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Class 10 Science 1 Chapter Notes Ch 9 Carbon compounds

Chapter 9 of Class 10 Science focuses on carbon compounds, defining key terms such as organic compounds, covalent bonds, and functional groups. It discusses the versatility of carbon, the classification of hydrocarbons, and the importance of homologous series and nomenclature systems. The chapter also covers the chemical properties of carbon compounds, including combustion, oxidation, and important examples like ethanol and ethanoic acid.

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21 views

Class 10 Science 1 Chapter Notes Ch 9 Carbon compounds

Chapter 9 of Class 10 Science focuses on carbon compounds, defining key terms such as organic compounds, covalent bonds, and functional groups. It discusses the versatility of carbon, the classification of hydrocarbons, and the importance of homologous series and nomenclature systems. The chapter also covers the chemical properties of carbon compounds, including combustion, oxidation, and important examples like ethanol and ethanoic acid.

Uploaded by

dnyan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class 10 Science 1 Chapter Notes Ch 9 Carbon compounds Chapter Notes

Basic Terms:
• Organic Compounds: Compounds that contain carbon as a primary constituent. Exceptions include
carbonates, bicarbonates, carbides, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, which are classified as
inorganic.
• Covalent Bond: A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These shared
electrons create a stable attraction between the atoms involved.
• Catenation: The ability of an element to form bonds with other atoms of the same element, resulting
in chains or rings. Carbon exhibits strong catenation, forming long chains and complex structures.
• Tetravalency: The property of an atom to form four bonds with other atoms. Carbon, with its four
valence electrons, is tetravalent and can form a wide variety of compounds by bonding with other
elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and halogens.
• Isomerism: The phenomenon where two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but
different structural arrangements of atoms. This leads to variations in the physical and chemical
properties of the isomers.
• Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen. They are further
classified into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
o Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes): Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between
carbon atoms.
o Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons containing at least one double bond (alkenes) or
triple bond (alkynes) between carbon atoms.
• Functional Group: A specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the
characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule. Functional groups determine the reactivity and
properties of organic compounds.
• Homologous Series: A group of organic compounds with the same functional group and a similar
structure, differing from each other by a CH2 unit. Members of a homologous series exhibit a gradual
change in physical properties and similar chemical properties.
• Monomer: A small molecule that can react with similar molecules to form a long chain molecule
(polymer).
• Polymer: A large molecule formed by the bonding of many repeating smaller units (monomers).
• Polymerization: The chemical reaction in which monomers join together to form a polymer.
Bonds in Carbon Compounds:
• Carbon compounds tend to have low melting and boiling points, suggesting weak intermolecular
forces.
• They are typically poor conductors of electricity, implying a lack of ionic bonds.
• Carbon achieves stability by sharing its four valence electrons to form covalent bonds.
• Types of Covalent Bonds in Carbon:

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Class 10 Science 1 Chapter Notes Ch 9 Carbon compounds Chapter Notes

o Single Bond: Sharing of one pair of electrons between two atoms.


o Double Bond: Sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms.
o Triple Bond: Sharing of three pairs of electrons between two atoms.
Carbon: A Versatile Element:
• Carbon forms an exceptionally large number of compounds (estimated to be around 10 million) due to
its unique properties.
• Reasons for Carbon's Versatility:
o Catenation: Carbon's ability to form strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms, leading
to the formation of long chains, branched chains, and rings.
o Multiple Bonds: Formation of single, double, and triple bonds between carbon atoms
increases the diversity of carbon compounds.
o Tetravalency: Carbon's ability to form four bonds with other atoms (carbon or other
elements) expands the possibilities for compound formation.
o Isomerism: The existence of isomers—compounds with the same molecular formula but
different structural arrangements—contributes to the large number of carbon compounds.
Hydrocarbons:
• Hydrocarbons are categorized based on the type of carbon-carbon bonds present in their structure:
o Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes): All carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds.
▪ Examples: Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Propane (C3H8)
o Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Contain at least one double bond (alkenes) or triple bond
(alkynes) between carbon atoms.
▪ Examples: Ethene (C2H4), Ethyne (C2H2), Propene (C3H6)
• Carbon Chain Structures:
o Straight Chain: Carbon atoms are linked in a continuous linear sequence.
o Branched Chain: One or more carbon atoms branch off the main carbon chain.
o Cyclic (Ring): Carbon atoms are connected in a closed loop or ring structure.
Functional Groups:
• Heteroatoms (atoms other than C and H) or groups containing heteroatoms that replace hydrogen
atoms in hydrocarbons.
• They impart specific chemical properties to the carbon compound, regardless of the carbon chain
length.
• Examples of Functional Groups:
o Alcohol (-OH): Example: Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
o Aldehyde (-CHO): Example: Ethanal (CH3CHO)
o Ketone (-CO-): Example: Propanone (CH3COCH3)
o Carboxylic Acid (-COOH): Example: Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)

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Class 10 Science 1 Chapter Notes Ch 9 Carbon compounds Chapter Notes

o Halo (-X, where X is a halogen): Example: Chloroethane (CH3CH2Cl)


o Amine (-NH2): Example: Methanamine
o (CH3NH2)
Homologous Series:
• A series of compounds with the same functional group but differing in the number of carbon atoms in
their structure. Each member differs from the previous member by a -CH2- unit.
• Characteristics:
o Gradual increase in physical properties (like boiling point) as the carbon chain length
increases.
o Similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group.
o Represented by a general molecular formula.
• Examples:
o Alkanes: General formula: CnH2n+2
o Alkenes: General formula: CnH2n
o Alkynes: General formula: CnH2n-2
o Alcohols: General formula: CnH2n+1OH
Nomenclature Systems of Carbon Compounds:
• Common Names: Early and often inconsistent naming system based on the source or properties of the
compound.
• IUPAC Nomenclature: A globally accepted systematic naming system based on the structure of the
carbon compound.
o Ensures unique names for all carbon compounds.
o Consists of three parts: Prefix - Parent - Suffix
▪ Prefix: Indicates the substituents (atoms or groups of atoms) attached to the main
carbon chain.
▪ Parent: Denotes the longest continuous carbon chain in the compound.
▪ Suffix: Specifies the functional group present in the compound.
Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds:
• Combustion:
o Rapid reaction with oxygen, producing heat, light, carbon dioxide, and water.
o Saturated hydrocarbons typically burn with a clean, blue flame.
o Unsaturated hydrocarbons tend to burn with a yellow, sooty flame due to incomplete
combustion.
• Oxidation:
o Reaction of carbon compounds with oxidizing agents (like potassium permanganate or
potassium dichromate).

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Class 10 Science 1 Chapter Notes Ch 9 Carbon compounds Chapter Notes

o Often involves the addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen from the carbon compound.
• Addition Reaction:
o Characteristic reaction of unsaturated hydrocarbons, where atoms are added across the
double or triple bond, converting it to a single bond.
o Common reagents: Halogens (Br2, I2), Hydrogen (H2)
o Used to test for the presence of multiple bonds in carbon compounds (e.g., the decolorization
of bromine water).
• Substitution Reaction:
o Reaction where one atom or group in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group.
o Commonly observed in saturated hydrocarbons, where hydrogen atoms can be substituted by
halogens in the presence of sunlight.
Important Carbon Compounds:
• Ethanol (C2H5OH):
o Colorless liquid, soluble in water.
o Commonly called alcohol or spirit.
o Uses: Solvent, ingredient in medicines, fuel (gasohol).
o Can be produced by the fermentation of molasses (from sugarcane).
• Ethanoic Acid (CH3COOH):
o Colorless liquid with a pungent odor.
o Commonly called acetic acid.
o 5-8% aqueous solution of ethanoic acid is vinegar.
o Uses: Preservative in pickles, various industrial applications.
Macromolecules and Polymers:
• Macromolecules: Large, complex molecules with high molecular masses, often polymers.
• Polymers: Long chain molecules formed by the repetition of smaller units called monomers.
• Types of Polymers:
o Homopolymers: Formed from a single type of monomer.
o Copolymers: Formed from two or more different types of monomers.
• Polymerization: The process of forming a polymer from monomers.
• Examples of Polymers: Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Teflon, nylon.
• Natural Polymers: Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose), proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), rubber.

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