CWE 201 INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING LECTURE NOTE FOR INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND TRANSPORTATION/HIGHWAY ENGINEERINGCWE 201: inrrobuctTION TO CIVIL AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING (STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING) Structural Engineering is a field of engineering dealing with the analysis and design of structures that support or resist loads. The basic objective in structural analysis and design is to produce a structure capable of resisting all applied loads without failure during its intended life. Structural Engineers are responsible for engineering design and analysis. Entry-level structural engineers may design the individual structural elements of a structure, for example the beams, columns, and floors of a building. More experienced engineers may be responsible for the structural design and integrity of an entire system, such as a building. A structure is a series of connected, interrelated elements that form together a system that can resist a series of external load effects applied to it, which includes its own self weight, and provide adequate rigidity. The primary purpose of a structure is to transmit or support loads. If the structure is improperly designed or fabricated, or if the actual applied loads exceed the design specifications, the device will probably fail to perform its intended function, with possible serious consequences. Examples of different structures in civil engineering include, + Buildings « Dams + Bridges + Retaining Walls Structural Elements In civil engineering, a structure is usually made up of, + Slabs + Beams + Columns + FoundationPlates and Slabs Plates are three dimensional flat structural components usually made of metal that are often found in floors and roofs of structures. Slabs are similar to plates except that they are usually made of concrete. Beam A beam may be defined as an element in which one dimension is much greater than the other two and the applied loads are usually normal to the main axis of the clement. Beams and columns are called line elements and are often represented by simple lines in structural modeling. * cantilevered (supported at one end only with a fixed connection) simply supported (supported vertically at each end; horizontally on only one to withstand friction, and able to rotate at the supports) fixed (supported at both ends by fixed connection; unable to rotate at the supports) * continuous (supported by three or more supports) Beams are elements which carry pure bending only. Column A long vertical member mostly subjected to compressive loads is called column. In other words, columns are elements that carry only axial force - compression - or both axial force and bending (which is technically called a beam-column but practically, just a column). The design of a column must check the axial capacity of the element, and the buckling capacity. Foundation ‘This is the part of a building, usually below the ground, that transfers and distributes the weight of the building onto the ground. Cables and Arches Cables are usually suspended at their ends and are allowed to sag. The Forces are then pure tension and are directed along the axis of the cable. Arches are similar to cables except that they are inverted. They carry compressive loads that are directed along the axis of the arch.Shells Shells derive thei zi their stren; i directions. A dome i sth from their form, and carry forces in compression in two is an : example of a shell. They can be designed by making a hanging- chain model, whi ‘ » Which will act as a catenary in pure tension, and inverting the form to achieve pure compression. Types of Supports Roller Supports Roller supports are free to rotate and translate along the surface upon which the roller rests. The surface may be horizontal, vertical or slopped at any angle. Roller supports are commonly located at one end of long bridges in the form of bearing pads. This support allows bridge structure to expand and contract with temperature changes and without this expansion the forces can fracture the supports at the banks. This support cannot provide resistance to lateral forces, Roller support is also used in frame cranes in heavy industries. Hinged support The hinge support is capable of resisting forces acting in any direction of the plane. This support does not provide any resistance to rotation. The horizontal and vertical component of reaction can be determined using equation of equilibrium, Hinged support is used in doors to produce only rotation in a door. Pinned support A pinned support is same as hinged support. It can resist both vertical and horizontal forces but not a moment. It allows the structural member to rotate, but not to translate in any direction. Fixed Support Fixed support can resist vertical and horizontal forces as well as moment since they restrain both rotation and translation. They are also known as rigid support. In reinforced concrete structures the steel reinforcement of a beam is embedded in a column to produce a fixed support. Similarly, all the riveted and welded joints in steel structure are the examples of fixed supports. Riveted connection is not very much common now days due to the introduction of bolted joints.TYPES OF LOADS oa ctural members must be designed to support specific loads. Loads are those forces for which @ structure should be proportioned. Loads that act on structure can be divided into three categories. © Dead loads © Live loads e Environmental loads Dead Loads Dead loads are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in location throughout ee lifetime of the structure, It includes the weight of the structure and any aed material placed on the structure, such as roofing, tiles, walls etc. They can be determi with a high degree of accuracy from the dimensions of the elements and the unit weight of the material. Live loads Live loads are those that may vary in magnitude and may also change in location. Live loads consists chiefly occupancy loads in buildings and traffic loads in bridges. Live loads at any given time are uncertain, both in magnitude and distribution. Environmental loads Consists mainly of snow loads, wind pressure and suction, earthquake loads (i.e inertial forces) caused by earthquake motions. Soil pressure on subsurface portion of structures, loads from possible ponding of rainwater on flat surfaces and forces caused by temperature differences. Like live loads, environmental loads at any given time are uncertain both in magnitude and distribution. Shear force Algebric sum of all vertical forces either to the left or to the right hand side of a section, Shear Force at the cross section of the beam may also be defined as the unbalanced vertical force to the right or left of the section. Bending Moment The Bending Moment at the cross section of the beam may be defined as the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces, to the right or left of the section. Bending Moments are rotational forces within the beam that cause bending. At any point within a beam, theBending Moment is the sum of: each external force multiplied by the distance that is perpendicular to the direction of the force.CWE 201: a INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL AND WATER RESOURCES GINEERING (ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING) aay Engineering is the integration of sciences and engineering principles to rove the natural environment, to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to clean up pollution sites. It can also be defined as the branch of engineering that is concerned with protecting people from the effects of adverse environmental effects, such as pollution, as well as improving environmental quality. Who are Environmental Engineers Environmental engineers are specialists who study and perform environmental engineering. To this end, they take doctrines of engineering, science, biology and chemistry to formulate solutions to public health issues and environmental problems. Environmental engineers also design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems as well as address local and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollution from automobile exhausts and industrial sources Scope of Environmental Engineering a. Environmental Impact assessment and mitigation b. Solid Waste Management c. Water Supply and Treatment d. Waste Water Treatment e. Air Pollution Management f. Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA) Environment Impact Assessment and Mitigation Engineers and scientists apply scientific and engineering principles to evaluate if there are likely to be an adverse impact on water, air, soil, land quality, ecological impact, noise impact or visual impact. The overall goal of environmental engineers is to identity, assess and evaluate the environmental impacts of man made plans, projects and laws to see if there are any effects whatsoever on water, air, habitat, agriculture, plants and animals, and the ecosystem. In this sense, environmental engineering encompasses theprotection of human he; and pres envirc . ae ing i mn d preserving the natural envi ronment using scientifi Solid Waste Management Solid Waste: This includes all discarded I Solid materials fr i icultural iccldwee ae ‘om municipal, industrial and agricultural sometimes referred to as refuse. Garbage: ae ' rbage: Municipal solid waste that are putrescible (biodegradable) e.g food waste. Rubbish: Non putrescible solid waste e.g paper,plastic e.t.c Solid waste management deals with solid waste materials produced by human activity, Whether straightforwardly or obliquely. Solid waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal, managing, and monitoring of solid waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by direct or indirect human activity, and the Process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment, or aesthetics. Solid waste management also focuses on the recovery of resources to delay the human consumption of natural resources through reuse and recycling of everyday materials, the minimization of waste, the storage and transfer of wastes, disposing of solid wastes at landfills, and policies and regulations regarding the above. Different methods are used to limit the harmful solids that are released into the environment. The objective of solid waste management is to reduce the harmful effects of solid, liquid or gaseous substances on the environment. Disposal Methods a. Incineration b. Combusting c. Land Filling (open dumping, controlled dumps and sanitary landfill) Water Supply and Treatment Engineers and scientists work to secure water supplies for potable and agricultural use. They evaluate the water balance within a watershed and determine the available water supply, the water needed for various needs in that watershed, the seasonal cycles of water movement through the watershed and they develop systems to store, treat, and convey water for various uses. Water is treated to achieve water quality objectives for the endWater pollution is cl the waste put into wat urban areas. Environ: ee os to water supply and treatment. It essentially deals with ewer systems, outhouses and septic tanks in both rural and away from civilized ae engineers design specific systems to carry the polluted water erate $ and release the waste into the environment, most often into the more landlocked areas, rivers and lakes. Was! _. a. : A Aer wae tewater: This refers to liquid discharge from residences, business buildings, institutions and manufacturing plants. Rainfall wash from roofs, streets and other areas is also waste water but frequently referred to as storm runoff water. Wastewater Treatment There are numerous wastewater treatment technologies. A wastewater treatment train can consist of a primary clarifier system to remove solid and floating materials, a secondary treatment system consisting of an aeration basin followed by flocculation and sedimentation or an activated sludge system and a secondary clarifier, a tertiary biological nitrogen removal system, and a final disinfection process. The aeration basin/activated sludge system removes organic material by growing bacteria (activated sludge). The secondary clarifier removes the activated sludge from the water. The tertiary system, although not always included due to costs, is becoming more prevalent to remove nitrogen and phosphorus and to disinfect the water before discharge to a surface water stream or ocean outfall. Pre-Treatment 1. Screening 2. Comminutor 3. Grit Removal 4, Oil/Grease RemovalTreatment (Aerobic) a. Bacteria Bed Process b. Activated Sludge Process ¢. The lagoon (Oxidation Pond) Anaerobic Treatment a. Digester b. Septic Tank Air Pollution Management Air Pollution es The presence in the outdoor atmosphere of onelmore contaminants such as dust, gas smoke, or vapour in quantities and characteristics and duration such as to be injurious to human, plant or animal life or to property or which unreasonably interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life and property. Effects of Air Pollution Material . Vegetation . Animal |. Human Health aesp Scientists have developed air pollution dispersion models to evaluate the concentration of a pollutant at a receptor or the impact on overall air quality from vehicle exhausts and industrial flue gas stack emissions. To some extent, this field ayerlaps the desire to decrease carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from cothbustion processes. ‘ Major air emission control techniques: a. Fabric Filters b. Electrostatic precipitation c. Scrubbers- Public health refers to ’ “the science and art of preventin; disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals. It is concerned with threats to health based on Population health analysis. The population in question can be as small as a handful of people, or as large as all the inhabitants of several continents. The dimensions of health can encompass "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The focus of public health intervention is to improve health and quality of life through prevention and treatment of disease and other physical and mental health conditions. This is done through, surveillance of cases and health indicators, and through promotion of healthy behaviors. Examples of common public health measures include promotion of hand washing, breastfeeding, delivery of vaccinations e.t.c.