Annex

Anex 1.1 Position Paper Example

POSITION PAPER OF THE KINGDOM OF BELGIUM

UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL - AYMUN 2020
AGENDA ITEM: Addressing the Ongoing Proxy War in Yemen

“....the humanitarian situation remains of great concern. All international partners must show their
solidarity with the Yemeni people by supporting the Organization’s intervention plan. We encourage
all parties to make additional commitments and to honor them..” - Mr. de Buytswerve,
Representative of Belgium to the UN.

Background of the Issue and Key Problems

The global ceasefire is one of the key indicators as it's the first crucial step whenever any
efforts were taken to de-escalate any prolonged conflicts. In the pandemic, the UN has called for a
more sustainable global ceasefire to battle the Covid-19 and strengthen multilateralism and all fragile
peace efforts and thus backing the interest of humanitarian assistance rather than political division
(International Crisis Group, 2020). Proxy war as one of the recurring and prolonged problems is
unlikely to be addressed thus ceasefire could not be initiated if foreign interventions and the war
crimes committed by its proxy actors can’t be brought to justice. The proxy war in Yemen has caused
more than 400 killed a month either by the exchange of fire or by unexploded shells (Lee, 2020).
Continous combat and also collective exchange of fires have destructed Sanaa and displaced more
than 20 million people and 7,8 million children are in threats of famine. Foreign countries backing the
Houthis rebel has committed several war crimes and breaches of the international law by continuing
to bombard and shelled civilian settlements and injuring people by launching multiple missiles,
mortars, and destroying public facilities thus damaging vital objects such as schools, hospitals, and
multiple infrastructures as discovered by the Amnesty International since the beginning of the conflict
in 2015 (Amnesty International, 2019).

The proxy war in Yemen became prominent to be discussed at the multilateral level when the
Saudi-led coalition starting the strikes against Houthis with the operation of Decisive storm under the
goal to restore the Hadi’s government into power while also pressing back the threats from Iran-
backed ANSAs, Saudi Arabia kept striking Houthis in which they had the role to determine the
proceedings of the conflict since all of the warring factions were controlled by either country in the
domain of proxy war in the Yemen Civil War crisis. (Baron & Al-Hamdani, 2019) In regards of the
challenges, few key problems hamper ceasefire sustainability itself: Political ego to reaffirm their
legitimacy in certain contestation; reluctance from the conflicting/ warring factions within a conflict
to find a middle ground and tend to assume their governance over illegitimate justification by the

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international law; and lack of political coordination between government, civil society, and the
humanitarian actors. The intervention of foreign governments also repeatedly caused many public
infrastructures and civilian neighborhoods damaged by the foreign airstrikes, arms smuggling, and
military aggression over the region under the name of political efforts to contain the spread of the
conflict in which it also perpetually proliferated the crisis within the country.

Country Stances and Past Actions

Belgium as the non-permanent member of the UNSC and the member of the European Union
reaffirm their commitment to the ceasefire and de-escalation to uphold the fundamental principles of
the UN as stipulated in the Preamble of the UN Charter (specifically article 1 and 2 of the UN Charter)
and the UDHR as the fundamental stipulations for humanitarian governance within the status quo in
Yemen. This was proven when Belgium endorsed the UNSC S/RES/2532 which called for a 90-day
ceasefire in all conflict zones globally to support the humanitarian intervention amid Covid-19 thus
we maintain this also for Yemen (Kingdom of Belgium Foreign Affairs, 2020). Belgium also pledged
additional support to relieve the humanitarian crisis in Yemen because of the proxy war by promising
5 million Euros aid to Yemen Humanitarian Fund through ICRC mechanism especially noting the
tangible impact brought by the Covid-19 pandemic (OCHA, 2020). At the multilateral past efforts on
the Security Council, Belgium voted in favor as our dedication to the following resolution:
S/RES/2452 which endorsed the Hodeidah Agreement (UNMHA); S/RES/2456 which called for
sanctions and embargo to be placed in Yemen with the observation of the committee of experts;
S/RES/2511 and S/RES/2534 which called for the renewal of sanctions and the extension of UNMHA
agreement for the peacebuilding and constructive political agreement implementation in Yemen
(Security Council Report, 2020).

In regards of the past actions, United Nations also engaging its efforts through the UN Special
Envoy mechanism which observe and monitor all efforts mapping and its extensive implementations
with the cooperation involving Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) following UNSC resolution
S/RES/2140 and S/RES/2216 and to preserve full and effective implementation of all resolutions
concerning Yemen’s crisis (UN DPPA, 2012). The special envoy is responsible for promoting
inclusive dialogue, protection of all marginalized groups, closing the gaps to the vulnerable, and
facilitating humanitarian aid channels for Yemen (UN DPPA, 2012). The UN panel of experts in
Yemen also concluded that Houthis are guilty of using excessive forces during the proxy war in
Yemen with the use of short-range ballistic missile, UAVs to detonate explosives, SAMs (Surface-to-
Air-Missiles), and Sea mines which could obstruct all humanitarian ships thus Iranian components are
detected (Sharp, 2020).

Proposed Solutions

With the aforementioned stances and also relevant past actions, Belgium would like to
reiterate their commitment to the maintenance of regional peace and security architecture, therefore
Belgium would like to propose the following solutions to be implemented and based on the policy
harmonization for the issue:

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 1. Implementation of Secure and Durable Solution for Yemen (ISDS Yemen Initiative). This
solution will be the core solution to implement peacebuilding and de-escalating the prolonged
proxy war in Yemen with the following mechanisms. First, the existing Sanctions Panel of
Experts and the UN Special Envoy will observe the extensive implementation of sanctions and
embargo to map all flaws and loopholes that could allow foreign actors to smuggle weapons to the
warring parties. Second, the UNSC will then impose adequate measures based on the report from
the panel of experts to enhance the effectiveness and real-time solid decision. Third, UNSC will
discuss with UNODA the best practices of disarmament and mediation between the parties.
Fourth, the establishment of Panel of Experts and Intergovernmental Panel Dialogue for a more
integrated stabilization and consensus between all respective parties to ensure that all ceasefire
could be leveled up to lasting peace. This will also assess flawed ceasefire. This will be guided as
the evidence-based and victim-centric approach.

2. Yemen Ceasefire Comprehensive Initiatives (2020 YCCI) with the mechanisms: First,
emphasizing regional political and humanitarian assistance mapping for the goal-setting to assess
the effectiveness of UN Peacekeeping Missions thus reviewing all ongoing efforts for a
sustainable ceasefire. Second, this solution is also concerned regarding the perception of Article
51 of the UN Charter in regards to Self Defense to prevent unlawful aggression by foreign actors.
Third, recalling UNSC resolution S/RES/2518, 2378, and 2167.

3. Gulf’s Confidence Building Measures through Mediation (GCCBM): The CBM itself will
be focusing on Iran and Saudi Arabia as the key players within the status quo. Encouraging the
role of the European Union to observe and monitor all bilateral dialogue and to encourage
peacebuilding. The mediation will be based on the EU’s EEAS Crisis Management Framework
for the political transition.

Bibliography

Amnesty International. (2019). Yemen in Human Rights in the Middle East and North Africa:
Review of 2018. Amnesty International Human Rights.

Baron, A., & Al-Hamdani, R. (2019, December). The “Proxy War” Prism on Yemen. Center
on the Future of War, 17-18.

International Crisis Group. (2020, April 9). Global Ceasefire Call Deserves UN Security
Council’s Full Support. Retrieved August 21, 2020 from International Crisis Group:
https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/global-ceasefire-call-deserves-un-security-
councils-full-support

Kingdom of Belgium Foreign Affairs. (2020, July 1). Minister Goffin Welcomes the Adoption
of Covid-19 Resolution at the UNSC. From Diplomatie Belgium:
https://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/newsroom/news/2020/minister_goffin_welcomes_a
doption_covid_19_resolution_unsc

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Lee, L. (2020, January). The Yemen crisis and civil society: surviving despite the odds.
Humanitarian Exchange(76), 3-6.

OCHA. (2020, June 3). Belgium pledges additional support to alleviate the humanitarian
crisis in Yemen. Retrieved August 21, 2020 from Relief Web:
https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/belgium-pledges-additional-support-alleviate-
humanitarian-crisis-yemen

Security Council Report. (2020). UN Documents for Yemen: Security Council Resolution.
Retrieved August 21, 2020 from Security Council Report:
https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un_documents_type/security-council-
resolutions/page/1?ctype=Yemen&cbtype=yemen#038;cbtype=yemen

Sharp, J. M. (2020). Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention. Congressional Research
Service.

UN DPPA. (2012, June). Special Envoy Yemen. Retrieved August 21, 2020 from UN Political
and Peacebuilding Affairs: https://dppa.un.org/en/mission/special-envoy-
yemen#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20has%20since,)%20and%202216%20(
2015).

United Nations. (2020). Update on the Secretary General's Appeal for A Global Ceasefire.
New York: United Nations .

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Anex 1.2 Working Paper Example

WORKING PAPER SAMPLE

Committee: UN Conference on Trade and Development

Topic: Generalized System of Preferences

Signatories: Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador

Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador believe that a GSP should be set up so that Lesser-Developed Countries
(LDCs) receive preferential treatment from Developed Countries (DCs). To that end we propose:

1. Each DC reduces their tariffs to the lowest level possible. This level will be determined by the
below created subcommittee,

2. Bilateral trade agreements should be pursued for further reductions in tariffs.

3. Trade preferences should be granted in the following areas: Agriculture Manufactures Semi-
manufactures Raw materials

4. Decisions on product coverage by preference giving nations are made in consultation with the
affected LDC. Annual re- evaluation of coverage shall take place with the LDC with disputed going to
the below-created subcommittee.

5. A subcommittee of UNCTAD should be created with equal membership of developed and

developing countries. This subcommittee would have the following powers:

a. To mediate disputes between preference givers and receivers

b. Make recommendations, which all countries should follow

c. Serve as a forum for airing grievances relating to the GSP

d. Report regularly to the Secretary-General

1. Membership should be as follows:

a. Five permanent nations from the DCs

b. Five permanent nations from the LDCs and LLDCs

c. Ten members elected annually by UNCTAD

2. Voting rights will have to be worked out, but the UN format for subcommittees seems best.

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Anex 1.3 Draft Resolution Example

United Nations Draft Resolution 1.X

Date : 4 September 2020

Distr : General
Human Rights Council

Virtual Session of the Human Rights Council

Sponsors: The Republic of Columbia, The Kingdom Of Netherlands, The Republic of Paraguay,
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, The Republic of Fiji
Signatories: Hungary, The Democratic Republic of Algeria, The Democratic Republic of Congo, The
Gabonese Republic, The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,
The Federal Republic of Nigeria, The Kingdom of Bahrain, The Kingdom of Norway, The Kingdom of
Bahrain, The Kingdom of Cambodia, The Kingdom of Spain, The Kingdom of Sweden, The Lebanese
Republic, The Republic of Angola, The Republic of Austria, The Republic of Chad, The Democratic
Republic of Ethiopia, Republic of Peru, The Republic of Estonia, The Republic of Korea, The
Republic of Georgia, The Republic of Korea, The Republic of Latvia, The Republic of Hungary, The
Republic of Indonesia, The Republic of Peru, The Republic of Poland, The Republic of Singapore, The
Republic of Uzbekistan, The Republic of Zimbabwe, The Socialist Republic of Vietnam, The Somali
Republic, The State of Qatar, The Swiss Confederation, The United Arab Emirates
Agenda: Modern Slavery in Forced Labour Exploitation,

The Human Rights Council,

Realizing that the International Labor Organization (ILO) data shows that 25 millions of people are
still fall victim to modern slavery in 21th century,

Reaffirming its commitment against the worst form of labor and its multidimensional impact and
threats imposed against the humanity,

Recalling International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and
Members of Their Families,

Recalling Universal Declaration of Human Rights article 3 and 4

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Reaffirming the Forced Labour Convention No. 29 in 1930 as the international legal instrument to the
everlasting abolition of forced labor,

Recognising every countries resolve to put an end to the injustice that a significant part of our society
is facing,

Decides the following solutions to be implemented as the resolution of the agenda,

1. Urges Governments to develop age-appropriate educational and training programmes aimed

at preventing human slavery and trafficking, giving special emphasis to the protection of
young women and children;
a. Promotes improved access to quality primary and secondary education, education in
rural areas and livelihood services for vulnerable children;
b. Aims to promote children’s rights and seeks to protect children from abuse, violence,
and exploitation, and rehabilitate them;
c. Includes guidelines on child labor identification, withdrawal, reintegration, and
educational policies, overseen by the National Steering Committee on the Worst
Forms of Child Labor;
d. Examines legal and institutional frameworks and responses related to the human
trafficking situation and aims to provide guiding principles based on international
best practices for anti-human trafficking action and the institutional structures and
inputs needed to combat human trafficking;
e. Promotes basic business skill in collaboration with regional NGO and Women In
Self Employment (WISE) NGO;

2. Encourages Member states to observe the World Day against Trafficking in Persons and the
International Day for the Abolition of Slavery, in the context of the need to raise awareness of
the situation of victims of slavery and trafficking and for the promotion of their rights;

3. Reminds to improve the clarity of Government mandates for the implementation of protection
programmes and compensation schemes for slavery and trafficking victims and to ensure
states provide release certificates, compensation and non-cash benefits to all victims;

4. Calls upon governments to establish and improve data-collection capacities as a way of

promoting cooperation to combat slavery, including through the systematic collection of sex
and age-disaggregated data;

5. Encourages the establishment of Cross-Border Council for Modern Slavery Abolition, which
will be parent to UNHRC and will focus to combat modern slavery in the regional level. The
Council will consists of governments’ representation, UN bodies, and NGOs, with tasks to:

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 a. Receive and review the annual report of the progress in abolishing forced labor with
aims to recognize the barriers of each country in tackling that issue;
b. Discuss and resolve the issues about modern slavery, including policy-making, law-
enforcement, international corporation, etc;
c. Warn and encourage all of the countries to ratify and comply with human rights
conventions (e.g., UDHR, ICCPR, Forced Labor Convention, Abolition of Forced
Labor Convention 1957, etc.);

6. Endorses the formation of a multinational intelligence task force to combat human slavery
and trafficking;
a. The task force would include UNHRC Fact Finding’s Mission, ILO, Interpol, and
countries’ law enforcement and intelligence officers from all member states;
b. Half of its funding would come from member states and the rest from the United
Nations Voluntary Trust Fund and United Nations Slavery Fund;
c. The task force would be headed by an individual from the INTERPOL with a great
deal of experience in dealing with issues related to slavery;
d. The task force would convene at Geneva every 6 months to evaluate past actions and
discuss future actions. The committee will include a representative from the UNHRC
to oversee the aforementioned discussion;
e. The treaty would ensure that victims are provided refuge in all countries that have
signed the treaty if they have been enslaved in and/or trafficked to that country.
f. The treaty ensures that all member states take up the responsibility of the safety and
physical and mental well-being of the victims;
g. The treaty ensures mandatory psychological treatment for all victims and regular
medical check-ups until 6 weeks after recovery of victims;
h. The treaty warrants the prosecution of enslavers and human traffickers in the country
where they have been taken into custody instead of extraditing them. They will be
liable to the capital punishment provided by the criminal code of the country in which
they have been apprehended;
i. IOM has developed anti-trafficking modules for immigration officials, police officers,
prosecutors and judges in 2008 and provided a series of training to immigration
officials, police officers, prosecutors and judges;
j. The treaty ensures that local police would get full freedom to operate on behalf of the
task force such that the information would be fully transparent for the police operate
at its will and collect the required information;
7. Encourages the increase in protections for vulnerable migrants and victims through measures
aimed at:
a. Providing protection for those fleeing repressive regimes which will include funds
from eligible wishing locality and government;
b. Ensuring access to decent work and finances via companies or workplaces where
there are slots available;

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 c. Address the threat of captivity and/or deportation that exists with respect to many
migrant workers by creating systems that enable temporary and even irregular
migrants to access basic labour rights and justice, particularly around wage theft in
both formal and informal sectors;
d. Creating ethical and safe, fee-free recruitment across borders leading to more
options for people to enroll for country borders and economical options for people
to enroll for country borders and economical safety;
e. Reduction of financial imbalance between vulnerable migrants and their exploiters;
f. Granting victims of trafficking/forced labour a reflection period followed by
offering protection independent of judicial proceedings;
g. Offering a temporary residence permit which must include access to health and
education services, as well as to the regular labor market;
h. Reminds nation states to regulate market spaces on a timely basis to counter increased
risks of labour exploitation and abuse;
i. Further recommends to monitor private recruitment agencies that are part of the
modus operandi of trafficking;
j. Increase migrants' access to legitimate sources of finance along migration pathway
and destination countries;
8. Recommends the protection of labors who flee from forced labor by establish House of
Comprehensive Protection (hereinafter ‘The House’), with the description:
a. The House will have the same immunity as diplomatic or consular office so the
workers who flee could seek protection and could not be charged with any offence
from host country;
b. The House will operate under the mandate of UNHRC;
c. Beside the protection, the House will also provides pro bono service for labors,
especially to review their contract and advocate their issues in national or regional
courts;
d. And hence through this complete protection would be given without any
disturbance from the host country;
9. Enacts the International Panel for Tripartite Consultation (hereinafter The Panel’)as a means
to strengthen the implementation of ILO Tripartite Consultation Convention to prevent
modern slavery by:
a. Discuss and find the equilibrium between corporations, and trade unions around the
world to resolve workers issues (i.e.hours of working, minimum wage, social security,
etc.);
b. Coordinate all the tripartite consultation throughout the world to resolves the actual
issues of laborship (including force labor) and accommodates the ideas from every
elements that being; involved;
10. Recommends to all member states to enhance partnership on cross-border monitoring on all
actives parties engaged in the human trafficking activity to provide more critical data to the
official authorities in each member state;

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11. Encourages to all member states to work together on creating a donor fund which includes all
members of this council; which the funding process will be voluntary to help the countries
that show a low score on the combating process of human trafficking;
12. Requests all countries to increase the Forced Labour Convention No. 29 literacy in many
employer sectors, including home and private sector:
a. ILO supported by Agar, WISE and YMCA TVET ran Basic Business Skills training
13. Emphasizes to all members to easier the vulnerable groups or the poorest people to access
microfinance with aims to prevent bonded labor;
14. Further recommends governments to put in place a legally binding policy to ensure an
effective tackling of modern slavery by private firms/companies which must include;
a. Relevant standards and safeguards
b. Assessing the risks of modern slavery
c. Mitigating modern slavery risks
d. Remediation
e. Monitoring and reporting on actions and change

15. Propose the following solutions to forced labour and modern slavery;
a. Strengthening and reforming of legal frameworks.
b. Implementation of rights and strict principles against forced labour.
c. Provision of efficient public service systems for the purpose of creating awareness.
d. Zero tolerance to forced labour.
e. Having adequate management for documents.
f. Establishment of these victims into jobs and cottage industries like basket weaving,
pottery, carpentry etc.
g. Provide housing subsidies with proper sanitation for those who are homeless.

16. Underlines the importance of multilateral, and zonal partnerships, initiatives and actions, and
encourages their development;

17. Encourages member states to endorse a UN Special Envoy, System-wide Taskforce on

Programming Against Slavery (STOP-Slavery) whose task is to work with Member States,
regional organizations and all other key stakeholders, and develop a proposal for a Global
Partnership to End Modern Slavery, Such a partnership could help to:
a. Renew our commitment to anti-slavery;
b. Reframe anti-slavery as smart development policy;
c. Reorganize anti-slavery efforts, so that they are more strategically coordinated.
d. Find and provide more resources towards anti-slavery efforts through coordinated
action by both, public and private donors;
e. Research needs and use the resulting data to drive smart policy;

18. Introduces “MICS” that stands for Modern Initiatives Combating Slavery that consisted 4
Core:

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a. First Core, Public Awareness where this core main focus is raising public attention
and prevention are needed to educate people in order to make them aware of the
modern slavery;
i. UNHRC should cooperate with ILO and local government to promoting the
dangerous of modern slavery through campaign especially during the labour
day and Anti human trafficking day. This effort will raise public awareness of
modern slavery;
b. Second Core, Monitoring and Evaluation, sends a special rapporteur based on Human
Rights Council RES/42/10 in order to examine and report to the Human Rights
Council and also recommends:
i. Strengthening the monitoring surveillance thorough Cooperation between
UNHRC and the creation of local investigation agencies such as the Swiss
Coordination Unit against the Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of
Migrants (KSMM) that would conduct investigation regarding modern
slavery. The local agencies shall cooperate with Appointed Rapporteur, ILO,
local agencies main countries of origin of victims and NGO such as Human
Rights Watch to share information regarding the data of the modern slavery;
ii. Recommends the local government to create a labour inspector in order to
monitor private stakeholder using their labour. The labour inspector shall
conduct inspection at least every 3 months and report to the government and
forward it to local investigation agencies;
iii. The rapporteur shall receive the data too through local investigation agencies;
iv. The local government created a labour inspector in order to monitor private
stakeholder using their labour, the labour inspector shall conduct inspection
at least every 3 months and report to the government and forward it to local
investigation agencies;

c. Third Core, Regulation and Punishment

i. Any actors that got caught conducting modern slavery shall be punished by
their countries origin or by giving a tariff of product if the actor is private
sector. This will discourage any actors that dares to conduct any kind form of
modern slavery;
ii. Highly recommend any states to raise their legislature effort into combating
the slavery and protection for the victims. through any assistance to make the
victims feel better before the repatriation plan that would be conducted by the
origin states of the victims;
d. Fourth Core, Technological Innovation
i. Recommend partnership with private sector that proven to be not conduct any
form of slavery to established a technology that could act as monitor for the
labour and prevention of child labour. This would also allow the private
sector to synergize with government and raising awareness of private sector
regarding modern slavery;

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 ii. Requests all member states of various international, governmental, private
and non governmental bodies to comply with the already set policies;

19. Urges the importance of continued coordination among the Special Rapporteurs of the Human
Rights Council on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, on the sale of
children, child prostitution and child pornography and on contemporary forms of slavery.

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