive and educational content while also maintaining a healthy balance of
activities.

In conclusion, both the content of television programs and the amount of time spent
watching TV play vital roles in shaping children's behavior. While content can have a more
direct influence, it is essential to balance both aspects to ensure the healthy development
of children. Parents and caregivers must be vigilant in monitoring TV consumption to foster
a positive environment for their children's growth.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Influence their behavior** - Affect their conduct - Ảnh hưởng đến hành vi
2. **Content of what children watch** - Material children view - Nội dung trẻ em xem
3. **Amount of time spent watching television** - Duration of TV viewing - Lượng thời gian
xem TV
4. **Profoundly influence** - Deeply affect - Ảnh hưởng sâu sắc
5. **Significantly shapes their behavior** - Greatly molds their conduct - Định hình hành vi
một cách đáng kể
6. **Messages, values, and behaviors** - Lessons, ethics, and actions - Thông điệp, giá trị và
hành vi
7. **Increased aggression** - Heightened hostility - Tăng tính hung hăng
8. **Social learning theory** - Observational learning theory - Lý thuyết học tập xã hội
9. **Inappropriate or harmful content** - Unsuitable or damaging material - Nội dung
không phù hợp hoặc có hại
10. **Adoption of negative behaviors** - Embrace of detrimental actions - Chấp nhận hành
vi tiêu cực
11. **Educational programs** - Instructional shows - Chương trình giáo dục
12. **Cognitive and social development** - Mental and interpersonal growth - Phát triển
nhận thức và xã hội
13. **Excessive TV watching** - Overindulgence in TV - Xem TV quá mức
14. **Sedentary lifestyles** - Inactive habits - Lối sống ít vận động
15. **Health issues** - Medical problems - Vấn đề sức khỏe
16. **Interfere with important activities** - Disrupt essential tasks - Cản trở các hoạt động
quan trọng
17. **Attention problems** - Concentration issues - Vấn đề về sự tập trung
18. **Lower academic performance** - Reduced school achievements - Thành tích học tập
giảm
19. **Balanced lifestyle** - Equitable way of living - Lối sống cân bằng
20. **Educational content** - Learning material - Nội dung giáo dục
21. **Monitoring TV consumption** - Regulating television viewing - Theo dõi việc xem TV
22. **Healthy development** - Well-rounded growth - Phát triển lành mạnh
23. **Foster a positive environment** - Cultivate a supportive setting - Tạo môi trường tích
cực
24. **Parental vigilance** - Caregiver oversight - Sự cảnh giác của phụ huynh
25. **Regulate both aspects** - Control both elements - Điều chỉnh cả hai khía cạnh

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. The _______ of television on children's behavior is a widely debated topic.

2. _______ is crucial for ensuring children do not develop _______ .
3. _______ often contain _______ that children may imitate.
4. Children who watch _______ are likely to experience _______ .
5. _______ posits that children learn by observing others.
6. _______ can lead to the _______ of negative behaviors.
7. _______ can positively affect children's _______ .
8. Excessive TV watching can lead to _______ , resulting in _______ .
9. It is important to _______ to ensure a _______ .
10. Parents should be _______ in _______ to promote _______ .

**Answer Key:**

1. influence their behavior

2. Monitoring TV consumption, health issues
3. Content of what children watch, messages, values, and behaviors
4. inappropriate or harmful content, increased aggression
5. Social learning theory
6. Adoption of negative behaviors
7. Educational programs, cognitive and social development
8. sedentary lifestyles, health issues
9. regulate both aspects, balanced lifestyle
10. vigilant, regulating television viewing, healthy development

**Exercise 2:**

1. The _______ debate centers on whether it is the _______ or the _______ that affects
children more.
2. Television shows can _______ children's _______ , leading to the _______ of _______ .
3. _______ such as "Sesame Street" have been praised for their _______ .
4. Excessive TV watching can _______ with _______ like reading and playing outdoors.
5. _______ can lead to _______ and _______ .
6. Parents should ensure a _______ by limiting _______ and _______ .
7. _______ is key to fostering _______ in children.
8. _______ have shown that children with more than _______ per day have _______ .
9. The _______ can sometimes be greater than the _______ .
10. Governments can promote a _______ by supporting _______ and encouraging _______
.

**Answer Key:**

1. influence their behavior, content of what children watch, amount of time spent watching
television
2. significantly shape, behavior, adoption, negative behaviors
3. Educational programs, educational content
4. interfere, important activities
5. Excessive TV watching, sedentary lifestyles, health issues
6. balanced lifestyle, duration of TV viewing, content of what children watch
7. Parental vigilance, healthy development
8. Studies, two hours of TV, attention problems
9. benefits of free education, initial expenditure
10. positive environment, healthy development, balanced lifestyles
VI. Technology
1. Scientists predict in the near future, cares will be driven by computers, not people.
Why? Do you think it is a positive or negative development?
### Essay

The advent of self-driving cars, driven by computers rather than humans, is a technological
innovation that scientists predict will become a reality in the near future. This development
is propelled by advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), sensor technologies, and the
increasing need for safer, more efficient transportation systems. While there are both
positive and negative aspects to this transition, I believe that the shift towards autonomous
vehicles is predominantly a positive development for several reasons.
Firstly, one of the most compelling reasons for the adoption of self-driving cars is the
potential for increased safety. Human error is a leading cause of traffic accidents worldwide.
Computers, unlike humans, do not suffer from fatigue, distraction, or impaired judgment
due to alcohol or drugs. Autonomous vehicles are equipped with advanced sensors and AI
algorithms that allow them to detect obstacles, adhere to traffic rules, and make split-
second decisions to avoid collisions. For example, companies like Tesla and Waymo have
already demonstrated significant reductions in accident rates with their semi-autonomous
and fully autonomous vehicles, respectively. This reduction in accidents can save countless
lives and reduce the burden on healthcare systems.

Secondly, self-driving cars promise to enhance traffic efficiency and reduce congestion. AI-
driven vehicles can communicate with each other to optimize traffic flow, minimize stop-
and-go waves, and select the most efficient routes. This level of coordination is beyond
human capability and can lead to smoother traffic conditions and shorter travel times. For
instance, pilot projects in cities like Phoenix and Singapore have shown that autonomous
vehicles can significantly improve traffic management, leading to faster commutes and
reduced emissions.

Furthermore, autonomous vehicles can provide greater mobility for individuals who are
unable to drive, such as the elderly and disabled. This can enhance their independence and
quality of life by granting them access to reliable transportation without relying on others.
The convenience of self-driving cars can also extend to the general population, freeing up
time spent driving for other productive activities.

However, there are concerns regarding the widespread adoption of self-driving cars. One
major issue is the potential loss of jobs for professional drivers, such as truckers and taxi
drivers. Additionally, the technology is still in its developmental stages and is not yet
foolproof. There have been instances of software malfunctions and ethical dilemmas
related to decision-making in unavoidable accident scenarios. These issues must be
addressed through rigorous testing, regulations, and the development of ethical
frameworks.

In conclusion, while the transition to self-driving cars poses certain challenges, the potential
benefits in terms of safety, efficiency, and mobility make it a positive development overall.
With continued advancements in technology and appropriate regulatory measures,
autonomous vehicles can transform our transportation systems for the better, ushering in a
new era of safer and more efficient travel.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Self-driving cars** - Autonomous vehicles - Xe tự lái

2. **Driven by computers** - Controlled by AI - Điều khiển bởi máy tính
3. **Technological innovation** - Technological advancement - Sự đổi mới công nghệ
4. **Artificial intelligence (AI)** - Machine learning - Trí tuệ nhân tạo
5. **Sensor technologies** - Detection systems - Công nghệ cảm biến
6. **Transportation systems** - Transit infrastructure - Hệ thống giao thông
7. **Positive development** - Beneficial progress - Sự phát triển tích cực
8. **Human error** - Mistakes by people - Lỗi con người
9. **Traffic accidents** - Road incidents - Tai nạn giao thông
10. **Advanced sensors** - Sophisticated detection devices - Cảm biến tiên tiến
11. **AI algorithms** - Machine learning models - Thuật toán AI
12. **Detect obstacles** - Identify barriers - Phát hiện chướng ngại vật
13. **Traffic rules** - Road regulations - Luật giao thông
14. **Split-second decisions** - Immediate choices - Quyết định tức thì
15. **Semi-autonomous** - Partially self-driving - Bán tự động
16. **Traffic efficiency** - Road efficiency - Hiệu quả giao thông
17. **Optimize traffic flow** - Improve movement of vehicles - Tối ưu hoá lưu lượng giao
thông
18. **Pilot projects** - Test initiatives - Dự án thí điểm
19. **Traffic management** - Traffic control - Quản lý giao thông
20. **Greater mobility** - Increased movement - Tăng khả năng di chuyển
21. **Quality of life** - Standard of living - Chất lượng cuộc sống
22. **Reliable transportation** - Dependable transit - Giao thông đáng tin cậy
23. **General population** - Public - Dân số chung
24. **Productive activities** - Efficient tasks - Hoạt động hiệu quả
25. **Widespread adoption** - Broad acceptance - Sự chấp nhận rộng rãi

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. _______ promise to enhance traffic efficiency and reduce congestion.

2. AI-driven vehicles can communicate with each other to _______.
3. For example, companies like Tesla and Waymo have already demonstrated significant
reductions in _______.
4. The potential for increased safety is one of the most compelling reasons for the adoption
of _______.
5. _______ do not suffer from fatigue, distraction, or impaired judgment.
6. This level of coordination is beyond human capability and can lead to smoother traffic
conditions and shorter _______.
7. _______ in cities like Phoenix and Singapore have shown the benefits of autonomous
vehicles.
8. Self-driving cars can provide greater _______ for individuals who are unable to drive.
9. One major issue is the potential loss of jobs for professional drivers due to _______.
10. With continued advancements in technology and appropriate _______ , autonomous
vehicles can transform our transportation systems for the better.

**Answer Key:**
1. Self-driving cars
2. optimize traffic flow
3. traffic accidents
4. autonomous vehicles
5. Computers
6. travel times
7. Pilot projects
8. mobility
9. widespread adoption
10. regulatory measures

**Exercise 2:**

1. The advent of _______ is driven by advancements in AI and sensor technologies.

2. _______ is a leading cause of traffic accidents worldwide.
3. Autonomous vehicles are equipped with _______ and AI algorithms.
4. This reduction in accidents can save countless lives and reduce the burden on _______.
5. AI-driven vehicles can select the most efficient routes to enhance _______.
6. The convenience of _______ can also extend to the general population.
7. The technology is still in its developmental stages and is not yet _______.
8. These issues must be addressed through rigorous testing and the development of
_______.
9. _______ is crucial for a country’s transit infrastructure.
10. Freeing up time spent driving allows for other _______.

**Answer Key:**

1. self-driving cars
2. Human error
3. advanced sensors
4. healthcare systems
5. traffic efficiency
6. self-driving cars
7. foolproof
8. ethical frameworks
9. Traffic management
10. productive activities
2. Anybody can use a mobile phone to answer the work and personal calls at any time or
7 days a week. Is this development more positive and negative?

### Essay
The ubiquitous presence of mobile phones has dramatically changed how we interact with
work and personal matters, allowing us to answer calls at any time, seven days a week. This
development presents both positive and negative aspects. While the convenience and
connectivity offered by mobile phones are undeniable, the blurring of boundaries between
work and personal life can lead to significant drawbacks. This essay will examine the pros
and cons of this phenomenon, using relevant examples and collocations to present a
balanced viewpoint.

On the positive side, mobile phones provide unparalleled convenience and flexibility. The
ability to answer work calls from anywhere can enhance productivity and efficiency. For
instance, professionals who travel frequently can stay connected with their offices and
manage tasks on the go, which was not possible before the advent of mobile technology.
This flexibility can lead to better time management and the ability to address urgent issues
promptly, fostering a more responsive and dynamic work environment.

Moreover, mobile phones facilitate constant communication, which is crucial in today’s fast-
paced world. In emergencies, being able to reach someone immediately can be a lifesaver.
For example, doctors and emergency responders rely on mobile phones to coordinate
critical tasks and save lives. This constant connectivity ensures that important information is
relayed without delay, improving overall effectiveness in various fields.

However, the negatives of this development are significant. One major drawback is the
erosion of work-life balance. The expectation to be available for work calls at all times can
lead to burnout and stress. Employees may find it difficult to disconnect from work, even
during personal or leisure time, resulting in mental and physical exhaustion. This can
negatively impact productivity and overall well-being, creating a counterproductive cycle.

Furthermore, constant connectivity can intrude on personal relationships. The need to

answer work calls during family gatherings or personal time can cause frustration and
tension. For example, parents might miss out on important moments with their children
because they are preoccupied with work-related calls. This intrusion can weaken family
bonds and diminish the quality of personal interactions.

Additionally, the pressure to be always available can lead to unrealistic expectations from
employers. Employees may feel compelled to respond to calls and messages outside of
working hours, which can lead to exploitation and a lack of clear boundaries. This can create
an unhealthy work culture where overwork is normalized and employees' rights to rest and
personal time are overlooked.

In conclusion, while the ability to answer work and personal calls anytime has its benefits,
the negatives often outweigh the positives. The erosion of work-life balance, intrusion into
personal relationships, and unrealistic expectations from employers are significant
concerns. It is crucial for individuals and organizations to establish clear boundaries to
ensure that the advantages of mobile connectivity do not come at the expense of personal
well-being and quality of life.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Answer work and personal calls** - Respond to professional and private calls - Trả lời
cuộc gọi công việc và cá nhân
2. **Blurring of boundaries** - Overlapping of limits - Sự mờ ranh giới
3. **Convenience and connectivity** - Ease and network access - Sự tiện lợi và kết nối
4. **Enhance productivity** - Boost efficiency - Nâng cao năng suất
5. **Manage tasks on the go** - Handle duties while traveling - Quản lý công việc khi di
chuyển
6. **Time management** - Organizing time effectively - Quản lý thời gian
7. **Urgent issues** - Immediate problems - Vấn đề khẩn cấp
8. **Responsive work environment** - Reactive professional setting - Môi trường làm việc
nhạy bén
9. **Constant communication** - Continuous contact - Liên lạc liên tục
10. **Fast-paced world** - Rapidly changing environment - Thế giới nhịp độ nhanh
11. **Critical tasks** - Essential duties - Nhiệm vụ quan trọng
12. **Work-life balance** - Equilibrium between job and personal life - Cân bằng giữa công
việc và cuộc sống
13. **Mental and physical exhaustion** - Psychological and bodily fatigue - Kiệt sức tinh
thần và thể chất
14. **Productivity and well-being** - Efficiency and health - Năng suất và sức khỏe
15. **Personal relationships** - Private connections - Quan hệ cá nhân
16. **Family gatherings** - Domestic get-togethers - Buổi họp mặt gia đình
17. **Intrusion into personal time** - Interference in private moments - Sự xâm phạm thời
gian cá nhân
18. **Unrealistic expectations** - Impractical demands - Kỳ vọng phi thực tế
19. **Exploitation** - Taking unfair advantage - Sự bóc lột
20. **Clear boundaries** - Defined limits - Ranh giới rõ ràng
21. **Quality of life** - Standard of living - Chất lượng cuộc sống
22. **Establish boundaries** - Set limits - Thiết lập ranh giới
23. **Professional and private calls** - Business and personal calls - Cuộc gọi công việc và
cá nhân
24. **Emergency responders** - Crisis reaction personnel - Nhân viên phản ứng khẩn cấp
25. **Unhealthy work culture** - Detrimental professional environment - Văn hóa làm việc
không lành mạnh

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. The _______ between work and personal life can lead to significant drawbacks.
2. _______ can lead to better _______ and the ability to address _______ promptly.
3. Mobile phones provide unparalleled _______ and _______ .
4. In _______, being able to reach someone immediately can be a lifesaver.
5. _______ ensures that important information is relayed without delay.
6. The expectation to be available for work calls at all times can lead to _______ .
7. Employees may find it difficult to disconnect from work, resulting in _______ .
8. The need to answer work calls during _______ or personal time can cause frustration.
9. This intrusion can weaken _______ and diminish the quality of _______ .
10. The pressure to be always available can lead to _______ from employers.

**Answer Key:**

1. blurring of boundaries
2. Constant connectivity, time management, urgent issues
3. convenience, connectivity
4. emergencies
5. Constant communication
6. burnout
7. mental and physical exhaustion
8. family gatherings
9. personal relationships, personal interactions
10. unrealistic expectations

**Exercise 2:**

1. The ability to _______ from anywhere can _______ and efficiency.

2. Professionals who travel frequently can _______ their offices and _______ on the go.
3. This flexibility can lead to better _______ and the ability to address _______ .
4. _______ ensures that important information is relayed without delay.
5. The expectation to be available for work calls at all times can lead to _______ .
6. Employees may find it difficult to disconnect from work, resulting in _______ .
7. The need to answer work calls during _______ or personal time can cause frustration.
8. This intrusion can weaken _______ and diminish the quality of _______ .
9. The pressure to be always available can lead to _______ from employers.
10. _______ in the US face significant _______ due to high tuition fees.

**Answer Key:**

1. answer work and personal calls, enhance productivity

2. stay connected with, manage tasks
3. time management, urgent issues
4. Constant communication
5. burnout
6. mental and physical exhaustion
7. family gatherings
8. personal relationships, personal interactions
9. unrealistic expectations
10. Students, financial strain
3. Some people believe that robots will play an important role in future societies, while
others argue that robots might have negative effects on society. Discuss both views and
give your opinion.
### Essay

The potential role of robots in future societies is a topic of considerable debate. While some
people envision robots as indispensable tools that will significantly enhance our lives, others
fear the negative repercussions that widespread robot usage might entail. This essay will
discuss both perspectives and provide a personal viewpoint on the issue.

Proponents of robots argue that they will bring substantial benefits to various sectors.
Firstly, robots can perform tasks with a level of precision and efficiency that humans might
find difficult to achieve. For instance, in the medical field, robotic surgery systems like the
da Vinci Surgical System allow surgeons to perform intricate procedures with greater
accuracy and minimal invasiveness. This advancement not only improves patient outcomes
but also reduces recovery times. Secondly, robots can work in hazardous environments,
thus safeguarding human lives. In industries such as mining or nuclear energy, robots can
handle dangerous tasks, mitigating the risk to human workers.

Additionally, robots can significantly boost productivity and economic growth. Automation
of repetitive and mundane tasks allows human workers to focus on more creative and
strategic roles, thereby fostering innovation and job satisfaction. For example, in
manufacturing, robots can take over assembly line tasks, leading to faster production rates
and consistent product quality. This, in turn, can lower production costs and make goods
more affordable for consumers.

On the other hand, critics of widespread robot integration caution against several potential
negative impacts. One major concern is the displacement of human workers. As robots
become more capable of performing tasks traditionally done by humans, there is a risk of
significant job losses, particularly in sectors such as manufacturing and logistics. This could
lead to increased unemployment rates and exacerbate socioeconomic inequalities. A study
by the McKinsey Global Institute predicts that by 2030, up to 800 million jobs could be lost
to automation worldwide.

Another concern is the ethical and security implications of advanced robotics. The
deployment of autonomous robots in military applications raises moral questions about the
use of lethal force without human intervention. Furthermore, as robots become more
integrated into daily life, there is a risk of them being hacked or malfunctioning, potentially
causing harm.
In my opinion, while the benefits of robots are undeniable, it is crucial to address the
associated challenges proactively. Governments and industries should invest in retraining
programs to help workers transition to new roles that emerge as a result of automation.
Additionally, stringent regulations and ethical guidelines should be established to govern
the development and use of robots, ensuring they are used responsibly and safely.

In conclusion, robots have the potential to play a transformative role in future societies by
enhancing efficiency and productivity. However, it is essential to mitigate the risks related
to job displacement, ethical concerns, and security threats. By balancing technological
advancement with social responsibility, we can harness the benefits of robots while
minimizing their negative impacts.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Future societies** - Upcoming communities - Xã hội tương lai

2. **Play an important role** - Serve a crucial function - Đóng vai trò quan trọng
3. **Negative effects** - Adverse impacts - Tác động tiêu cực
4. **Proponents argue** - Advocates claim - Những người ủng hộ cho rằng
5. **Substantial benefits** - Significant advantages - Lợi ích đáng kể
6. **Perform tasks** - Execute activities - Thực hiện các nhiệm vụ
7. **Level of precision** - Degree of accuracy - Mức độ chính xác
8. **Greater accuracy** - Higher precision - Độ chính xác cao hơn
9. **Minimal invasiveness** - Least intrusion - Ít xâm lấn
10. **Hazardous environments** - Dangerous conditions - Môi trường nguy hiểm
11. **Safeguarding human lives** - Protecting people - Bảo vệ mạng sống con người
12. **Boost productivity** - Increase efficiency - Tăng năng suất
13. **Economic growth** - Financial development - Phát triển kinh tế
14. **Creative and strategic roles** - Innovative and planning positions - Vai trò sáng tạo và
chiến lược
15. **Fostering innovation** - Encouraging creativity - Thúc đẩy đổi mới
16. **Job satisfaction** - Work contentment - Sự hài lòng trong công việc
17. **Repetitive and mundane tasks** - Routine and boring duties - Nhiệm vụ lặp đi lặp lại
và tẻ nhạt
18. **Consistent product quality** - Uniform production standards - Chất lượng sản phẩm
nhất quán
19. **Production costs** - Manufacturing expenses - Chi phí sản xuất
20. **Displacement of human workers** - Job replacement - Thay thế nhân công
21. **Increased unemployment rates** - Higher joblessness levels - Tỷ lệ thất nghiệp tăng
22. **Socioeconomic inequalities** - Economic disparities - Bất bình đẳng kinh tế xã hội
23. **Ethical implications** - Moral consequences - Hệ quả đạo đức
24. **Security threats** - Safety risks - Mối đe dọa an ninh
25. **Technological advancement** - Technological progress - Tiến bộ công nghệ

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. _______ in the medical field, such as robotic surgery systems, allow for _______.
2. Robots working in _______ can help in _______.
3. Automation can lead to _______ by allowing humans to focus on _______.
4. _______ like manufacturing see robots taking over _______.
5. Critics fear the _______ due to _______ of human workers.
6. Job losses due to robots can lead to _______ and _______.
7. The _______ of using robots in the military raises _______.
8. Robots must be protected against _______ to ensure they don't pose _______.
9. _______ claim that robots offer _______ to various sectors.
10. It is crucial to balance _______ with _______ to minimize negative impacts.

**Answer Key:**

1. Proponents argue, greater accuracy

2. hazardous environments, safeguarding human lives
3. increased productivity, creative and strategic roles
4. Industries, repetitive and mundane tasks
5. displacement of human workers, job replacement
6. increased unemployment rates, socioeconomic inequalities
7. ethical implications, moral consequences
8. security threats, safety risks
9. Advocates, substantial benefits
10. technological advancement, social responsibility

**Exercise 2:**

1. The idea that robots will _______ in future societies is widely debated.
2. _______ envision robots as essential tools for improving our lives.
3. _______ believe that robots might have _______.
4. By _______ in industries, robots can help in _______.
5. Automation can lead to _______ and _______.
6. _______ argue that automation leads to the _______.
7. Retraining programs can help workers avoid _______.
8. Ethical guidelines are necessary to govern the _______.
9. The _______ can result in _______ economic growth.
10. Balancing _______ with _______ can ensure a smoother integration of robots into
society.

**Answer Key:**

1. play an important role

2. Proponents
3. Critics, negative effects
4. performing tasks, safeguarding human lives
5. substantial benefits, increased productivity
6. Critics, displacement of human workers
7. increased unemployment rates
8. ethical implications
9. consistent product quality, economic growth
10. technological advancement, social responsibility
4. The range of technology available to people is increasing the gap between the rich and
the poor. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
### Essay

The proliferation of technology in recent decades has brought about transformative

changes in various aspects of society. However, there is a growing concern that the
increasing availability of advanced technology is widening the gap between the rich and the
poor. I largely agree with this statement. This essay will discuss how technology can
exacerbate socioeconomic disparities and provide examples and collocations to support this
viewpoint.

Firstly, the affluent have greater access to cutting-edge technology, which enables them to
enhance their productivity and economic prospects. Wealthier individuals and businesses
can afford the latest gadgets, software, and infrastructure that streamline operations and
increase efficiency. For instance, high-tech industries, which are typically dominated by
affluent stakeholders, leverage advanced robotics and artificial intelligence to outperform
traditional sectors. This technological edge allows them to generate substantial profits,
further consolidating their financial power and widening the income gap.

Secondly, education and skills training are pivotal in harnessing the benefits of technology.
However, access to quality education and technical training often correlates with one's
socioeconomic status. Wealthier families can afford better educational resources, including
private tutoring, advanced courses, and state-of-the-art learning tools. This disparity is
evident in many developing countries where students from affluent backgrounds have
access to e-learning platforms and digital libraries, while their less privileged counterparts
struggle with basic educational materials. As a result, the technological divide contributes to
the perpetuation of economic inequality.

Furthermore, the digital economy tends to favor those with existing financial resources. The
rise of gig economies and online businesses presents lucrative opportunities for those who
can invest in necessary technology and internet infrastructure. However, individuals from
lower-income backgrounds may lack access to high-speed internet, modern devices, and
the digital literacy required to capitalize on these opportunities. Consequently, they remain
confined to low-paying, unstable jobs, thereby widening the socioeconomic gap.
Critics may argue that technology democratizes information and provides opportunities for
upward mobility. Indeed, initiatives like free online courses and affordable tech devices
have the potential to bridge the gap. However, the effectiveness of these initiatives is often
limited by underlying structural inequalities, such as access to reliable internet and a
conducive learning environment, which disproportionately affect the poor.

In conclusion, while technology has the potential to offer equal opportunities, its current
trajectory seems to exacerbate the divide between the rich and the poor. The affluent's
ability to access and leverage advanced technology for economic gain, coupled with
disparities in education and digital infrastructure, reinforces existing inequalities. It is crucial
for policymakers to address these issues and ensure that technological advancements
contribute to a more equitable society.

### Collocations and Paraphrases

1. **Proliferation of technology** - Spread of technology - Sự phổ biến của công nghệ

2. **Widening the gap** - Increasing the divide - Mở rộng khoảng cách
3. **Socioeconomic disparities** - Economic inequalities - Chênh lệch kinh tế xã hội
4. **Cutting-edge technology** - Advanced technology - Công nghệ tiên tiến
5. **Economic prospects** - Financial opportunities - Triển vọng kinh tế
6. **High-tech industries** - Technology-driven sectors - Ngành công nghệ cao
7. **Leverage advanced robotics** - Utilize sophisticated robotics - Tận dụng robot tiên tiến
8. **Financial power** - Economic strength - Sức mạnh tài chính
9. **Income gap** - Wealth disparity - Khoảng cách thu nhập
10. **Quality education** - High-standard education - Giáo dục chất lượng
11. **Technical training** - Vocational training - Đào tạo kỹ thuật
12. **Educational resources** - Learning materials - Tài nguyên giáo dục
13. **State-of-the-art learning tools** - Modern educational tools - Công cụ học tập hiện
đại
14. **Technological divide** - Digital divide - Khoảng cách công nghệ
15. **Perpetuation of economic inequality** - Continuation of economic disparity - Duy trì
bất bình đẳng kinh tế
16. **Digital economy** - Online economy - Nền kinh tế số
17. **Gig economies** - Freelance economies - Nền kinh tế tạm thời
18. **Internet infrastructure** - Digital infrastructure - Cơ sở hạ tầng internet
19. **Digital literacy** - Computer literacy - Hiểu biết về kỹ thuật số
20. **Low-paying, unstable jobs** - Insecure, poorly paid employment - Công việc thu nhập
thấp và không ổn định
21. **Upward mobility** - Social advancement - Sự thăng tiến xã hội
22. **Free online courses** - Complimentary e-learning programs - Khóa học trực tuyến
miễn phí
23. **Affordable tech devices** - Cost-effective technology - Thiết bị công nghệ giá rẻ
24. **Reliable internet** - Stable internet connection - Internet đáng tin cậy
25. **Conducive learning environment** - Supportive educational setting - Môi trường học
tập thuận lợi

### Fill-in-the-Blank Exercises

**Exercise 1:**

1. The _______ has led to significant changes in how we live and work.
2. Advanced robotics are used extensively in _______ to improve efficiency.
3. Many families struggle to afford _______ for their children's education.
4. The _______ allows companies to outperform those in traditional sectors.
5. The gap between rich and poor is often linked to differences in _______ .
6. _______ is essential for maximizing the benefits of technology.
7. _______ in many developing countries are limited by access to technology.
8. The rise of the _______ presents new opportunities for those with the right resources.
9. Without _______ , many cannot take advantage of digital opportunities.
10. _______ contributes to the widening gap between socioeconomic classes.

**Answer Key:**

1. proliferation of technology
2. high-tech industries
3. cutting-edge technology
4. high-tech industries
5. economic prospects
6. Quality education
7. Educational resources
8. digital economy
9. digital literacy
10. Socioeconomic disparities

**Exercise 2:**

1. Ensuring _______ in schools can help reduce the educational divide.

2. _______ often limits the ability of poorer families to invest in technology.
3. _______ allows students to access a wider range of learning materials.
4. The _______ continues to grow as technology becomes more advanced.
5. Investing in _______ is crucial for bridging the digital divide.
6. Many workers in _______ face uncertain job prospects and low wages.
7. _______ in education can provide opportunities for social advancement.
8. The government must improve _______ to ensure equal access to digital resources.
9. _______ can help make technology more accessible to low-income families.
10. The _______ makes it difficult for those without financial resources to compete.
**Answer Key:**

1. state-of-the-art learning tools

2. Financial power
3. Affordable tech devices
4. income gap
5. internet infrastructure
6. gig economies
7. Upward mobility
8. reliable internet
9. Affordable tech devices
10. digital economy