1.

What are the different questions that arise when we think about development of
countries? --The different questions that arise when we think about development of countries
are the following:
i. What are the essential things that we require?
ii. Can life be better for all?
iii. How should people live together?
iv. Can there be more equality?
2. What would be the development goals or aspirations of the land less rural labourers?

i. Landless Labourers wanted more days of work and better wages.

ii. They wanted that local school should provide quality education to their children.

iii. They wanted to become leaders in the village. They do not want any social discrimination.

3. Prove by giving examples that developmental aspirations are sometimes conflicting each
other.

i. Industrialists wanted more dams to get more electricity. On the other hand, tribal people do
not want more dams, which submerge their land and disrupt their life.

ii. A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother but the brother may not like
it.

4. State any two concepts of development goals.

i. Different persons can have different developmental goals.

ii. What may be the development for one may not be the development for the other.

5. What are the two types of development goals? ( What are the attributes that we consider
when we look at individual aspirations and goals?)

i. Money or material things: People wanted regular work, better wages, and decent prices for
their crops and thus wanted more income.

ii. Non material things: People wanted equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of
others.
6. Why do people have different notions of development?

Life situation of people are different- they are born and brought up in different situations. Their
educational and spiritual thoughts will be different.

Their concept of life is different. So their notions of development will be different.

7. Give two examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
i. People wanted equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others.
ii. A job with low income but offer regular employment will be more preferred than a job with
high pay with no job security.
iii. People desire friendship. It plays an important role in their life style.
8. Why is greater income to be considered as one of the important national goal of
development?

i. Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income.

ii. More income means more of all things that human beings need. Whatever people like and
should have, they will be able to get with greater income.

9. What is per capita income?

It is the average income of a citizen. It is calculated by dividing the total income of the country
by the population. The per capita income of an Indian is US$ 1530 per annum in 2012.

10. How did World Bank classify countries? What criterion did they use? What are its
limitations?

i. The World Bank classified countries in to High Income countries and Low-Income countries.

ii. Countries with per capita income above US$ 12736 per annum in 2013 is considered rich
countries .

iii. Countries with per capita income less than US$ 1045 in 2013 or less is considered low
income countries.

iv. They used per capita income as the criterion to classify countries.

●​ Limitations of this criterion are the following:

●​ Averages will not represent the actual performance. When we take the average of
similar performance or similar amount, it is meaningful.
 ●​ However, when we calculate two extremes or a number of very low performances and a
very high performance, the average will not tell the exact situation. Per capita income
alone can’t bring development.
●​ Even though per capita income of many countries is very high, it is noticed that the
standard of living of the people remained low.

11. Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations. Or Why do we
use averages? What are the limitations to their use?
i. The per capita income or the average income is used to compare economic development of
countries.
ii. We use averages to identify and analyze performance level in different areas.
iii. It is used to compare different situations and to find out the strong and weak points.
iv. We use averages to make calculations easier and averages reveal general performance level.
There are limitations to their use. Averages will not represent the actual performance. When we
take the average of similar performance or similar amount, it is meaningful. However, when we
calculate two extremes or a number of very low performances and a very high performance, the
average will not tell the exact situation.
12. Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.
Average income represents the total income of a country keeping in view of the total
population.
If the average income is adequate to meet, the basic requirement and other facilities that
country is considered developed.
More income means more of all things that human beings need. What ever people like and
should have, they will be able to get with greater income.
13. Besides size of per capita income what other property of income is important in
comparing two or more societies?

i. Equal distribution of income is important in comparing two or more societies.

ii. Utilization effect( what for you use ) of income is also important.

14. Prove by giving examples that income itself is not a completely adequate indicator of
material goods and services that citizens were able to use.

i. The per capita income of Punjab and Kerala is Rs. 60746 and Rs. 59179 by the year 2009-10 .

ii. Though the per capita income of Punjab was much higher than Kerala their infant mortality
rate is 34 and it is higher than 13 in Kerala and literacy rate is 76.68 % in Punjab and 93.91 % in
Kerala.
iii. Money cannot buy all the goods and services that we need to live well. It cannot buy a
pollution free environment or ensure that we get unadulterated medicine.

15. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different
from the one used by the World Bank?

i. United Nations Development Programe used three criteria, life expectancy(health status) ,
literacy rate and per capita income as the criteria to measure human development where as
World Bank used per capita income only as the criterion to classify countries.

ii. The World Bank considered the economic aspect i.e. the average income only whereas UNDP
considered over all achievement in different aspects like health status, educational
achievements and average income to measure human development.

16. What are the three components of Human Development Index? Or What are attributes of
regional or national developmental aspirations or goals?

I. Per capita income or the average income of a citizen. Per Capita Income is calculated in
dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is also done in a way so that every dollar
would buy the same amount of goods and services in any country.

II. Life expectancy at birth denotes, as the name suggests, average expected length of life of a
person at the time of birth. Infant Mortality Rate or the number of children dying before the
age of one year per thousand births.

III. Gross Enrolment Ratio or literacy rate for three levels means enrolment ratio for primary
school, secondary school and higher education beyond secondary school.

17. Find out the present source of energy used by the people in India. What could be the
possibilities fifty years from now?- i. At present we use conventional source of energy mostly
like coal and petroleum as the major source of energy.

ii. Since it is an exhaustible and non renewable source of energy it may not be available after
fifty years.

iii. We use non conventional source of energy like solar energy, wind energy, and hydel energy
to a small extent. After 50 years we have to depend on non conventional sources of energy only
or we have to develop a new source of energy.

18. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

i. It is important because future generations should not suffer due to the development
programmes of the present generation.
ii. Issue of sustainability consider judicious use of resources, adopt measures to prevent
environmental pollution and to avoid wastages

19. Why has Kerala a low infant mortality rate and a high literacy rate even though the per
capita income is comparatively low?

i. Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and
educational facilities. The Government spent a fair amount of money in the field of health and
education.

ii. The Public Distribution System functions properly in Kerala and essential goods are supplied
at a lower price than the market prices. Therefore, the health and nutritional status of the
people is very high.

20. How do public facilities stand as a clear indicator of development?

i. Money cannot protect you from diseases unless the whole community takes preventive steps.

ii. You cannot get good education if the provision is not available to all or no one else, other
than you, is interested in education.

iii. Kerala has a low infant mortality rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and
educational facilities. The Government spent a fair amount of money in the field of health and
education.

iv. The Public Distribution System functions properly in Kerala and essential goods are supplied
at a lower price than the market prices. Therefore, the health and nutritional status of the
people is very high.

21. Why have the scientists of the 2nd half of the 20th century been warning that the present
type and levels of development are not sustainable?

i. It is because the present type and levels of development is not eco friendly. It creates a lot of
problems like ozone layer depletion, global warming and environmental pollution.

ii. The present type and levels of development is not judicious-there is too much over
exploitation of resources causing depletion of resources by which the future generation would
suffer.

22. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around
you. i. Large areas of forests are destroyed in different parts of India. ii. Industrial effluents are
disposed and discharged without proper treatment causing land and water pollution.
23. What should India do to achieve to become a developed country?

i. Per capita income of India should be increased by achieving rapid industrial development and
increasing national income and by reducing the population to the size of the resources available
in the country.

ii. Life expectancy of the people of India should be increased by improving the health status of
the people through awareness and immunization programmes, maternal and child health care
and improving overall medical facilities in India.

iii. Literacy rate and Gross Enrolment Ratio should be increased by effective implementation of
the constitutional provision to provide free and compulsory education to all children up to the
age of 14 and by launching various education programmes.

24. Give two examples to show that collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than
individual provision.

i. Collective security for the whole locality is cheaper than individual security to each house.

ii. A pond or a playground for all people will be cheaper than individual ones.

25. Why is Per Capita Income calculated in U.S. dollars?

Per Capita Income is calculated in U.S. dollars for all the countries so that it can be compared.

It is an internationally accepted currency. It is also done in a way so that every dollar would buy
the same amount of goods and services in any country.

26. ‘The earth has the resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed
of one person’. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development?

i. The statement warns against the modern technology of production, which leads to over
exploitation of resources and further leads to environmental pollution and wastages of
resources.

ii. It is due to the greed of human beings that the resources are over exploited and the
environment is polluted. It is not sustainable.

iii. Sustainable development takes care the needs of the present generation as well as the future
generation.