CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

• Aims and objective of construction management

• Functions of construction management

• The construction team components

• Resources for construction management

Concept Of Management
 The term management has different senses of use. Sometimes it is used in the sense of
an organisation in which different class of people work together to provide qualitative
and economical product by the use of human beings and other resources like machine,
money and material.
 Or sometimes it may be defined as the process consisting of planning, organising,
activiting and controlling the performance to determine and accomplish the objective
by the use of men, machines, materials and money.

1.1 Aim & Objectives of Construction Management

The following are the main objectives of the construction management.
 The work should be completed within estimated budget and specified time.
 There should be the motivation to working people to give their level best within their
capacities to complete the work.
 There should be qualified and trained staff to supervise the work properly.
 The execution of work should be done as per specification.
 The execution of work should be done as most economically.
 The working quality and workmanship should be good.
 There should be a proper plan of work and it should be organised properly.
 There should be an awareness of creating an organisation that works as a team.
 The workers should have been provided with safe and satisfactory working condition.

Necessity Of Construction Management

Construction management is necessary for the following causes.
  There can be proper co-ordination between agencies and categories of persons using
the modern technique of equipment.
 The working quality and speed of work can be improved by using modern equipments
of construction.
 The completion of work can be done in the minimum possible time duration

1.2 Functions Of Construction Management

The following are the functions of construction management.

 Planning
 Organising
 Staffing.
 Directing
 Controlling
 Co-ordinating

 Communicating.

Planning

 It is done in the office.

 Planning is a process which involves “Thinking before doing”.
 Time needed to complete the whole construction project.
 Type, quantity and exact time for delivery of materials of construction.
 Type, number and duration of use of different machines and equipments.
 Category of staff i.e., Managers, skilled and unskilled workers required.
 Type of uncertainties likely to cause delays such as weather conditions, shortage
of supply, labour unrest and sub-judice land matter etc.
 WHAT TO DO
 WHEN TO DO
 HOW TO DO
 WHO TO DO
Organising
After the planning is in place, a manager needs to organize her team and materials according
to her plan. This process involves:

 To identify the work to perform.

 To classify or group the work.
 To assign these group of activities to individuals.
 To delegate authority and fix responsibility.

The organisation structure should be simple and flexible.

Staffing
 Staffing is filling the position in the organisation structure for defining recruitments.
 It is a very important responsibility to select right person for right jobs in a
construction organisation.
 Staffing is not only about the recruitment but also their training and developing
activities.

Directing
 A manager needs to do more than just plan, organize, and staff her team to achieve a
goal.
 She must also lead.
 Leading involves motivating, communicating, guiding, and encouraging.
 It requires the manager to coach, assist, and problem solve with employees.

Controlling
 After the other elements are in place, a manager's job is not finished.
 He needs to continuously check results against goals and take any corrective actions
necessary to make sure that his area's plans remain on track.
 It is an important action for ensuring effective and efficient working.
 It reviews the work plan to check and rectify the deviation.
Co-ordinating
 It means developing harmony between employees and group of employees for smooth
and efficient functioning of construction work.
 The work is divided into different departments in the large organisation. So there is a
great importance for good coordination.

Communicating
 It is a process of transmitting receiving and understanding the ideas by others for the
purpose of effective desired results.
 There are various methods of communication like verbal, written orders, reports etc.
 Ineffective communication leads to confusion and misunderstanding etc.

1.3 The Construction Team Components

Owner
 The owner of a construction project may be an individual, group of individuals or
public body.
 The owner finances the project and also recognises the need for a project.
 In view of all aspects the owner has the power to take major decisions regarding
managerial, financial and administrative aspects.

Contractor

 The contractor executes various types of works and also makes necessary
arrangements for labour, machinery, materials, in order to complete the project in the
limited scheduled time.
 In some projects, the contractor may appoint sub-contractor.
 There is a rate or bid between Contractor & owner before starting any project.

Engineer & Architect

 Architecture is to assess the clients fundamental requirements.

 Architecture/Engineer supervises the construction of the project.
 He then prepares plans and designs the project for the owner.
  He deals with the contractor on behalf of the owner.
 He estimates the cost of the work to be done & quantity surveys.
 He prepared the bill of quantity (BOQ) and tender documents before tendering.
 He works as an advisor and helps in solving problems which arise during the progress
of work.
 He prepares the final account on completion of the project.

1.4 Resources For Construction Management

Money
 Money is the first and foremost requirement for any project.
 It should be arranged before starting any construction project for smooth
implementation of a project.
 If the financial resources are insufficient then the project will not be completed within
the specified time.

Material
 Sufficient quantity of materials required for the completion of any project and should
also be available at the site.
 Materials required for project are estimated before starting the project.
 For example- bricks , cement ,stones ,timber ,water supply, electrical fitting etc.

Machine

 Different types of machineries and equipments are required for any construction
work.
 Although the cost of machinery is high but it works continuously under any adverse
situation & it also reduces the high requirement of manpower.
 For example: Mixers, tractors, pumps, cranes, generators etc.

Manpower

 Manpower is an important factor for successful completion of any project.

 It may be both skilled and unskilled.
 Man power deals with engineers, architects, supervisors, repair technicians, skilled or
unskilled labour etc.
 CHAPTER-2 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
 Objective of Construction Planning

 Work Breakdown Structure

 Construction Scheduling

 Classification of Construction Scheduling

 Methods of Construction Scheduling

 Bar Chart

 Bar Chart of a Residential Building

2.1 Importance of Construction Planning

Importances of construction planning are as follows.

 The work may be completed within the scheduled time.

 The work may be executed most economically.

 The work will be both qualitative & quantitative.

 There shall be minimum wastage during construction work.

 The work should be completed as per specification.

 There will be a minimum cost of maintenance of machinery & equipment.

 There will be optimum use of available resources.

 Controlling of construction activities can be possible.

2.2 Work Breakdown Structure(WBS)

 It is the preliminary diagram which showing the breaking down a project into sub-
systems and each sub-systems into major components and discrete activities.

 In WBS, top-down approach to planning is adopted. Such an approach ensures that

the total project is fully planned and all derivative plan contribute directly to the
desired end objectives.

 WBS aids in the identification of objectives and allows the planner to see the total
picture of the project.
  WBS is developed by considering the end objective and breaking it into smaller
manageable units on the basis of size, duration and responsibility.

WORK BREAKDOWN
STRUCTURE

2.3 Stages of Construction Planning

Construction planning can be divided in the two following stages.

1. Pre-tender stage

2. Post-tender stage/contract stage

1. Pre-tender stage
 The pre tender planning is carried out by the contractor after the receipt of tender
notice and before submitting the tender paper.
  In this stage, the contractor plans his best method of construction for the future
contract & also makes plans & programmes for carrying out the work.
 At this stage, contractor prepares himself for completing the work in the stipulated
time.
 This is an important stage for a contractor to see whether the contract is profitable or
not.
 The first part of pre-tender planning is to visit to the site before a contract is
undertaken.
 The pre-tender planning report by visiting to the site of construction works represents
total information about the site such as geography of the area, local weather records &
availability of resources.

Steps:

 At first, there should be a careful study of tender documents, drawing and

specifications to identify the quantities of each item of work.
 Also there should be a careful study of tender document about the time limit, i.e. the
project should be completed within the stipulated period of time.
 There should be a site investigation and survey to determine the rate and availability
of resources.
 The availability of required materials near site of work should be determined & if not,
also how these can be procured economically.
 The selection of most suitable and economical method should be carefully determined
for executing the work.
 The quantities of different items should be estimated.
 The overhead and the margin of profit should be decided & tender price finalized for
the completion of the work within the stipulated period of time.

Post-tender Stage

 This stage is otherwise called as contract stage.

 This stage is starts after the acceptance of tender and extends till the completion of the
contract.
  At this stage, contractor fully utilizes the pre-tender stage planning to organize the
various activities of construction work so that the work may be completed within the
scheduled time economically without delay & difficulties.
 Improper & inadequate planning at this stage may cause heavy loss of money & time.

Steps:

 The selection of most suitable & economical method out of all the alternative methods
considered at pre-tender stage should be carefully determined for execution of the
work.
 The quantity of materials required at each stage of the work, locating sources of their
supplies, their comparative cost from different sources should be worked out properly.
 Inter-relationship of various items of work should be studied and the proper sequence
of operation is finalized.
 The requirement of construction labour, supervisory and managerial staffs should be
finalized and their selection & recruitment should be arranged.
 Total number of requirement of machinery & equipments at various stages of work
should be worked out & arranged.
 Repairing & maintenance of machinery & equipment should be properly arranged .
 Accommodation for labour & staff along with the facilities required for them ,
temporary camp, office etc. should be planned & arranged properly.
 The work programme of each work should be decided & its starting & completing
date also be finalized.
 A good communication system between the members of construction team should be
established for the smooth running of project work.

2.4 Construction Scheduling

 Scheduling of a project is done after it is properly planned.

 A schedule for construction activity is a graphical representation which determines

the time of starting and completing date of each activity in order to complete the
whole construction project.

 In other words scheduling is the time table for executing each and every activity with
its fixed starting and finishing date.
Preparation of construction schedule
 At first the whole project is divided into a small number of operations.
 Then the inter-dependence among or between the operations are carefully studied and
their sequence is decided.
 The quantity of work is to be determined which is to be done in each operation.
 The total time to complete each operation & total project is determined.

Classification of Scheduling
Schedules can be classified into various groups such as;

• Material Schedule

• Labour Schedule

• Equipment Schedule

• Financial Schedule

Material Schedule
 This type of schedule is prepared for moving and storing of material in advance
before starting of construction schedule acts as a guide for preparing materials
schedule.

 This schedule is done to avoid delay in the execution of the work.

 The materials should be delivered at site at least one week before its use.

 The materials at site should not remain unused for long.

 If the materials stored at site long before its use, it is likely to deteriorate in quality.

 For example cement made its strength by 50% if stored for 6 months and steel may be
attacked by corrosion due to long storage at site.

Labour Schedule
• The labour schedule is prepared for deciding the actual number of skilled and
unskilled labour which is required for the construction work.

• With the help of this schedule required labour can be arranged in time.
 • It helps in reducing labour cost.

• Labour schedule is important as it is difficult and costly to arrange skilled labour as

and when required.

Equipment Schedule
 This type of schedule is prepared to decide the type and quantity of equipments as
also on which date the equipment will be needed. So that they can be arranged when
requirement.

 The aim of this schedule is to derive maximum advantage of the equipment when it is
required and remove it from the site when the job is over.

Financial Schedule
 Financial schedule is prepared to estimate the amount of money that owner or
contractor has to spend as finance for the project work.

 In maximum construction project the owner will pay a stated percentage of the value
to the contractor for the completion of work in each month. it is about 90% of the cost
at the completion of the work & rest 10% is retained.

Finance for small works:

 The estimated amount of money, which the owner or contractor has to provide to
finance the project can be obtained from construction schedule.
 In most of the cases of construction contracts, it is specified that the owner will pay
about 90% cost of the completed work during each month for each job to the
contractor.

2.5 Method of Scheduling

Depending upon the size of the project, scheduling is done by different methods.

1. Bar chart or gnatt charts.

2. Network analysis (CPM ,PERT)

BAR CHARTS
• Bar chart is a graphical representation of various activities , their duration, start and
period of a project.

• This method was developed by Henry Gantt around 1900.

• In a bar chart, there are two co-ordinate axes, i.e. x-axis (Horizontal) & y-axis
(Vertical).

• Along x-axis, time required for the completion of work is represented & along y-axis,
the activities are represented.

• In a bar chart, the activities are represented by thick crossed horizontal lines.

• Time required for completion of the activity may be represented in days or weeks.

• This chart is known as bar chart because the activities are represented by number of
parallel bars in it.

• The length of each bar indicate the duration of time required to complete a particular
activity.

• The bar chart/gnatt chart represents the schedule of a project.

• Also bar chart represents the actual progress of the work by thick dark bars.

• A daily record should be maintained by the supervisor about the progress of the work
and handed over it to the sectional officer who in turn will handover it to chief-
supervisor or engineer for finalizing it, so that the progress of the work can be
completed within a particular period of time.

• So a bar chart gives a clearer picture of the progress of work without study any
detailed report.

• We can also check the accuracy of work and can compare the actual progress of work
with the schedule.
 Steps in preparing a bar chart

• In preparing a construction schedule by bar chart, at first the project is sub divided
into various objectives.

• Name the various activities in a list.

• Determine the inter-relationship among the activities.

• Arranging the activities in a systematic manner one after another.

• Determine the quantity of work & requirement of time to complete the work.

• Then draw the bar chart.

Bar chart of a residential building

Advantages of Bar Chart
a) Very graphical.

b) Easy to understand.

c) Most widely used .

d) There is no requirement of trained or skilled persons to draw this chart .

Disadvantages of Bar Chart
a) Difficult to update.

b) Difficult to find the critical path.

c) Difficult to setup and maintain a large project because it is essentially a manual graphical
procedure.

2.6 Limitations of Bar Chart

a) If the time schedule is changed, then it is difficult to readjust the length & position of the
bar.

b) Bar chart can only be applicable for small projects but not suitable for large projects.

c) The bar chart doesn’t show clearly the inter-dependence among the various activities.

d) The bar chart doesn’t show the actual progress of the work as it only represents the
estimate time. So the actual progress of the work can not be monitored.

e) The bar chart gives no idea about the maximum progress necessary for it’s completion. It
gives the information only about the rate of progress.

f)The bar chart does not help the work of controlling ,monitoring and updating the project.

These limitations of bar chart may be discussed under the following heads.

a)Inability to show interdependency of activities

The bar charts fails to indicate clearly the interdependencies among such activities of course,
simply drawing the bars of activities, parallel to each other, does not provide complete idea
whether they are related/independent or completely independent. Interdependency means one
work cannot be started before completing the previous work.

b)Inability to indicate the project progress

A bar chart cannot be used as a control device since, it does not indicate the progress of the
project.
c)Inability to accommodate uncertainties
This is the most important limitation of bar chart because it cannot effect the uncertainties or
tolerance in the time schedule of various activities of the project.

Example: Research work

2.7 NETWORK ANALYSIS(CPM,PERT)

Network: symbolic representation of essential characteristic of a project. In other words,
the phase diagram or sequential arrangement of various events and activities.

CPM(Critical Path Method)

• CPM is an activity oriented network i.e. based on deterministic approach.

• Usually suitable for repetitive type projects like those of construction, manufacturing
& maintenance.
• Example:
a) Manufacturing of a new car
b) Build a new bridge over a river
c) Construction of a multi-storey building
• With the help of CPM, a planning engineer comes to know the sequence to various
activities of the project .

Different terms used in CPM

EVENT
• An event is either start or completion of an activity.
• It doesn’t require time or resources.
• It is represented by node usually circle.

ACTIVITY

• It is actual performance of a task required for completion of the project.

• It consumes time and resources.
• It is represented by an arrow on the network.
 • The tail of the arrow indicating the start of the activities & head indicating the end of
the activity.

DUMMY ACTIVITY

• This activity neither uses any resource nor any time for its completion but is required
in the logical sequence of network is called a dummy activity.
• It may be represented by a dotted arrow or solid arrow with zero time duration.

Early Start Time(EST):-The earliest possible time at which an activity may start is
called its early start time.

Early Finish Time(EFT):-It is the sum of EST of an activity andtime required for its
completion i.e. EFT= EST+t

Late Start Time (LST):-The latest possible time at which anactivity

may start without delaying the date of the project.

Late Finish Time(LFT):- The sum of LFT of an activity and the time
required for its completion i.e. LFT= LST+t.

Total Float:-The difference between the maximum time allowed for an activity and
estimated duration is called total float. It is the duration of time by which an activity can be
start late , without disturbing the total project schedule.

Free Float:- The duration of time by which the completion of time of an activity can be
delayed without affecting the start of the succeeding activity.

Critical Activities:- The activities with zero float are called critical
activities, which are required to be completed onschedule.

Critical Events:- The start and end points of critical activities.

Critical Path:- The path of network joining the critical events along
with no float is called critical path of network.
Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) :-

• It is an event oriented network, developed by U.S. Navy

• It is more accurate than CPM.

• It is preferred for projects that are non-repetitive and in which time

for various activities cannot be precisely pre-determined.

• It is a probabilistic model.

• It follows non deterministic approach.

Example:-

• Launching of a satellite.

• Research & Development of a new project.

Different terms used in PERT:-

1. Optimistic time:-
• The minimum possible time which an activity requires for its completion
under ideal condition is called optimistic time.
• It does not include any type of delay at any stage.
• It is denoted by “t o”.
2. Pessimistic time:-
• The maximum time that may be taken by an activity if there is delay at every
stage except natural calamities like earthquake, flood etc. is called pessimistic
time.
• It is denoted by “t p”.
3. Most likely time:-
• The most realistic estimate of time which an activity may take for its
completion under normal condition is called most likely time.
• It is denoted by “t m”.
 4. Expected time:-

It is taken as the weighted average of the time estimates i.e optimistic time, pessimistic time and
most likely time.

• It is denoted by “t e”.
te =to+4tm+tp
6
5. Earliest expected time(TE)
 The earliest expected completion time of event is equal to the sum of the
expected times of the preceding activities.
6. Latest allowable time(TL)
 The latest possible time an event can take without delaying the final
completion date of the project is called latest allowable time.
7. Slack time
Slack=TL-TE
8. Length of the Project
 The sum of the expected times of all the activities along the critical path of the
network of a project.
9. Variance of an activity

Vt= (tp-to/6)2
10. Standard deviation of an activity

St= (tp-to/6)

11. Variance of the project

 The sum of the variances of all the activities along the critical path is called the
variance of the project.

12. Standard deviation of the project

 The square root of the total variance of a project which is calculated along the
critical path of its network is called standard deviation of the project .
Difference between CPM & PERT

SL No. PERT CPM

1. Its full form is Project Evaluation and Its full form is Critical Path Method.
Review Technique.

2. It is event oriented technique. It is activity oriented technique.

3. It is a probabilistic model. It is a deterministic model.

4. Based upon 3 time estimates to Based upon single time estimate to

complete an activity. complete an activity.

5. Nature of the job is non-repetitive in Nature of the job is repetitive in

nature. nature

6. It has Non-repetitive nature ofjob. It has repetitive nature of job.

7. There is no chance of crashing asthere There may be crashing because of

is no certainty of time. certain time boundary.

It doesn’t use any dummy It uses dummy activities for

8. activities. representing sequence of
activities.