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CHAPTER 2 BUSINESS ETHICS 1

Chapter 2

BUSINESS ETHICS

A. Law versus Ethics D. Ethical Responsibilities of Business

B. Ethical Theories 1. Regulation of Business
1. Ethical Fundamentalism 2. Corporate Governance
2. Ethical Relativism 3. Arguments Against Social Responsibility
3. Utilitarianism a. Profitability
4. Deontology b. Unfairness
5. Social Ethics Theories c. Accountability
6. Other Theories d. Expertise
C. Ethical Standards in Business 4. Arguments in Favor of Social Responsibility
1. Choosing an Ethical System a. The Social Contract
2. Corporations as Moral Agents b. Less Government Regulation
c. Long-Run Profits

Cases in This Chapter

(NOTE: These are not actual court cases, but original vignettes which pose ethical problems in business
situations. A discussion guide for each is found prior to the answers to problems at the end of this instructor’s
manual chapter.)
Pharmacon Drug Company JLM, Inc.
Mykon’s Dilemma Sword Technology, Inc.
Oliver Winery, Inc Vulcan, Inc.

Chapter Outcomes
After reading and studying this chapter, the student should be able to:
Describe the difference between law and
ethics. Compare the various ethical theories.
Describe cost-benefit analysis and explain when it should be used and when it should be avoided.
Explain Kohlberg’s stages of moral development.
Explain the ethical responsibilities of business.
 TEACHING NOTES

Ethics can be broadly defined as the study of what is right or good for human beings. It pursues the question of
what people ought to do and what goals they should pursue.
Business ethics, as a branch of applied ethics, is the study and determination of right and good in
business settings.
Ethical questions apply to relationships among and between:
• a business and its employees
• a business and its customers
• a business and its owners
• competing businesses

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CHAPTER 2 BUSINESS ETHICS 2

• a business and society at large

• businesses and countries at an international level

In business ethics, it is helpful to employ a seeing-knowing-doing model in which the decision maker
follows these steps:
• See (identify) the ethical issues in the proposed conduct and any alternative options
• Know (resolve) which is the best option
• Do (implement) the chosen option

A. LAW VERSUS ETHICS

*** Chapter Outcome ***

Describe the difference between law and ethics.

Law is strongly affected by moral concepts (ethics), but law and morality are not the same. Legality is often a
reliable guide to ethical behavior, but it cannot be relied upon as a perfect standard. Legal acts may be immoral,
illegal acts may be moral.

B. ETHICAL THEORIES

*** Chapter Outcome ***

Compare the various ethical theories.

Certain ethical rules are based on theory rather than experimentation (a priori reasoning).
Ethical Fundamentalism
Also called absolutism. Individuals look to a central authority or set of rules for guidance, e.g., the Bible, the
Koran, the writings of Karl Marx.
Ethical Relativism
A theory under which actions must be judged by what individuals subjectively feel is right or wrong for
themselves. Although bearing some similarities, the doctrine of situational ethics differs substantially in that it
requires one to judge another person’s actions by first putting oneself into that person’s situation.
Utilitarianism
Those actions that produce the greatest net pleasure, compared to net pain, are better in a moral sense. Act
utilitarianism assesses each separate act in order to determine whether it produces net pleasure over pain.
Rule utilitarianism supports rules that at their inception would appear to be the best hope of producing
maximum pleasure for the greatest number of people.

*** Chapter Outcome ***

Describe a cost-benefit analysis and explain when it should be used and when it should be avoided.

Utilitarian notions of moral correctness are the basis for the concept of making a cost-benefit analysis in
a managerial decision. The purpose of a cost-benefit analysis is to choose the most cost effective method
for pursuing a goal after comparing the costs and benefits of proposed alternatives. If increasing net
wealth, especially on a short-term basis, is the goal, a sound cost-benefit analysis is a helpful tool.

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CHAPTER 2 BUSINESS ETHICS 3

Deontology

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CHAPTER 2 BUSINESS ETHICS 4

From the Greek word deon, meaning duty or obligation; stresses that certain principles are always right or
wrong, no matter the outcome. Actions should be judged by means and motives, rather than only results.

NOTE: See textbook discussion of Immanuel Kant’s deontological theories.

Social Ethics Theories

Focus on a person’s obligations to other members of society and also on individual rights and obligations.
Social egalitarians believe that society should provide all persons with equal goods and services irrespective of
their contributions to the society’s overall wealth.
Distributive justice also considers the needs and rights of all people, yet stresses the equality of
opportunity, not of results.
Libertarians claim that differences in wealth simply demonstrate different levels of skill in the marketplace.
Taking wealth earned by some and giving it to others is unfair.
Other Theories
Intuitionism holds that all rational people possess the ability to decide the rightness of an action, though
some people have more insight into ethical behavior than others.
The “good person” philosophy is similar, and declares that to act morally, we should emulate those who
seem to always choose the “good” or “right” choice.
“Television Test" judges the appropriateness of a decision based on whether we would be comfortable
with having that decision known by all the world, as if it had been broadcast on television.

C. ETHICAL STANDARDS IN BUSINESS

*** Chapter Outcome ***

Explain Kohlberg’s stages of moral development.

Choosing an Ethical System

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development provides insight into ethical decision making. Under Kohlberg’s
model, people progress through stages of moral development basically as a function of age and education. The
pre-conventional or childhood stage, is one where a person’s moral perspective is based only on a
punishment/reward concept. The conventional or adolescent stage is one where an individual conforms his
behavior to meet group or peer expectations. Some people may reach the third, or post-conventional, adult level
where individuals conform to internalized moral principles simply because they understand why the principles
are right.

NOTE: See Figure 2-1, Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Some psychologists assert that most people function in all three of Kohlberg's stages simultaneously.

Corporations as Moral Agents

Because a corporation is a statutorily created entity, is not clear whether it should be held to a standard of
moral accountability.

D. ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF BUSINESS

Some regulation has always been necessary to check overreaching greed in our system of modified capitalism.

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CHAPTER 2
***BUSINESS
Chapter ETHICS
Outcome *** 5

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CHAPTER 2 BUSINESS ETHICS 6

Explain the ethical responsibilities of business.

Regulation of Business
According to Adam Smith’s model for the perfect capitalistic system, governmental oversight is necessary, but
should be limited. Beyond setting the rules and enforcing them, Smith felt that government should stand aside.
Increased governmental intervention has occurred, however, because this model cannot be relied on to achieve
objectives such as national defense, conservation of natural resources, health and safety, and social security.
Successful government regulation involves carefully balancing regulations that attempt to preserve
competition and those that attempt to advance other social objectives.

Corporate Governance
The demand for ethical and social responsibility of business also results from the sheer size, and therefore
power, of individual corporations. Many people — and even members of the corporate community itself —
believe that companies have an obligation to sponsor projects that benefit society in ways beyond the
economics of producing goods and services.

Arguments Against Social Responsibility

Profitability — Since corporations are artificial entities established for profit-making activities, their only social
obligation should be to return as much money as possible to the direct stakeholders, the shareholders.
Unfairness — Whenever corporations engage in social activities such as supporting the arts or education,
they divert funds rightfully belonging to the shareholders and/or the employees to unrelated third parties.
Accountability — A corporation may decide to support a variety of social causes but, unlike a
governmental body, will be required to submit to little public scrutiny.
Expertise — Although a corporation may have a high level of expertise in selling its goods and services, it
may not be able to carry on social activities with the same degree of competence.

Arguments in Favor of Social Responsibility

A corporation’s primary objective is to make a return on its investment by producing a quality product at a
fair price. Most people agree, however, that corporations have obligations beyond making a profit and
avoiding harm to others.
The Social Contract — Since society allows for the creation of corporations and gives them special rights,
including a grant of limited liability, this argument holds that corporations reciprocally owe a responsibility
to our society.

NOTE: See Figure 2-2, The Stakeholder Model.

Less Government Regulation — When corporations act responsibly, regulation becomes unnecessary. In
addition, by taking a more proactive role in aiding with society’s problems, corporations create a climate
of trust and respect that may make government more lenient in regulations.
Long-Run Profits — Corporate involvement in social causes has the effect of creating goodwill which
simply makes good business sense from a long-run profit perspective.

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CHAPTER 2 BUSINESS ETHICS 7

CASE
Pharmakon Drug Company
ISSUES:

The general issue is the appropriateness of affirmative action in the private sector. Does the use of affirmative
action when a company is downsizing differ from when a company is hiring or conferring other benefits?
The specific issue is how should Pharmakon implement its layoffs and what criteria should it use?

OPTIONS: Layoffs and/or terminations should be based on which one or combination of the following?
1) Cause
2) Merit based on a newly established, reliable, and valid evaluation system
3) Seniority
4) Proportionate (maintain the current percentage of minority employees)
5) Enhancement of minority (increase the percentage of minorities)
6) Encourage voluntary retirement (either with or without incentives)
7) Lottery
8) Pay cuts across the board
9) Other

ANALYSIS OF THE VARIOUS OPTIONS:

How does each of the options impact the following goals of Pharmakon?
1) Productivity
2) Fiscal soundness
3) Minority presence and preservation of minority gains
4) Employee morale
5) Potential for lawsuits
6) Public and community reaction
7) Shareholder reaction
8) Balancing of rights of current employees against past corporate/societal discrimination

DECISION:
Have students justify their recommendations.

ADDITIONAL DISCUSSION:
• Affirmative Action: Discuss the benefits and costs of affirmative action.
• Diversity: How does one place a value on diversity? How should a diversity policy be implemented?
• Equality: How is equality determined—by outcome or by opportunity?
• Political Correctness: What is political correctness? Is it appropriate? Is it relevant to the issues
raised in Pharmakon?

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CHAPTER 2 BUSINESS ETHICS 8

CASE
Mykon’s Dilemma
ISSUES:
1) Supply—How much of the fungus do you use immediately? How much do you conserve for
future use?
2) Allocation—How should the drug be allocated?
3) Pricing—At what price should the drug be sold?

ALLOCATION OPTIONS — The drug should be distributed on which one or which combination of
the following criteria?
1) Based on how long a patient has been seeking medical assistance
2) Triage system—those that are in the most desperate condition get the medication first
3) Only to asymptomatic HIV patients
4) Based on fault —give priority to less culpable victims
5) Free market—the highest bidders
6) Lottery—(a) charge everyone who enters the lottery with the winners receiving the drug without
additional charge or (b) an open lottery with the winners receiving the right to purchase the drug
7) Based on patient’s nationality— (a) by the percentage of the company’s business in that country; (b)
by the percentage of patients in that country, (c) by the percentage of the company’s employees in
that country, (d) by the percentage of stockholders in that country, or (e) by some other nationality-
based criteria
8) Give priority to stockholders of the company
9) Give priority to citizens of the country in which the fungus grows
10) Relinquish the decision to a governmental or international body

PRICING OPTIONS —
1) Free market
2) Like any other new drug
3) Free—to all or to some patients
4) A healthy profit margin—that is, a profit higher than the industry norm

ANALYSIS OF THE VARIOUS OPTIONS:

How does each of the options impact the following goals and concerns?
1) Fairness—to patients, stockholders, US citizens, other nationals, and those who cannot afford to pay
2) What can or should be done to prevent a black market in the drug?
3) Can and should a sufficient quantity of the fungus be preserved for future research?

DECISION:
Have the students justify their decision.

ADDITIONAL DISCUSSION:
• Can this case be decided without determining who lives and who dies?
• Who should make this type of decision: The company? A government? An international body?

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CHAPTER 2 BUSINESS ETHICS 9

CASE
Oliver Winery, Inc.

ISSUES:
Should the company manufacture the new line of wine and, if so, under what conditions?

OPTIONS:
1) Do not manufacture
2) Do not manufacture and try to prevent others from manufacturing this type of wine
3) Manufacture without company’s name on the wine
4) Manufacture with company’s name on the wine
5) Manufacture and invest a percentage of the profits in education or rehabilitation
6) Manufacture and put a warning on the bottle
7) Manufacture and refuse to sell in certain neighborhoods

ANALYSIS OF THE VARIOUS OPTIONS:

How do these options affect the following stakeholders?
1) Oliver Winery
2) Habitual drinkers
3) Non-habitual drinkers
4) Retailers
5) Community

DECISION:
Have the students justify their decision.
1) Does this decision differ from the decision of a company that is already producing the wine as to
whether it should continue to manufacture or not?
2) Does this decision vary or differ between a privately held company and a publicly traded company?

ADDITIONAL DISCUSSION:
1) What is the social responsibility of business?
2) What is the intent in this type of target marketing?
3) Is target marketing appropriate (a) in this case or (b) ever?
4) Should the Reverend resign?
5) If the company does not produce the wine, will the decision have any effect?
6) What would happen if all producers stopped producing this type of wine?
7) Does this situation differ from the sale of (a) Tobacco? (b) Guns, especially ñSaturday night specialsî?
(c) Illegal drugs? (d) High cholesterol foods?

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CHAPTER 2 BUSINESS ETHICS 10

CASE
JLM, Inc.
ISSUES:

The general issue is what policy should JLM adopt regarding letters of references.

The specific issue is what should JLM do about the particular individuals involved.

OPTIONS:
1) Adopt a no reference policy
2) Adopt a policy that permits references to be written by certain specified employees
3) Allow references on a case by case basis
4) Permit references to be given
5) Provide (or not provide) references for each of the individuals involved
6) Allow employees to provide references as individuals but not as agents of the company

ANALYSIS OF THE VARIOUS OPTIONS

1) What is the rationale behind a no reference policy?
2) What is the rationale in favor of providing references?
3) What are the ethics of each of these policies? Is not providing references deception by silence?
4) Should states adopt laws to protect companies from tort liability (defamation) for
providing references? Explain.
5) Should a company be held liable for negligent hiring? When?
6) Should the law enforce an employee’s promise not to sue made in consideration of the
employer’s providing a letter of reference?
7) Who is harmed by no reference policies?
8) Should JLM provide references for the particular individuals involved in this case? Explain.
9) For whom are you most inclined to provide a reference? The least inclined? Explain.
10) What is the cost to JLM of each option? What is the cost to society in general?

DECISION:
Have students justify their recommendations.

ADDITIONAL DISCUSSION:
• Employment at will—Is it fair? Explain.
• Right to lie—Is it ever appropriate to lie in business? If so, when?
• Society’s responsibility—Should there be laws regulating this area? Explain.

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CHAPTER 2 BUSINESS ETHICS 11

CASE
Sword Technology, Inc.
ISSUES:

Should the company follow the legal and ethical practices of its home country or the legal and ethical
practices of the host country?

SITUATION DISCUSSION
Transfer Payments •Is a cost/benefit analysis appropriate?
•Is it significant that other companies do it?

Customs Expediting Is it legal and ethical in home country? In host country? (Probably is
not a violation of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.)

Campaign Contributions Is it legal and ethical in home country? In host country? (Probably is a
violation of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.)

Lake Tahoe Is it legal and ethical in home country? In host country? (Probably is a
violation of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.)

Design of Plant Is it legal and ethical in home country? In host country?

Child Labor •Is it legal and ethical in home country? In host country?
•Who is causing the harm? Does that matter?
•Is a cost/benefit analysis appropriate?

Discrimination •Is it legal and ethical in home country? In host country?

• Is it fair?

Nepotism •Is it legal and ethical in home country? In host country?

• Is it fair?

DECISION:
Have the students justify their decision.

ADDITIONAL DISCUSSION:
• Does the decision whether to follow the home or host country’s practice depend on the level of
economic development of each country?
• Should a host country’s practice be permissible if the home country would do the same if it were at
the same economic stage as the host country?
• Are there moral minimums that must be satisfied in all countries? Are any of these moral
minimums applicable to any of the ethical issues raised in this case?

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CHAPTER 2 BUSINESS ETHICS 12

CASE
Vulcan, Inc.
ISSUES:

What circumstances constitute insider trading? Is it ethical to use non-disclosed agents to buy land for a price
lower than its known (but undisclosed) value?

ACTION DISCUSSION
Stock Options Was it ethical to issue stock options to the executives who
knew about the impending land acquisition and mineral
strike?

Misleading Press Release Although the press release issued in response to rumors was
technically accurate, its downplaying of the situation is
misleading. Is this a legal or ethical practice?

Land Acquisition Is it legal and ethical to use multiple non-disclosed agents to

mask the volume and value of land purchases in order to
obtain land at a price lower than its actual value?
Is it ethical to buy land at a low price, knowing its value is
going to go up, then sell it at the elevated price?

Stock Purchase by Executives Who Is this insider trading?

Know About Mineral Find

Stock Purchase by Eavesdropper Who Is this insider trading?

Does Not Know Executives
Is this insider trading?
Stock Purchase by Security Guard
Who Gets Tip From Executive
Is this insider trading?
Stock Purchase by Agent Who Knows
About Land Purchases

Stock Purchase by Friends and Family Is this insider trading?

of Executives Who Know About
Mineral Find

Stock Purchase by Stockbroker (and Is this insider trading?

His Clients) Who Notices Other
Unusual Purchases

DECISION:
Have the students justify their decision.

ADDITIONAL DISCUSSION:
• Is there ever a time when it is ethical and legal to buy stocks based on insider information?

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CHAPTER 2 BUSINESS ETHICS 13

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

1. You have an employee who has a chemical imbalance in the brain that causes him to be
severely unstable. The medication that is available to deal with this schizophrenic
condition is extremely powerful and decreases the taker's life span by one to two years for
every year that the user takes it. You know that his doctors and family believe that it is in
his best interest to take the medication. What course of action should you follow?
Answer: Arguments Against Social Responsibility. This question illustrates one scenario where
arguments against corporate social responsibility could come into play. If you take the “anti-
social responsibility” position that a corporation has -- as its primary objective -- a
fundamental responsibility to maximize profits, the employer could make the medication a
requirement for the employee to remain in the workforce. It could be argued that this
decision may also decrease the possibility of injury or deterioration in working conditions
for other employees. The other side of the argument, however, is that this type of decision is
too personal for a corporation to make. The ultimate determination should reside with the
employee and it should be his free decision to take or not take the medication. This puts the
responsibility back where it belongs, on the employee and his family.

2. You have a very shy employee from another country. After a time, you notice that the quality
of her performance is deteriorating rapidly. You find an appropriate time to speak with her
and determine that she is extremely distraught. She tells you that her family has arranged a
marriage for her and that she refuses to obey their contract. She further states to you that
she is thinking about committing suicide. Two weeks later, after her poor performance
continues, you determine that she is on the verge of a nervous breakdown; and once again
she informs you that she is going to commit suicide. What should you do? Consider further
that you can petition a court to have her involuntarily committed to a mental hospital. You
know, however, that her family would consider such a commitment an extreme insult and
that they might seek retribution. Does this prospect alter your decision?
Answer: Arguments For Social Responsibility. A good, responsible manager would be hard-
pressed to demand that the employee either improve her on-the-job performance or face
dismissal. However, initiating an involuntary committal to a mental hospital could constitute
an improper invasion of rights with many legal repercussions. An interim step of providing
appropriate psychological social counseling (perhaps at company expense) would seem to
best fit into the concept of good corporate management. This would benefit not only the
individual, but the corporation may be able to keep a valued employee. The cost of
counseling is likely to be less expensive than hiring and training a new employee.

3. You receive a telephone call from a company that you never do business with requesting
a reference on one of your employees, Mary Sunshine. You believe that Mary is generally
incompetent and would be delighted to see her take another job. You give her a glowing
reference. Is this right? Explain.
Answer: Utilitarianism. Pawning off an incompetent employee would certainly help the
profitability of an employer. However, relatively accurate referrals are expected, and good
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CHAPTER 2 BUSINESS ETHICS 14

corporate citizenship would impose a moral responsibility to act properly. The employer
would be better advised to give a more accurate, but not overly negative, description of
Mary’s job performance (while staying within the conditional privilege of avoiding a
defamation action), rather than generate animosity and gain a reputation as a liar among
other businesses in the area.

4. You have just received a report suggesting that a chemical your company uses in its
manufacturing process is very dangerous. You have not read the report, but you are
generally aware of its contents. You believe that the chemical can be replaced fairly easily,
but that if word gets out, panic may set in among employees and community members. A
reporter asks if you have seen the report, and you say no. Is your behavior right or wrong?
Explain.
Answer: Utilitarianism. Weighing the arguments for profitability to shareholders and fairness to
shareholders and employees against the arguments for good corporate citizenship and long-
run profits, an appropriate response might be that you are aware of the report but haven’t
thoroughly read or studied it. Proceeding with a course that acknowledges (at least
internally) past dangerous practices, while immediately correcting the current problems, and
correcting future problems in a timely manner, may be an appropriate legal as well as moral
response to this problem. This is one of the reasons many corporations have a corporate
spokesperson to give appropriate and consistent responses.

5. You and Joe Jones, your neighbor and friend, bought lottery tickets at the corner drugstore.
While watching the lottery drawing on television with you that night, Joe leaped from the
couch, waved his lottery ticket, and shouted, “I've got the winning number!” Suddenly, he
clutched his chest, keeled over, and died on the spot. You are the only living person who
knows that Joe, not you, bought the winning ticket. If you substitute his ticket for yours, no
one will know of the switch, and you will be $10 million richer. Joe's only living relative is a
rich aunt whom he despised. Will you switch his ticket for yours? Explain.
Answer: Fundamentalism. Perhaps an advocate of utilitarianism or social egalitarianism might
feel that switching the ticket would be morally appropriate on the premise that it maximized
pleasure and was an appropriate distribution of wealth. However, such a moral
rationalization would demonstrate the flaws in both theories. There is no escaping the fact
that switching the tickets would be improper under the law and most moral theories.

6. Omega, Inc., a publicly held corporation, has assets of $100 million and annual earnings in
the range of $13–$15 million. Omega owns three aluminum plants, which are profitable,
and one plastics plant, which is losing $4 million a year. The plastics plant shows no sign of
ever becoming profitable, because of its very high operating costs; and there is no evidence
that the plant and the underlying real estate will increase in value. Omega decides to sell the
plastics plant. The only bidder for the plant is Gold, who intends to use the plant for a new
purpose, to introduce automation, and to replace all present employees. Would it be ethical
for Omega to turn down Gold's bid and keep the plastics plant operating indefinitely, for the
purpose of preserving the employees' jobs? Explain.

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very sweet, pretty girl, and is generally thought a very amiable one.
Beside which, it is well known she will have a very handsome
fortune.”
“That is all very true, and I admire Maria exceedingly; but,
unfortunately, there is an insurmountable obstacle in the way.”
“You mean, I suppose, that you are not in love, whatever she
may be.”
“I have no reason to imagine that she is any more in love with
me than I am with her.”
“But may it not be worth while, my young friend,” said Mr.
Woodford, in a serious tone, “to consider whether this love which
young people are so apt to think indispensable, is really so essential
as they imagine. I am myself disposed to think that if there is care
taken to choose a partner with amiable dispositions and correct
principles, there would be as much real happiness found in the end,
as if they allowed themselves to be wholly guided by the love that is
proverbially blind.”
“But if the little god has happened to stumble in the way first,”
said Horton, laughing, “what is to be done then?”
“Ah, true, that is another matter. I forgot at the time what was
whispered about that pretty little Miss Shirley, who paid your mother
so long a visit last summer. She was, indeed, a very fine girl, and as
she and Lucy have been such great friends ever since they became
acquainted, I would advise you, if you are not quite sure of your
ground, to bespeak the interest of your old school-fellow and
playmate. What say you, Lucy? You would do your best to aid
Norman’s cause, would you not?” But Lucy, who had before been
sewing at a wonderful rate, just at the moment her father appealed
to her, happened to drop her needle, so that when he paused for a
reply, she was too much occupied in searching the carpet to give it.
“Let me assist you,” said Horton, but before he reached the place
where the needle had dropt, she had found it, and risen from her
bending posture.
“Why, my child, you have sent all the blood of your body into
your face, by stooping to search for that foolish needle,” said her
father. And, indeed, the poor girl’s face was a perfect scarlet, and
the beautifully defined shades of white and red, which were amongst
her striking beauties, were completely destroyed.
“You haven’t told us yet,” continued the father, as Lucy made a
slight effort to shake back the bright auburn tresses which seemed
to try to curtain her face till it recovered its usual hue, “whether you
will give Norman your vote and interest.”
“Oh, certainly, papa! Norman knows well enough it will always
give me pleasure to be of service to him,” said the young girl, but in
consequence, perhaps, of the blood having been forced into her
head, her voice had not its sweet silvery sound, but seemed husky
and scarcely audible.
“As soon as I have settled Hinckley’s affair, I believe I shall be
tempted to come and make a trial of your kindness,” said the young
man; “but as long as I am in his clutches, it would be inexcusable in
me to try to involve any other person in my fortunes.”
“We will soon give him his quietus,” returned Mr. Woodford;
“Lucy, dear, where did I put those notes?”
“I don’t know, papa, I never saw them. Indeed I didn’t know you
had received them till I heard you mention it just now.”
“That’s strange! You are always with me, and know every thing I
either do or say.”
“But you know you sent me yesterday morning to see brother
Henry, when sister sent word he was sick; and I suppose the
gentleman came while I was away.”
“Ah, true, so he did; and where was I dear—what room was I in.
Sickness has destroyed my memory so entirely that I cannot
remember any thing.”
“I left you in the breakfast-room reading, and when I came back,
you were in this room lying down.”
“Yes, I remember now, I felt what I thought were premonitory
symptoms of spasms, and hastened to lie down. But no doubt I put
the notes by first, though where I don’t recollect. Go, dear, and look
in my desk. You will probably find them in the large red pocket-book
or in one of the little drawers, or—”
“I will look everywhere, papa,” interrupted Lucy, who had now
recovered her voice and natural color, and immediately left the room.
 “It seems a strange thing,” said Mr. Woodford, turning to his
companion, “that I should be so careless about such a sum of
money; but the fact is, I had already set my house in order, as far as
money matters are concerned, and was therefore almost sorry to
have my mind called back to such a subject, from things of so much
higher importance.”
“There is one thing, however, in the business,” said Norman,
“which cannot fail to be gratifying, and that is the proof your friend
has given of his honorable feelings.”
“Yes, that gave me sincere pleasure; and, indeed, I don’t pretend
to say that the money itself was not very acceptable, for though we
have had enough to live upon comfortably whilst all together, it will
be but a small portion for each when divided amongst my large
family.”
Lucy now returned to the room, but with a look of
disappointment. The notes were no where to be found. Again and
again she was sent on various errands of search, but all proved
equally fruitless.
“I should not wonder, after all,” said the invalid, “if I merely put
them into my pocket till you came home;” and as he spoke he began
to draw one piece of paper out of his pockets after another—but the
right ones were not there.
“Papa,” said Lucy, and the color almost forsook her cheeks, “you
gave me some paper out of your pocket last night to light the lamp
with.”
“And what sort of paper was it?” asked the father.
“It was too dark for me to see it, but it felt soft and thin.”
“Was it single or double?”
“It was double; but I cannot tell whether it was in one or two
pieces.”
“What did you do with the part that was not consumed? If the
number is left, the money may still be obtained.”
“I threw it into the fire,” replied Lucy, in a mournful tone.
“Then I am afraid it is gone,” said the father “But keep up your
spirits, Norman, I have promised my aid, and you shall have it,
unless death overtake me before I have time to make the
arrangement. I cannot think of letting one so deserving be trodden
on by the foot of persecution.”
“For myself,” returned Horton, “it would not be of much
consequence to have to begin the world again, even with very
limited means. I am young and healthy, and have had an education
which has put many resources in my power. But my poor mother! It
would go hard, indeed, at her age, and with her delicate health, to
be turned away from the scene of all her early pleasures, and which
is endeared to her by a thousand tender associations.”
“It must not be,” said the invalid; “and I will see after the
business as soon as I have taken a little rest; but at present I feel
rather exhausted.”
Horton then took leave, and Lucy, after assisting her father to lie
down, resumed her accustomed seat, and began to sew, her active
mind keeping pace with her no less active fingers. With painful
anxiety she dwelt on the state of her only surviving parent, and on
the loneliness and destitution in which she would be left were he to
be taken from her. It was true she had a brother older than herself,
but she remembered with a sigh, how little either he or his wife
were calculated to fill up the vacuum. The rest of the children were
all younger than herself, and were consequently of an age rather to
require protection than to render it. A sister of her father’s had
promised to remain with the younger branches of the family, but
though a well-meaning woman, she was but a poor substitute for
the parent that was about to be taken from her. Then her thoughts
would turn to Norman Horton’s embarrassments, and to the distress
of his poor mother—and the tears of sympathy often filled her soft
beautiful eyes, though they were as often dashed away, lest they
should be observed by her father. Indeed, the gentle, self-denying
girl, had learnt to deprive herself, almost wholly, of the luxury of
tears, from an anxiety to keep her parent’s mind composed and
tranquil. But nature would sometimes have its course, and on this
day it was unusually imperative. “It would be strange if I did not feel
for Mrs. Horton,” she argued with herself, as if anxious to find an
excuse for the tears which in spite of her utmost efforts would
course each other down her cheeks. “It would be most ungrateful of
me did I not do so, for ever since mother’s death she has behaved
to me with even maternal tenderness. It is true I have not seen
much of her of late, but that is certainly not owing to any fault of
hers.” The truth is that since the visit of Miss Shirley to Mrs. Horton,
Norman and Lucy had met much less frequently than formerly. That
young lady had hinted to Lucy the probability of an engagement
taking place between herself and Norman, and as he had since that
time been a much less frequent visiter at Mr. Woodford’s, Lucy
concluded that the engagement had actually taken place. It was a
subject which she had never ventured either to inquire into, or even
to examine her own bosom upon, for though in the habit of
scrutinizing her thoughts and feelings on all others, on this one she
was a complete coward, and preferred remaining in ignorance to
risking the result of an investigation. It was true that from what
Norman had said that morning, it was evident no actual engagement
yet existed, but as it was equally evident that it was a thing he
desired, she was determined to use whatever influence she had in
forwarding his wishes, though she at the same time felt ashamed of
the strange sensations that the probability of being called upon to
perform such an office, excited in her mind. She was, however,
routed from these interesting though painful reveries by the voice of
her father. On going to his bed-side she was exceedingly alarmed at
the expression of his countenance, and the blueness round his
mouth, which always preceded one of his severe attacks.
“Go, Lucy,” said he, in a feeble voice, “and look in the private
drawer in my writing-desk. I had my desk open to write a receipt,
and I may perhaps have put the notes in that drawer.”
“But, papa, you will be left alone,” objected the daughter.
“Send your aunt to me,” returned the invalid, “and look well, for I
am exceedingly anxious on poor Norman’s account.”
Lucy did as desired, but with a faint and trembling heart; first,
however, dispatching one of her brothers to summon the doctor, for
there was a something about her father’s look that seemed to say,
they would soon be an orphan family.
The writing-desk was diligently searched, and every paper it
contained carefully examined, but in vain, and she was just turning
the key to lock it again, when she was hastily called by her aunt,
who said her father had made two or three attempts to speak, but
she could not understand him. Lucy ran with all the speed of which
she was capable to the bed-side of the invalid, but could scarcely
restrain a scream of horror at sight of the frightful change that had
taken place in the few minutes she had been absent. The blueness
that she had before observed around his mouth had extended to his
lips, and his whole face wore that expression that all who have
attended the bed of death know as the indications of approaching
dissolution. The moment she appeared he motioned to her to put
her head close to his mouth, when he said, in a voice scarcely
audible, “I know now, they are in the—” but the last word, though
evidently spoken, could not be heard.
“Never mind the notes, dear papa,” cried Lucy, in an agony of
distress, “only keep yourself composed and let them take their
chance.”
But the dying man shook his head, and again attempted to
speak. “Look in the—” but again the word died away, and though
the anxious girl laid her ear close to the blue and stiffening lips, she
was unable to catch a shadow of the sound which they emitted.
After lying a few minutes as if to collect the small portion of strength
yet remaining, the sufferer made another effort, and again Lucy put
her ear to his now cold lips, and stretched every faculty to catch the
sound, far more, however, for the sake of satisfying him, than on
account of the money itself; but the word “in” was all she could
distinguish. Distressed beyond measure at seeing his ineffectual
efforts, she cried, “Don’t attempt to speak, dear papa, but let me
guess, and if I am right only make a motion of assent.” She then
guessed the breakfast-table drawer, the drawer in her own work-box,
and a variety of similar places, but received no intimation in return.
Whilst thus engaged the physician arrived, who, struck with the
extreme stillness of his patient, endeavored to raise his head, but in
so doing he found that life was already extinct, and the spirit which
had made its last effort in an attempt to aid a fellow-creature, had
burst its prison bars.
 We pass over the grief of the mourning family. Those who have
never experienced such an affliction could have little idea of it from
our description, and those who have already tasted the bitter cup,
have no need of any thing to give clearness to their perceptions.
Suffice it, then, to say, that after the first paroxysms of grief were
over, Lucy’s mind reverted to the state of her friends from whom she
had received many kind and sympathizing messages, and assurances
that nothing but severe sickness would have prevented Mrs. Horton
from offering them in person. After some consideration about how
she should act, Lucy determined it would only be right to inform
Norman of her father’s ineffectual efforts to serve him, and for this
purpose she sent a request that he would call upon her. He was not
long obeying the summons, and entered the room with a
countenance little less agitated than her own.
“I would not have waited to be told to come,” said he, in a tone
of deep feeling, “had I not been afraid of my visit being attributed to
a selfish motive.”
“I know well that selfishness forms no part of your character,”
replied Lucy, making a strong effort to speak with composure; “but
though my poor father was deprived of the pleasure of serving you,
I was anxious you should know that his very last efforts were made
in your behalf. Could I have made out his last words, you might still
have had the assistance you require.”
“I beg you will not trouble yourself any more about the matter,”
returned Horton, endeavoring to speak cheerfully. “The worst, I
believe, is now over, for the sheriff is already in possession of the
place.”
“And your mother?” said Lucy, raising her soft eyes in anxious
suspense to his face.
“She has been, and is still ill, but I hope she is gradually
becoming more resigned. Transplantation, however, will, I fear, go
hard with her.”
“Take care, Norman,” said Lucy, earnestly, “that you bring not
severe repentance upon yourself by exposing her to it.”
“But what can I do? I have no alternative. I have left no stone
unturned to procure the money; and if a few months had been
allowed me, I could easily have obtained it, but this is just the time
when everybody’s money is locked up.”
“Mr. Hinckley offered you an alternative,” said Lucy, timidly.
“And is it possible that you can advise me to accept it, Lucy! Can
you, who know what it is to love, offer me such advice?”
“Who told you I knew how to love?” asked Lucy, in a tone of
extreme alarm.
“I scarcely know whether it is honorable in me to repeat what
was told me in confidence, but I had it from Emma Shirley that you
had accepted the addresses of Joseph Constant.”
“Then she must have been trying the extent of your credulity,”
returned the young girl, with a look of ingenuousness that could not
for a moment be doubted, “for she knew very well that he was an
object of actual dislike to me.”
“And yet he has visited you for a long time both regularly and
frequently,” said Horton, whilst his eyes began to sparkle, and the
cloud that had for months overspread his fine countenance was
rapidly dispersing.
“He has come to the house both regularly and frequently, it is
true, but never with my consent. Brother Henry, I scarcely know
why, has undertaken to espouse his cause, and to bring him here.
Though exceedingly annoyed at the circumstance, I could not bear
to complain of it to papa, for fear of agitating him, and therefore
satisfied myself with taking good care that my own sentiments were
clearly understood.”
“Lucy,” said Horton, taking her hand tenderly, whilst a soul full of
happiness and affection beamed in his eyes, “as long as I believed
your heart to be disengaged, I used to flatter myself with the hope
of one day making it mine; and now that I find it is still at liberty, the
same fond hope is again swelling in my bosom and urging me to
renew my endeavors. Say, dearest Lucy, would the effort be
altogether a hopeless one?”
We cannot pretend to say what was Lucy’s reply, but we know
the hand he had taken still remained in his possession, when an
hour or two had elapsed and they began to think about the passage
of time. Never once during that period had the thought of old
Hinckley and his inveterate persecution entered their heads; or if for
a moment the circumstance of having but little to commence life
with obtruded itself on their recollection, it was met without fear or
apprehension. They were both young, vigorous and active, and
though they might have to work a little harder, their toil would be
sweetened by the delightful idea that they mutually labored for each
other.
“It will still be a hard struggle for my poor mother,” said Horton,
after his full heart had so far found vent as to enable him to turn his
thoughts once more on his sorrowing parent; “but she loves us both
too well to grieve long when she sees us so happy.”
“And though,” said Lucy, “she will have to live in a much smaller
house, and to exchange her large and beautiful garden for a very
circumscribed one, she will still have the rich garden of nature to
look at; and beside, she will have another child to watch over her,
and administer to her comfort.”
The day of sale arrived, and it having been proposed by Lucy
that Norman should bring his mother to spend that day with her,
that she might be out of the way of the noise and bustle with which
the house would necessarily be surrounded. The old lady came at an
early hour, and Lucy exerted her every art to amuse her, and divert
her mind from what was going on at home. As she was still a great
invalid, she was obliged to recline almost constantly on the sofa, but
she proved how much her thoughts clung to the home that was
about to be so cruelly taken away from her, by the frequent
questions she asked.
“Are the people beginning to gather yet, Lucy?” she asked, as
she observed Lucy’s face turned toward the window which
commanded a view of the place.
“Every thing seems very quiet yet,” returned her affectionate
attendant.
“I see two, three, nine, seven wagons,” said Lucy’s little sister.
“And I see a great many men riding,” said a little fellow still
younger than she who had just spoken. Lucy, anxious to stop the
children’s remarks, enticed them away from the window by giving
them a picture-book to look at. Then turning to Mrs. Horton, she
asked if she could not read something to her to amuse her.
“Amusement is out of the question, dear,” said the invalid, “but
you may read something that will give me a useful lesson. Take the
Bible, my child, and read the sermon on the mount. I always feel
myself a better woman after I have read it.”
Lucy took her father’s large quarto Bible, and the children,
leaving their own pictures, came to stand by her as she did so, for it
was beautifully illustrated, and they were anxious to see the
engravings, which they had seldom a chance of doing, as it was too
valuable a book for them to be allowed to touch themselves. But just
as Lucy was opening it, the little boy, who happened to turn his head
to the window, exclaimed, “Look! look at that man standing up
above all the rest, and flourishing something in his hand!” Mrs.
Horton heaved a deep sigh, and turned her face toward the back of
the sofa, whilst Lucy, making a motion to the children to be silent,
began to read. But just as she had pronounced the words, “Blessed
are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted,” a servant came to
tell her she was wanted, and giving the children permission (by way
of keeping them quiet) to look at the pictures whilst she was absent,
she left the room. She was not gone many minutes, but when she
came back she found that they had been disputing which should
turn over the leaves, and in the struggle they had let the ponderous
volume fall on the floor, where it still lay, with the leaves doubled in
all directions. Mortified to see a book that her father had always
forbidden the children to touch so abused, she ran to lift it up, and
as she did so, two pieces of paper fell from between some of the
leaves. But what was her surprise and delight, on looking at them, to
see they were the two lost notes. Uttering a scream of delight, she
ran out of the room, without even stopping to tell Mrs. Horton what
she had found, from the fear that the auctioneer’s hammer might fall
before she got within hearing. Camilla herself could scarcely have
flown more rapidly across the intermediate fields, and just at the
moment that the hammer was descending, evidently for the last
time, she contrived to make her cry of “stop! stop!” heard, and the
auctioneer’s hand was instantly arrested. The next moment Norman
was at her side. The rest may be easily imagined. There is none, we
presume, who will not rejoice at the defeat of Norman’s ungenerous
persecutor; nor is there a heart so cold as not to sympathize with
the invalid mother at finding she was still to remain in the home
endeared to her by so many tender reminiscences, or with the
young lovers, at the happy prospect that was opened out before
them by the recovery of the lost notes.
AN HOUR AMONG THE DEAD.
(WRITTEN IN A CEMETERY.)

———
BY J. BEAUCHAMP JONES.
———
Alone, withdrawn from all the thoughtless throng,
I seek in solitude a peaceful hour,
Nor deem that others who are gay are wrong,
If midst multipled cares they have such power.
But I would commune with my heavy heart
Beneath the foliage of this lonely bower;
Perchance a soothing vision here may start,
Or at my feet may rise some tender flower,
Refreshing to the wounded spirit’s thirst,
Which for the moment I may call my own,
Unlike the hopes and buds that gladdened first,
And paled and withered ’neath the world’s rude frown.
But hope seems vain, for round me sleep the dead,
Who quaffed their pleasures, and at last laid down,
While all the aims and sweets of life have fled,
And twining grass is now their mournful crown.

Yet there is something soothing in the air;

The thrush sings softly as it flits along;
The towering trees shut out the sun’s bold glare,
And round my temples breathes the wind’s low song:
A katy-did chirps on a marble urn,
The distant doves their plaintive moans prolong,
And sweet perfumes arise where’er I turn,
To woo a wand’rer from a world of wrong.
And why should one look further for a grave,
And seek vain pomps and plaudits ere he die?
Earth’s gold is venom, each great king a slave
To some vile passion, and enjoyments fly
We know not whither, but they ne’er return;
And memory brings but a tear or sigh
For moments lost, for bliss we once could spurn,
Bright dreams of youth, or friends that buried lie.

Under yon willow bending near the brook,

Where crystal waters glide the shrubs among—
Where a lone mortal, with abstracted look,
Is brooding o’er some grief his heart hath stung
Methinks that one might bid a last farewell,
To all the foes that here his bosom wrung,
And like the martyr who, forgiving, fell,
Ask no sad requiem o’er his ashes sung.
O, in the final and oblivious rest,
I would recline beneath such hallowed sod,
Where flowers sweet might bloom above my breast,
No longer mark for Slander’s pointed rod!
And yet a day must come when e’en the dead
Will bid adieu to the dark valley’s clod,
And all the just, with spotless pinions spread,
Shall soar above to their effulgent God!
GEMS FROM LATE READINGS.
 BY E. L. BULWER.
The soul really grand is only tested in its errors. As we know the
true might of the intellect by the rich resources and patient strength
with which it redeems a failure, so do we prove the elevation of the
soul by its courageous return into light—its instinctive rebound into
higher air—after some error that has darked its vision and soiled its
plumes.
 BY G. H. BOKER.
You tread on dangerous ground,
A mental bog that quakes beneath your feet.
These words would seem to come from humbleness,
And low opinion of yourself and man,
Yet are engendered by the rankest pride,
Arrayed in robes of meek humility—
Stop! the next step is infidelity!
Contempt for man begets contempt for God;
He who hates man, must scorn the source of man,
And challenge, as unwise, his awful Maker.
The next step, doubt—and then comes unbelief;
Last, you raise man above all else beside,
And make him chiefest in the universe.
So, from a self-contempt grows impious pride,
Which swells your first-thought pigmy to a giant,
And gives the puffed up atom fancied sway.
God is! Philosophy here ends her flight!
This is the height and term of human reason;
A fact that, like the whirling Norway pool,
Draws to its centre all things, swallows all.
How can you know God’s nature to Himself?
How learn His purpose in creating man?
Enough for you to know that here you are—
A thought of God made manifest on earth.
Ah, yet His voice is heard within the heart,
Faint, but oracular, it whispers there;
Follow that voice, love all, and trust to Him.
 BY MRS. D. ELLEN GODMAN.
I never see a fairy girl, with health’s glow upon her cheek, and
love’s light in her beaming eye; I never hear her silvery laugh, and
listen to the echo of her sweet voice, but I think of the darkness of
coming years. I have seen so many a beautiful thing wither and fall
to the grave; I have watched the overthrow of so many earthly
schemes, and noted the death of so many earthly hopes, that I
tremble for the trusting, warm heart, which I know must ere long
bleed over some faded dream or withered idol. I have stood by the
low, calm resting-place of age, where the aged man, with his snowy
locks, was sweetly sleeping; but I shed no tear over his fate. For
must it not be pleasant, after a long life of care and toil, and it may
be of suffering, to lie down at last in the grave, to bid adieu to a
changing world, and welcome the joys of everlasting life? But my
tears have watered the fresh sod beneath which slumbered the
young, the gay, the beautiful. I have wept, Heaven knows how
bitterly, over the blighting of youthful loveliness—over the faded
wreath of earthly love. But amid all the gloom, all the decay around,
there comes a soft, sweet whisper—a low, gentle breathing, as from
an angel’s lips, soothing the heart, and pouring into the bleeding
bosom the balm of consolation.

The following beautiful poem is taken from a volume recently

published in London, entitled, “Poems by a Sempstress,” and has
never been reprinted in this country. It possesses great merits, and
if the authorship be authentic, is certainly a remarkable production.

THE DREAMER.
Not in the laughing bowers,
Where, by green twining arms, a pleasant shade,
A summer-noon is made;
And where swift-footed hours
Steal the rich breath of the enamored flowers;
Dream I—nor where the golden glories be,
At sunset paving o’er the flowing sea,
And to pure eyes the faculty is giv’n
To trace the smooth ascent from earth to heaven.

Not on the couch of ease,

With all appliances of joys at hand;
Soft light, sweet fragrance, beauty at command,
Viands that might a god-like palate please,
And music’s soul-creative ecstasies;
Dream I—nor gloating o’er a wide estate,
Till the full, self-complacent heart, elate,
Well satisfied with bliss of mortal birth,
Sighs for an immortality on earth:

But where the incessant din

Of iron hands, and roar of brazen throats,
Join their unmingling notes;
While the long summer day is pouring in,
Till day is done, and darkness doth begin;
Dream I—or in the corner where I lie,
On winter nights, just covered from the sky;
Such is my fate, and barren as it seem,
Yet, thou blind soulless scorner! yet, I dream.

And, yet, I dream—

Dream what, were man more just, I might have been!
How strong, how fair, how kindly and serene,
Glowing of heart, and glorious of mien,
The conscious crown to Nature’s blissful scene;
In just and equal brotherhood to glean,
With all mankind, exhaustless pleasure keen:
Such is my dream.

And, yet, I dream—

I, the despised of fortune, lift mine eye,
Bright with the lustre of integrity,
In unappealing wretchedness on high,
And the last rage of destiny defy;
Resolved, alone to live—alone to die,
Nor swell the tide of human misery.

And, yet, I dream—

Dream of a sleep where dreams no more shall come;
My last, my first, my only welcome home!
Rest, unbeheld since life’s beginning stage,
Sole remnant of my glorious heritage
Unalienable, I shall find thee yet,
And in thy soft embrace, the past forget!
Thus do I dream.
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