1.

Eczema

Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that results in
redness, itching, and dryness. It is often caused by a combination of genetic and environmental
factors, including allergens, irritants like soaps and detergents, and climatic conditions. Symptoms
include dry, scaly patches, redness, itching, and, in some cases, oozing or crusted blisters. It can be
exacerbated by stress, cold weather, and exposure to irritants. Risk factors include a family history of
eczema, asthma, or hay fever. Diagnosis is typically based on a physical examination and patient
history. Treatment involves moisturizing frequently, using topical corticosteroids or antihistamines,
and avoiding known triggers. In severe cases, immunosuppressants or phototherapy may be
prescribed. Preventive measures include using gentle skincare products, wearing soft fabrics, and
avoiding extreme temperatures. Though it is a lifelong condition, symptoms often improve with age.
Complications may include secondary infections due to scratching and chronic itching, which can
disrupt sleep and quality of life.

2. Melanoma

Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer that originates in melanocytes, the cells responsible
for pigment production. The primary cause is DNA damage from UV radiation, either from excessive
sun exposure or the use of tanning beds. Melanoma can develop from existing moles or appear as
new, unusual growths. Warning signs include asymmetrical moles, irregular borders, uneven
coloration, and rapid growth. Risk factors include fair skin, frequent sunburns, excessive UV
exposure, and a family history of melanoma. Diagnosis involves dermoscopy, skin biopsy, and
advanced imaging like CT scans for metastasis detection. Early-stage melanoma is treated with
surgical excision, while advanced stages may require immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or radiation.
Preventive measures include using sunscreen with a high SPF, avoiding peak sunlight hours, and
performing regular skin self-examinations. If detected early, melanoma has a high survival rate, but
the prognosis worsens as the disease advances. Complications include metastasis to vital organs,
which significantly reduces survival chances.

3. Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis is a common skin condition characterized by itchy, inflamed, and cracked skin. It is
closely linked to eczema and is commonly seen in children, although it can persist into adulthood.
The exact cause is unclear but involves genetic factors, immune system dysfunction, and
environmental triggers. Common symptoms include dry skin, severe itching, redness, and oozing or
crusting in severe cases. It often affects areas like the face, neck, hands, and the inside of elbows and
knees. Risk factors include a family history of allergic conditions such as asthma and hay fever.
Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the appearance of the skin and medical history. Treatment
focuses on relieving symptoms through moisturizing creams, topical steroids, and antihistamines to
control itching. Preventive strategies include keeping the skin hydrated, avoiding allergens, and
wearing loose-fitting clothing. Though the condition is manageable, chronic scratching can lead to
skin infections and thickened skin.

4. Basal Cell Carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer, arising from the basal cells in the
epidermis. It is primarily caused by prolonged exposure to UV radiation, making it prevalent in
individuals with fair skin or those who spend significant time outdoors. BCC often appears as a pearly
or waxy bump, a flat scar-like lesion, or a sore that doesn’t heal. It tends to develop on sun-exposed
areas like the face, neck, and arms. Risk factors include excessive UV exposure, a history of sunburns,
and a weakened immune system. Diagnosis typically involves a skin biopsy. Treatment options
include surgical excision, cryotherapy, topical treatments, and, in some cases, radiation. Preventive
measures involve avoiding sun exposure during peak hours, wearing sunscreen, and protective
clothing. Though rarely fatal, untreated BCC can invade deeper tissues, causing significant damage.

5. Melanocytic Nevi (Moles)

Melanocytic nevi, commonly known as moles, are benign growths of melanocytes that appear as
small, dark spots on the skin. They are usually harmless but can vary in size, color, and shape. Moles
are influenced by genetic factors and sun exposure. Most people develop moles during childhood
and adolescence. While generally non-threatening, some moles can become cancerous, making it
essential to monitor changes using the "ABCDE" rule: asymmetry, border irregularity, color variation,
diameter larger than 6mm, and evolving shape or size. Diagnosis is clinical, and suspicious moles are
removed and analyzed for malignancy. Regular skin checks and protecting the skin from excessive UV
exposure are key preventive measures.

6. Benign Keratosis

Benign keratosis encompasses non-cancerous skin growths, including seborrheic keratoses and
actinic keratoses. These growths are caused by genetic predisposition, aging, and sun exposure.
Symptoms include rough, scaly patches or raised, waxy lesions that are often brown or black. While
harmless, they may resemble melanoma, requiring diagnosis via dermoscopy or biopsy. Treatment
isn’t necessary unless they cause discomfort or cosmetic concerns; options include cryotherapy, laser
treatment, or surgical excision. Preventing keratosis involves minimizing sun exposure and wearing
protective clothing.

7. Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition that accelerates the life cycle of skin cells, causing them
to build up rapidly on the skin’s surface. This results in scales, redness, and itching. Triggers include
infections, stress, cold weather, and certain medications. Common symptoms are red patches
covered with silvery scales, dry or cracked skin, and joint pain in psoriatic arthritis cases. Risk factors
include a family history of psoriasis, obesity, and smoking. Diagnosis is based on skin examination
and, occasionally, biopsy. Treatment involves topical therapies like corticosteroids, phototherapy, and
systemic drugs such as biologics. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and avoiding triggers can help
manage the condition.

8. Seborrheic Keratoses

Seborrheic keratoses are non-cancerous skin growths that appear as waxy, scaly, or slightly raised
lesions. These lesions are often tan, brown, or black and typically develop in older adults. Although
their exact cause is unknown, genetic predisposition and aging play significant roles. Seborrheic
keratoses usually appear on the face, chest, shoulders, or back and can vary in size. While generally
harmless, they can be mistaken for skin cancer. Symptoms include a rough texture, a stuck-on
appearance, and occasional itching. Diagnosis is clinical, but suspicious lesions may require biopsy.
Treatment is optional and typically involves cryotherapy, curettage, or laser removal if the lesions
become irritating or unsightly. Preventive measures are unnecessary as the condition isn’t linked to
sun exposure or lifestyle factors.

9. Tinea (Ringworm) and Candidiasis

Tinea, commonly known as ringworm, is a fungal infection that affects the skin, scalp, or nails,
presenting as red, circular, and itchy patches with a raised edge. It is caused by dermatophyte fungi
and is highly contagious, spreading through direct contact with infected individuals, animals, or
contaminated surfaces. Candidiasis, on the other hand, is caused by Candida yeast and affects moist
areas of the body, leading to symptoms like redness, itching, and white patches in the mouth (oral
thrush) or genitals (vaginal yeast infection). Both conditions thrive in warm, humid environments.
Diagnosis is made via skin scraping and microscopic examination. Treatments include topical
antifungal creams, oral antifungals, and maintaining proper hygiene. Preventive measures include
keeping the skin dry, avoiding tight clothing, and not sharing personal items.

10. Warts and Molluscum Contagiosum

Warts are benign skin growths caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). They commonly appear
on the hands, feet, or other areas of the body as rough, flesh-colored bumps. Warts are contagious
and spread through direct contact or shared surfaces. Molluscum contagiosum is caused by a
poxvirus and presents as small, shiny, and dome-shaped papules with a central dimple. It is more
common in children and spreads through skin-to-skin contact or contaminated objects. Both
conditions are generally harmless but can be bothersome. Diagnosis is clinical, based on the
appearance of the lesions. Treatments for warts include cryotherapy, salicylic acid, and laser therapy,
while molluscum contagiosum often resolves on its own but may require topical treatments or
cryotherapy for persistent cases. Preventive measures include avoiding direct contact with infected
skin, not sharing personal items, and maintaining good hygiene.