“Analysis and Design of steel structura using

different software”

Institute OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING
By
Krish Agrawal(22BCL045)
Dhaval Parmar(22BCL063)

Guide
Prof. Utsav Koshti

Department of Civil Engineering

Institute of Technology
Nirma University
Ahmedabad 382 481
 ABSTRACT

The analysis and design of steel structures using ETABS and SAP2000 software tools enable efficient
evaluation of structural resilience under dynamic and seismic loading conditions. This study focuses
on assessing critical parameters such as lateral displacement, story drift, and base shear through
advanced methodologies, including response spectrum analysis, non-linear time-history evaluation,
and pushover analysis. By modeling steel frames with varied bracing configurations, the research
demonstrates a significant reduction in lateral displacements (20–30%) when incorporating diagonal
and eccentric bracing systems, enhancing seismic performance. The integration of performance-based
design principles ensures compliance with structural codes, optimizing material efficiency and
member sizing. Case studies, such as a G+4 industrial building, validate the software’s capability to
predict failure modes and streamline retrofitting strategies. Additionally, comparative analyses with
computational methods confirm the reliability of ETABS and SAP2000 in simulating complex
structural behavior under extreme loads. The study highlights the role of software-driven workflows in
achieving cost-effective, safe, and sustainable steel structures, with future research emphasizing AI-
driven automation and experimental validation of numerical models
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

Steel structures have become a cornerstone of modern construction due to their unparalleled
strength-to-weight ratio, ductility, and adaptability to complex architectural designs. From
skyscrapers and industrial plants to long-span bridges, steel’s versatility enables engineers to
push the boundaries of innovation. However, the increasing complexity of such structures
demands rigorous analysis to ensure stability, safety, and compliance with international codes
(e.g., IS 800:2007, AISC 360). Traditional design methodologies, reliant on manual
calculations and simplified assumptions, often fall short in addressing dynamic loads such as
earthquakes, wind forces, and blast impacts. These limitations can lead to oversights in
localized stress concentrations, non-linear behaviors (e.g., buckling, plasticity), and
progressive collapse mechanisms.

The advent of advanced computational tools like ETABS (Extended Three-Dimensional

Analysis of Building Systems) and SAP2000 has revolutionized structural engineering. These
software platforms enable engineers to model intricate geometries, simulate dynamic load
scenarios, and automate code-compliant design workflows. By leveraging finite element
modeling (FEM), non-linear dynamic analysis, and performance-based design (PBD), these
tools provide unparalleled precision in predicting structural responses. For instance, ETABS
specializes in building systems with features like pushover analysis and response spectrum
analysis, while SAP2000 excels in modeling complex geometries (e.g., arches, space frames)
and simulating material non-linearity. This paradigm shift from empirical methods to
computational analysis ensures safer, cost-effective, and sustainable steel structures, aligning
with global standards and resilience targets.

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1.2 Types of Structural Systems

There are several types of structural systems used in the construction of buildings and
different types of structures. Each and every system has eccentric characteristics. There are
mainly 2 types of structural systems.

1. Gravity Load Transfer System

2. Lateral load Transfer System

1.2.1 Gravity Load Transfer System

The gravity load transfer system transmits and distributes the whole building load by its own
self-weight. Generally, Gravity load is called vertical load.

Figure 1.1 Gravity Load Transfer System

1.2.2 Lateral Load Transfer

The lateral load transfer system transmits and distributes horizontal loads such as wind load
and earthquake load.
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 Figure 1.2 Lateral Load Transfer System

1.2 Analytical Methods in Steel Structure Analysis and Design

Based on the type of external action and behavior of structure, the analysis can be classified
as:

1. Response Spectrum Analysis

2. Equivalent Static Analysis
3. Linear Dynamic Analysis
4. Non-Linear Static Analysis
5. Non-Linear Dynamic Analysis

1.2.1 Response Spectrum Analysis

This method uses a response spectrum—a plot representing the maximum response
(displacement, velocity, or acceleration) of a single degree-of-freedom system—to estimate

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the peak responses of a building. By comparing the structure’s natural period and damping
properties with the response spectrum, engineers can quickly assess the maximum expected
forces or displacements induced by an earthquake. RSA is widely used because it simplifies
complex dynamic effects into a single curve that covers a range of potential responses,
making it especially useful for preliminary design and code-based checks.

1.2.2 Equivalent Static Analysis

In equivalent static analysis, the dynamic effects of an earthquake are approximated by

applying static lateral forces to the structure. These forces are typically derived from design
codes and scaled according to the building’s seismic weight, height, and other properties. This
method assumes that the building responds primarily in its fundamental mode and is generally
applicable to regular, low-rise structures. ESA offers a simplified approach that requires less
computational effort compared to dynamic analyses, though it may not capture the full
complexity of seismic response in taller or irregular structures.

1.2.3 Linear Dynamic Analysis

This approach involves modeling the building as a linear elastic system and determining its
response to earthquake loading through modal analysis. The structure is represented by a
series of modes, each with its own natural frequency and damping ratio. By superimposing
the responses of these individual modes—using either time-domain methods or modal
superposition techniques—engineers can predict how the structure will behave under seismic
excitation. Linear dynamic analysis is appropriate when the structure’s response is assumed to
remain within the elastic range, meaning that deformations are small and material nonlinearity
can be neglected.

1.2.4 Non-Linear Static Analysis

Also known as pushover analysis, non-linear static analysis involves applying gradually
increasing lateral loads to a building until significant inelastic behavior, such as plastic hinge
formation, is observed. This method generates a capacity curve that depicts the relationship
between the applied base shear and the resulting roof displacement. The curve helps identify
the building’s ductility, potential failure points, and overall lateral load resistance. Although it
simplifies the dynamic nature of an earthquake into a static analysis, pushover analysis is
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useful for understanding how a structure might behave under extreme loading conditions and
for evaluating performance-based design criteria.

1.2.5 Non-Linear Dynamic Analysis

Non-linear dynamic analysis, often referred to as time history analysis, simulates the detailed
response of a structure to actual or synthetic earthquake ground motion records. This method
involves solving the equations of motion directly using numerical integration techniques,
thereby capturing the full elasto-plastic behavior of structural elements under time-varying
loads. By considering factors such as material nonlinearity, stiffness degradation, and
damping effects, time history analysis provides a highly detailed and realistic picture of a
building’s behavior during an earthquake. Although it is computationally intensive, this
approach is critical for evaluating the performance of structures in regions where seismic
demands are high and the response is expected to be nonlinear.

1.3 Objective

The major objective of the current study is,

1. Behaviour study of steel building system using different software.

2. Study response of different types of steel structural system.

1.4 Scope

To carry out the current study scope of work is as follows:

1. To understand non-linear analysis and types of non-linearity in system.

2. To perform non-linear analysis and understand the behaviour of structure.

3. To find the effect of story drift, ,story displacement and time history analysis on model
with different types of structural system to the building

4. To study seismic analysis on ETABS software.

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1.5 Need of Study

1. Address gaps in analyzing dynamic/seismic behavior of steel structures via

ETABS/SAP2000.

2. Validate software accuracy against experimental data for code compliance (IS 800,
AISC).

3. Optimize bracing systems (X/V-bracing) to reduce lateral displacements.

4. Bridge manual methods with computational tools for cost-effective, resilient designs

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General

The dynamic behavior of a building is critical in modern structural design to ensure the
structure's safety and serviceability. When a structure is subjected to time-dependent loads, or
dynamic loads, it experiences a high level of stress development. As a result, it is critical to
assess the structure's dynamic response. And to reduce the dynamic effect on structures
different damping systems are installed into the buildings. This is usually accomplished by
conducting experiments on building prototypes in a laboratory. To understand the dynamic
behavior of structures and the effect of different dampers on structures under dynamic
loadings, recent literature suggests using various instruments such as a shake table,
accelerometers, and DAQ (Data Acquisition System).

2.2 Research Papers

Various kinds of literature had been referred to for a basic understanding of structural
dynamics, different types of structural systems, modeling and, analysis methodology. Here, I
summarized the whole research paper in a few points.

1. Seismic energy dissipation in semi-rigid connected steel frames

 Author – :V. Sharma, M.K. Shrimali, S.D. Bharti, T.K. Datta

 Summary –
 In this they have conducted a comparative study on the seismic performance of
10-story steel moment-resisting frames with rigid and semi-rigid (SR) beam-
column connections. The authors analyzed how SR connections, which offer
partial flexibility compared to fully rigid joints, influence energy dissipation
and structural behavior during earthquakes. Using SAP 2000, the team

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 modeled SR connections with two distinct energy dissipation characteristics:
one exhibiting elastic hysteresis (MLE) and another demonstrating plastic
hysteresis (MLP)

fig:

Isotropic Hysteresis Behaviour of MLE Link Fig: 10-Story frame with gravity loading

 Through nonlinear static pushover analysis, the study revealed that SR frames
experienced significantly lower base shear forces than rigid frames, indicating
reduced seismic demand. However, SR connections enhanced deformation
capacity, allowing the structure to undergo larger displacements before
collapse. MLP-type connections, with kinematic hysteresis, demonstrated
superior energy dissipation compared to MLE-type connections. The findings
underscore the potential of semi-rigid connections to improve seismic
resilience by balancing strength and ductility, albeit at the cost of increased
deformations. This work highlights the importance of connection design in
optimizing seismic performance for steel structures in moderate-to-high
seismic zones.

2. Energy dissipation and seismic response evaluation of semi-rigid frames at various

performance levels
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  Author – V. Sharma, S. Vern, M.K. Shrimali, S.D. Bharti, T.K. Datta
 Summary –
 In this study author Evaluated seismic performance and energy dissipation
of 5-story steel frames with semi-rigid (SR) connections versus rigid
connections in high-seismic zones (Zone V, medium soil).
 Methodology –
 Modeled SR connections using multi-linear plastic (MLP) link
elements (kinematic hysteresis) in SAP2000
 ompared two SR configurations
1) SR-1_5S: Stiffness ratio α=10α=10, strength ratio β=0.75β=0.75.
2) SR-2_5S: α=22α=22, β=1.5β=1.5.

Fig- 5-storey semi-rigid connected steel frame

The studies demonstrated that semi-rigid (SR) steel frames significantly reduce base shear
demands compared to rigid frames, indicating lower seismic force requirements. However,
SR connections enhance energy dissipation by allowing larger deformations before collapse,
particularly with kinematic hysteresis (MLP links). Configurations with higher stiffness (α)

9
and strength (β) ratios (e.g., α=22, β=1.5) improved performance, balancing ductility and load
resistance. Overall, SR connections offer a promising design approach for seismic zones,
prioritizing controlled deformation over rigid strength, but optimal α and β values are critical
to achieving desired performance levels.

3. Dynamic behaviour of flexible, semi-rigid and rigid steel frames

 Author – M. N. Nader & A. Astaneh

 Publication – Journal of Constructional Steel Research
 Summary –
 This experimental study investigated the seismic performance of single-story
steel frames with flexible, semi-rigid (SR), and rigid connections. The authors
aimed to evaluate how connection typology influences dynamic response
under earthquake loading.
 Methodology –
I. Experimental Setup:
 A single-story steel frame was tested on a shake table, with modular
connections adjusted to simulate flexible, SR, and rigid behaviors.
 Instrumentation:
o Global response: Roof acceleration (accelerometers), displacement
(DCDTs), and base shear (strain gauges)
o Local response: Connection moment, rotation (potentiometers), and
shear/axial deformations (strain gauges)
II. Seismic Input:
 1940 El Centro (high-frequency), 1952 Taft (moderate-frequency), and
1985 Mexico (low-frequency, long-duration)
III. Testing Potocol:
 Conducted 44 shake-table tests, systematically varying connection type,
earthquake record, and intensity.

10
 Fig-
Test structure mounted on shaking table Fig-Dimensions of test structure

4. Seismic fragility evaluation of semi-rigid frames subjected to near-field earthquakes

 Author – : V. Sharma, M.K. Shrimali, S.D. Bharti, T.K. Datta

 Publication –: Journal of Constructional Steel Research (2021)
 Summary –
 The authors have considered a 10-story special moment-resisting frame with
semi-rigid connections.
 Moderate degree of semi-rigidity was considered for this building ( α =15,
β=1.5).
 The purpose of this study was to investigate the seismic fragility of SR frames
subjected to near-field earthquakes.
 A 10-story SR frame was analysed subjected to four sets of earthquakes (far-
field, near-field with high directivity, low directivity, and fling-step).
 The fragility plots were developed by considering a number of damage
measures, namely, the maximum inter-story drift ratio, maximum base shear,
maximum roof drift angle, maximum top-story acceleration with the peak
ground acceleration (PGA) as an intensity measure.

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 Figure 2.3 Elevation and Plan View

5. Lateral stability of high rise steel buildings using ETABS.

 Author – Tejesh R, Ummer Farooq Pasha

 Publication – JSEM (ResearchGate)
 Summary –
 The study analyzed the lateral stability of a 15-story steel building (45m
height) under wind and seismic loads, comparing three
configurations: unbraced, X-braced, and V-braced frames. The goal was to
determine the effectiveness of bracing systems in reducing displacements,
drifts, and base shear.
 Modeled per IS 800:2007; dynamic response spectrum analysis (IS 1893: Zone
II)
 Evaluated displacement, drift, base shear, and time period for three
configurations

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  Key finding and Coclusion:
 Braced frames reduced displacements by 31% (wind) and 39%
(earthquake) vs. unbraced.
 X-bracing minimized wind-induced displacement; V-bracing performed
better for seismic loads

Fig-Model(without Bracing) Fig- V Braced Model Fig-X Braced Model

6. Dynamic Response Control of Steel Building:

 Author –Atri B. Dave (15MCLC04)

 Summary –
 Studied response of six storey shear building with and without steel bracing in
SAP 2000.
 Studied the significance of placement of steel bracing pattern in steel building.
 Studied mathematical model, behaviour, analysis procedure (FEMA-356) of
viscous fluid dampers and viscoelastic dampers and modelling was performed
in SAP 2000.
 Linear modal superposition method was used for time history analysis of steel
braced building.

7. Performance Based Design of Shear Wall Building

 Author – Prakash K. Siyani (7MCL016)

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  Summary –
 Studied about the parameters to be considered in ETABS for performing
pushover analysis.
 Performed pushover analysis of 3D frame model and 3D shear wall building
model using ETABS v9.5.
 Prepared an Excel sheet for non linear static analysis - spectrum capacity
curve, spectrum demand curve and performance point and compared it with
software results.
 Studied the effect of site specific response spectra and time history analysis on
nonlinear behaviour of structure using pushover analysis.

8. Design of Connections as per IS 800:2007 and Interactive Design of Semi-Rigid Steel

Frames.

 Author – Ghanshyam M. Savaliya (7MCL014)

 Summary –
 Compared design provisions of different countries (IS:800-1984, IS:800-2007,
BS:5950-1 2000, AISC LRFD) for different types of connections.
 Compared design of double web angle connection using provisions of different
countries.
 Prepared excel sheets for design of single web angle connection, double web
angle connection, header plate connection, top and seat angle connection
without double web angle, end plate connection with column stiffeners, T-stub
connection.
 To study moment-rotation behaviour of connections Frye & Morris polynomial
model was used and comparison of stiffness was made for different types of
connections.
 Analysis and design of frames was conducted with six different types of connections
and types of frames considered were:
i. Two storey one bay frame,
ii. Three storey one bay frame,
iii. Three storey two bay frame,

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 iv. Three storey three bay frame,
v. Five storey one bay frame.
 Comparison was made for different types of connections for various parameters:
i. End span and mid span bending moment,
ii. Shear force and axial force of members,
iii. Weight of beams and columns,
iv. Total weight of frames,
v. Top storey displacements,
vi. Time period.

9. Analysis of flexibly connected steel frames

 Author – Frye MJ, Morris GA

 Publication- Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering (1975)
 Summary –
 The authors have presented a procedure for analyzing steel frames with any
combination of pinned connections, fixed connections, connections with any
specified flexibility characteristics or any of seven commonly used connection
types.
 Seven commonly used connections were: double web angle, single web angle,
header plate, top and seat angle, end plate with no column stiffeners, end plate
with column stiffeners, T-stub connection.
 The moment-rotation characteristics for all connections of a given type were
found to be similar.
 Therefore, a standardized moment-rotation relationship were derived as a
function of the size parameters for that connection type.
 Conclusion: connection deformation may contribute to a significant percentage
of overall structural displacement and may also substantially affect the internal
force distribution in a structure.

15
10. Analysis of three-dimensional frames with flexible beam-column connections

 Author – Ang KM, Morris GA

 Publication – Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering (1983)
 Summary –
 The authors have presented a procedure for analyzing 3-D rectangular steel
frames that incorporate any of five commonly used beam-column connection
types.
 Five commonly used connections were: double web angle, single web angle,
header plate, top and seat angle, strap angle.
 The authors have described a method for expressing the moment-rotation
behaviour of all connections of a given type (for example all end plate
connections) in terms of a single standardized Ramberg-Osgood function.
 The standardized moment-rotation behaviour (Ramberg-Osgood function) can
be expressed in the following form:
∅ K XM K X M n-1
= [ 1+ ( ) ]
∅ 0 [ KM ] 0 [ KM ] 0
where,
∅0, [ KM ]0, n = constants that define the shape of the standardized function.

Fig-Standardized connection moment-rotation functions Fig- Typical M-θ curves

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11. Characterization and Implementation of Hysteretic device in steel structure.

 Author – Abhishek B. Patel

 Publication – M.tech Thesis (Nirma University)
 Summary –
 The research work provides a detailed description of the mathematical model,
inelastic behavior, and design technique of an ADAS type metallic yield
damper.
 A comprehensive analysis of the damper is conducted using ABAQUS FEM
software, considering sinusoidal loads. The results are validated and found to
be consistent with previous studies.
 The study includes the introduction of the basic Bouc-Wen model and a
validated Python code for its implementation. Additionally, genetic algorithms
are discussed and validated against literature.

Figure 2.5 Damper Design

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  The installation of the ADAS metallic damper in a steel portal frame is
investigated using SAP2000 software. The response parameters, such as
displacement, drift, roof time history, and energy dissipation, are calculated
and compared for different earthquake scenarios.
 The findings indicate that the design processes are accurate, the modeling
approach is effective, and the inclusion of the ADAS metallic damper
significantly reduces SAP2000 reactivity in the steel portal frame.

12. Evaluation of response modification factor for steel structures with soft story
retrofitted by viscous damper device

 Author – H Abdi, F Hejazi

 Publication – SAGE Publication
 Summary –
 The study focuses on implementing viscous damper devices in soft story levels
for retrofitting purposes to reduce seismic design loads.
 Quasi-static nonlinear analysis is conducted on 12 steel structures with and
without damper devices to evaluate the effect of viscous dampers on
overstrength, ductility, and response modification factor (R factor).

Figure 2.6 Various considered structures with different damper assignments

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 The analysis results indicate that structures equipped with damper devices have
a significantly higher R factor compared to structures without dampers, with an
average increase of 48.72%.
 The study highlights the significant influence of the number of dampers on the
R factor and proposes an equation for evaluating the R factor for structures
equipped with viscous dampers in soft story levels.
 Future work includes considering damper parameters such as damping
coefficient in the evaluation of the R factor.

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CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF
WORK

6.1 Summary:

The research focused on studying and implementing advanced passive control systems such
as bracing, dampers, and shear walls in earthquake-resistant building designs. The initial
phase involved reviewing relevant research papers to understand the concepts and
applications of these control devices. A pilot study project was conducted using ETABS
software to gain insights into building modeling and structural analysis.

Experiments were conducted on a shake table to evaluate the performance of three types of
dampers: air damper, elastomer damper, and air damper with pressure control. The force
values of these dampers were compared, and the results indicated that the air damper with
pressure control exhibited higher force values than the air damper alone. Furthermore, the
elastomer dampers showed even higher force values compared to the air damper with pressure
control. The ability to regulate pressure within the air damper allowed for more precise tuning
of damping characteristics and increased force dissipation. Elastomer dampers, known for
their high stiffness and energy dissipation capabilities, effectively absorbed and dissipated
seismic forces.

Subsequently, the implemented dampers and bracing were analyzed on a 9-story benchmark
building using SAP2000 software. Various graphs were plotted in MATLAB, including
maximum story displacement, velocity, and acceleration vs story, Story Drift etc. The analysis
revealed significant reductions in maximum story displacement when dampers and bracing
were utilized in building designs, ranging from approximately 20% to 42% compared to
conventional configurations.

6.2 Conclusion

The research findings demonstrate that the implementation of advanced passive control
devices such as dampers and bracing significantly improves the structural performance of
buildings subjected to seismic loads. The experiments conducted on dampers indicated that
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the air damper with pressure control and elastomer dampers outperformed a typical air
damper, offering higher force values and enhanced resistance to seismic forces. These control
devices contribute to overall structural stability and performance by providing additional
energy dissipation.

The benchmark building's analysis using SAP2000 further supported the value of dampers
and bracing in minimizing maximum story displacement. The observed reductions ranging
from approximately 20% to 42% highlight the potential for mitigating the detrimental effects
of earthquakes on buildings.

When assessing the effectiveness of the dampers in reducing seismic forces, it is crucial to
take other performance factors like displacement, velocity, and acceleration into
consideration. To fully evaluate these factors and optimize the design of structural systems
using passive control mechanisms, additional investigation and analysis can be carried out.

In conclusion, the research demonstrates the value of incorporating passive control devices in
structural designs to enhance the resilience of buildings against seismic events and improve
overall structural performance.

6.3 Future Scope

 Further investigate and optimize the design and performance of elastomer dampers
with pressure control mechanisms.
 Conduct experimental studies to assess the behavior of elastomer dampers with
pressure control under different loading conditions and variations in pressure settings.
 Develop numerical models and simulation methods to accurately predict the behavior
and effectiveness of elastomer dampers with pressure control in various structural
systems.
 Assess the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of implementing elastomer dampers with
pressure control in real-world construction projects.
 Explore the application of elastomer dampers with pressure control in other fields
beyond building structures, such as bridges or industrial equipment, for enhanced
vibration control and energy dissipation.

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CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES

JOURNELS

[1] Y. U. Kulkarni, et al. “Analysis of Various Steel Bracing Systems Using Steel
Sectionsfor High Rise Structures.” International Journal of Engineering
Technology, Management and Applied Sciences, Volume 4, no. Issue 6, June 2016,
pp. 220–227. ISSN 2349-4476.
[2] Mohd Khaleel Uddin, and Mohd Arbaz Khan. “SHEAR WALL ANALYSIS &
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS.” International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 09, no. Issue: 05, pp. 975–
983. May 2022.
[3] Cao, W. L., et al. “Seismic Performance of RC Shear Walls with Concealed Bracing.”
Advances in Structural Engineering, vol. 6, no. 1, 2003, pp. 1–13,
https://doi.org/10.1260/136943303321625685.
[4] Arzeytoon, Ali, et al. “Seismic Performance of Ribbed Bracing System in Passive
Control of Structures.” Journal of Vibration and Control, vol. 23, no. 18, 2015, pp.
2926–2941, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077546315623876.
[5] “Damping Properties of a Damper Using an Elastomer Particle Assemblage
Containing Fine Particles.” JSEM, Vol.1, no. 2016, 9 June 2016, pp. 99–104.
[6] Morishita, Yusuke, and Yasushi Ido. “Basic Damping Property of a Double-Rod Type
Damper Utilizing an Elastomer Particle Assemblage.” JSEM, Vol.. 1, no. 2016, 13
July 2016, pp. 93–98.
[7] Sorace, Stefano, et al. “Shaking Table and Numerical Seismic Performance Evaluation
of a Fluid Viscous-Dissipative Bracing System.” Earthquake Spectra, vol. 28, no. 4,
2012, pp. 1619–1642, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000083.
[8] Li, Luxin, et al. “Simultaneous Layout and Size Optimization of Nonlinear Viscous
Dampers for Frame Buildings under Stochastic Seismic Excitation.” Engineering
Structures, vol. 273, 2022, p. 115067, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115067.

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 [9] Farahpour, Hengameh, and Farzad Hejazi. “Development of Adjustable Fluid Damper
Device for the Bridges Subjected to Traffic Loads.” Structures, vol. 47, 2023, pp.
1295–1322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.11.136.
[10] Abdi, H, et al. “Evaluation of Response Modification Factor for Steel
Structures with Soft Story Retrofitted by Viscous Damper Device.” Advances in
Structural Engineering, vol. 19, no. 8, 2016, pp. 1275–1288,
https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433216642036.
[11] Ohtori, Y., et al. “Benchmark Control Problems for Seismically Excited
Nonlinear Buildings.” Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol. 130, no. 4, 2004, pp.
366–385, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2004)130:4(366).

M. Tech. Thesis

[1] Chachapara, Vijay. “Seismic Response Control of a Building Using Passive Devices.”
M.Tech Thesis (Nirma University), May 2011.
[2] Patel, Abhishek. “Characterization and Implementation of Hysteretic Device in Steel
Structure.” M.Tech Thesis (Nirma University), May 2022.

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