I .

01 .

20 c

2C

16 C β

TEµ )
1
SEµ)
,

②← H 20

DNA =

CO2 → CoH .20.

,
180
.

DNA
s

DNA
( )

1475
1 φC
→
1965 DNA

PCR
,

2IC 2003

2005 DNA

201 α
,

, ,
.
'
'

.
.

x .

C
β

→ β →

. .

→ → + → → →
, →

x
x , .

x .

x .

λ
.

ψ
. . λ

.
,

↑ ,
↑
,

, ,

×
.
. . .
.

ly
. .
.

.
.
( human )
 0 .

λ
.
,
.

. . .

ψ
. .

.
.

b
-

∞
.

by
. .

. . Ʃ
..

"

x -

.
Ʃ = !
∞
in
-
-
O 0 Lo …

in
↓
.

H
.
R =
0 . . .

N -
e -
c
o
+ ↓

'
]
m

-
ψ
mak
R , H R2
,

( " 1 , 3

H2N -
C -
C -
OM + M -
N -
C -
COn
2.
ψ
E .
‰
|

L)
HaO /

↓
×
2 in Hz0
R , H R2
1 "
H2N -
C -
C -
N -
C -
COOm
.

{
-
.

Ʃ =

: = 1 : 11
.

¤
~ DNA [ A T G C
. - -

2 →

T 2 -

4 3 2 ↑ .
↑
.

RNA

J"
1
-
-

, →
-

, → → AUGC
 .

02 .

.
.
&

.
Lµ )

X X
PNA

α " X , O OXO
DNA
λ
-

ψ
1 µm ~ 1 Oum

∞ 100
×
=
. . …
10
µm
~
µm
-

ψ
(SEM )
- ,

( TEµ )

.
-

N →
/ v↑ →

UUA * …

.
.5 -

s .
x
35
.

.
 -

,
.

+ 2
,

DNA .

, .

-
:
E , ATP E
DNA
-

→
→ | .

rRNA
ψ -
.

.
.
,

,
.
nRNA .
X
-

' ② 3
[ ] ×

DNA

β → :

, ,

]
.
*

, ,
"

,
,

*α !
!

' ②

Ʃ =

,
AQ

x
.
→ s

. , )
y

1 2"
α
.

BNA .

: → E
 .
-

03 .

∞
X
:

roro

J
7

s "

,
.
↑→

. ☆

:
÷
:

…
M ~
!!

"
… …

' .
[→ α ,

:
~

↑ .

=>

⑥
' .
.

, '
- ,

etc .

∞
> µ
λ ~→

.
↑ → ↓ ×

α '

②: COs .
↓ → ↑ ,

ψ + ←
Na -

, ,

←
→
Naf k ,

" I DO O λ

∞
↑ JOO .

λ
 .

04 .

m
E
⑧ m
^ Λ
-
: .

~ … …]
-

… .

? 3

m =

^
Λ ,"
.

…"
"
~ ""

- → ↓ b

:
" ↓ " 3

35c w 40c

p .

,
.

↑ → d
~
- .

>
→
,

/ ,

>
.

x
Feat ,
gt
µ …

ψ
B ,
 .

1 .

. .
CA

E →
ATP

,
.

NAD NADH + H
^
s '↑
CEA -

'
→ E☆ C☆ √ CGA ICA
CoA Ca

ATP
√

CoH 1206 + 602 + 6 Ha 0 , 602 + 12 Hz0 + E

ADP + P; ATP
ATP 7

[☆ 3CO2

NAH 4NAD + NA + 4H +
FAD FADH 2
NADM
NADN FADH 2
,

TEA
☆

Cβ

C3
COR
K NAD
+

ATP ATP ATP

CoAs " +
NADH + H

CEA -

COA Cα

.
1 COA
7
E4
2
(Co ]
+ NADt
NADH + H
^

2APP + 2P: 2ATp Ht

, INABH +
7

C6 > 2 NAB
+

3 COI
2NAD NADH + 2Ht

TCA
CyJ [ E5 ]
NABT NADN + HT 2ADP 2 AP
? } EOz
"
"
2 ATB 2 ADP NAB
+
^
P ! "
E☆
}
√ +
√
" "
NABN + H
2 " ' HzO ABP
o Co
… [β √
√
~

NAD
+
NABH + HT AS
2 APP IAP
( 94 ) [ C4 )

X . COa X .
√
FAB
FADH α

CO2 H ++ e )
-

→ ,

ADP γ ATP
d +
.

3 NAB ,
FAD ,

+
Ht e - b NADH FAPH 2
,

+ +
NAD (e ) (H ) VAP
-

CoA TCA
s NADH
, NADH ,
FADH 2 ,
ATP

ATP 1 ,
NAPM 3 .
FADH2 1

ATP 2 .
NAD 2
. .

NADHZ
NABHR NABH QFADH 2
,

TCA
NAH ,

"
2 =
FAPH2

daer
" α

IATP 2ATB 28ATP

'
. B2ATP
.

. 1 .
=
32× 73 kaal 1m
× 100 ÷ 34
G8 bkcallm
e

34% . ATP
* H20 ATP 66%
,

"
↓→ ↑ ,
λ
, ,

NADHET FAPH 2 ,

INAB +Lr FAB

ATP β
ATP

. O∞ X → → ATP X
COA

TC S
ATP

β
ATP
t

② CO2
+
H
+ H .
-

C . , O

e
② CO2

?
A
-
H
+
H
+
=
①

a
1 . , 0
0 . 6 ,
0 .
7

×
H↑ H
+

+
H
S .
+

'
"
Haon O ATB

APP+ P.
<
+
H W

+ ATP

ATB
ATP .

NADH 1 "
ATP 25
]
.

FAIH2 1 +
ATP 1 5 .