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Chapter01

The document introduces key concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), including encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and composition. It explains the differences between procedural programming and OOP, emphasizing how objects combine data and behavior. Additionally, it discusses the importance of classes as blueprints for objects and the relationships between classes, such as is-a and has-a relationships.

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8 views

Chapter01

The document introduces key concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), including encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and composition. It explains the differences between procedural programming and OOP, emphasizing how objects combine data and behavior. Additionally, it discusses the importance of classes as blueprints for objects and the relationships between classes, such as is-a and has-a relationships.

Uploaded by

freefirediae
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

The Object-Oriented

Thought Process
Chapter 1

Introduction to Object-Oriented Concepts


khai niem
O-O Language Criteria

§ Encapsulation dong goi

§ Inheritance ke thua

§ Polymorphism da hinh

§ Composition thanh phan

2
Object Wrappers

lo ngai he thong cu
Even xuwhen
huong
there are legacy concerns, there is a
trend to wrap the legacy systems in object
wrappers.
– Wrappers are used to wrap:
• Legacy code
khong di dong
• Non-portable code

• 3rd party libraries

• etc,.

3
What is an Object?

thuc the

In its basic definition, an object is an entity that


contains both data and behavior.
– This is the key difference between the
more traditional programming
methodology, procedural programming,
thu tuc

and O-O programming.

4
Procedural Programming

In procedural programming, code is placed into


methods.
– Ideally these procedures then become
"black boxes", inputs come in and outputs
go out.
rieng biet
• Data is placed into separate structures,
duoc thao tac
and is manipulated by these methods.

5
Unpredictable?

First, this means that access to data is


uncontrolled and unpredictable.
– Second, because you have no control
over who has access to the data, testing
and debugging is much more difficult.

6
Nice Packages
ket hop

Objects address these problems by combining


data and behavior into a nice, complete
package.
– Objects are not just primitive data types, like
nguyen thuy

integers and strings.

7
Data and Behaviors

Procedural programming separates the data of the


program from the operations that manipulate
the data.
– For example, if you want to send information
across a network, only the relevant data is
sent with the expectation that the program at
the other end of the pipe knows what to do
with it.

8
O-O Programming

The fundamental advantage of O-O programming


is that the data and the operations that
manipulate the data are both contained in the
object.
– For example, when an object is transported
across a network, the entire object, including
the data and behavior, goes with it.

9
Object Data

The data stored within an object represents the


state of the object.
– In O-O programming terminology, this data
is called attributes.

10
Object Behaviors

The behavior of an object is what the object


can do.
– In procedural languages the behavior is
defined by procedures, functions, and
subroutines.

11
Object Behaviors

In O-O programming terminology these behaviors


are contained in methods, and you invoke a
method by sending a message to it.

12
What Exactly Is a Class?
ban thiet ke

A class is a blueprint for an object.


– When you instantiate an object, you use a
class as the basis for how the object is built.

13
What Exactly Is a Class?

An object cannot be
instantiated without a
class.khoi tao
– Classes can be
thought of as the
templates, or cookie
cutters, for objects as
seen in the next
figure.

14
Higher Level Data Types?

A class can be thought of as a sort of higher-level


data type.
– For example, just as you create an integer
or a float:

int x;
float y;

15
Modeling a Class in UML

16
Method Signatures

The following is all the user needs to know to


effectively use the methods:
1. The name of the method
tham so truyen
2. The parameters passed to the method
3. The return type of the method

17
Program Spaces

18
Encapsulation

uu diem chinh

One of the primary advantages of using objects


boc lo
is that the object need not reveal all its
attributes and behaviors.
§ In good O-O design (at least what is
generally accepted as good), an object
should only reveal the interfaces needed to
interact with it.

19
Encapsulation
lien quan
Details not pertinent to the use of the object should
be hidden from other objects.
– This is called encapsulation.

20
Interfaces

Any behavior that the object provides must be


invoked by a message sent using one of the
provided interfaces.
– The interface should completely describe
how users of the class interact with the
class.
– methods that are part of the interface are
designated as public.

21
Interfaces

Interfaces do not normally include attributes only


methods.
§ As discussed earlier in this module, if a user
needs access to an attribute, then a method is
created to return the attribute.

22
Implementations

Only the public attributes and methods are


considered the interface.
– The user should not see any part of the
implementation interacting with an object solely
through interfaces.
– In previous example, for instance the Employee
class, only the attributes were hidden.
– Thus, the implementation can change and it will not
affect the user's code.

23
Inheritance

Inheritance allows a class to inherit the attributes


and methods of another class.
– This allows you to create brand new classes
by abstracting out common attributes and
behaviors.

24
Mammal Hierarchy

25
Superclasses and Subclasses

§ The superclass, or parent class, contains all


the attributes and behaviors that are common
to classes that inherit from it.

26
Mammal Hierarchy

27
Is-a Relationships

In the Shape example, Circle, Square, and Star all


inherit directly from Shape.
– This relationship is often referred to as an is-
a relationship because a circle is a shape.

28
Polymorphism

Polymorphism literally means many shapes.

29
Polymorphism

The Shape object cannot draw a shape, it is too


abstract (in fact, the Draw() method in Shape
contains no implementation).
– You must specify a concrete shape.
– To do this, you provide the actual
implementation in Circle.

30
Polymorphism

In short, each class is able to respond differently


to the same Draw method and draw itself.
– This is what is meant by polymorphism.

31
Polymorphism

When a method is defined as abstract, a subclass


must provide the implementation for this
method.
– In this case, Shape is requiring subclasses
to provide a getArea() implementation.

32
Polymorphism

§ If a subclass inherits an abstract method from


a superclass, it must provide a concrete
implementation of that method, or else it will be
an abstract class itself (see the following figure
for a UML diagram).

33
Shape UML Diagram

34
Composition

It is natural to think of objects as containing other


objects.
– A television set contains a tuner and video
display.

35
Composition

A computer contains video cards, keyboards, and


drives.
– Although the computer can be considered
an object unto itself, the drive is also
considered a valid object.

36
Composition

In fact, you could open up the computer and


remove the drive and hold it in your hand.
– Both the computer and the drive are
considered objects. It is just that the
computer contains other objects such as
drives.
– In this way, objects are often built, or
composed, from other objects: This is
composition.

37
Has-a Relationships

While an inheritance relationship is considered an


Is-a relationship for reasons already
discussed, a composition relationship is
termed a Has-a relationship.

38
Has-a Relationships

§ Using the example in the previous section, a


television Has-a a tuner and Has-a video
display.
§ A television is obviously not a tuner, so there is
no inheritance relationship.

39
Has-a Relationships

In the same vein, a computer Has-a video card,


Has-a keyboard, and Has-a disk drive.
– The topics of inheritance, composition and
how they relate to each other is covered in
great detail later in the course.

40

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