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Class 10 Science 1 Chapter Notes Ch 7 Lenses

The document provides an overview of lenses, detailing their types (convex and concave), key terms, and rules for ray diagrams. It explains how images are formed by both types of lenses, including characteristics based on object position, and introduces concepts like magnification and power of a lens. Additionally, it discusses the human eye's function, vision defects, and various applications of lenses in devices such as microscopes and cameras.

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18 views

Class 10 Science 1 Chapter Notes Ch 7 Lenses

The document provides an overview of lenses, detailing their types (convex and concave), key terms, and rules for ray diagrams. It explains how images are formed by both types of lenses, including characteristics based on object position, and introduces concepts like magnification and power of a lens. Additionally, it discusses the human eye's function, vision defects, and various applications of lenses in devices such as microscopes and cameras.

Uploaded by

dnyan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 10 Science 1 Ch 7 Lenses Chapter Notes

Lenses: Transparent media bound by two surfaces, often spherical, that refract light, causing it to converge or
diverge.
Types of Lenses:
Convex (Converging) Lens: Thicker at the center than at the edges. Converges parallel rays of light to a focal point.
Biconvex: Both surfaces are convex.
Plano-convex: One surface is convex, and the other is flat.
Positive meniscus: One surface is convex, and the other is concave, but the lens is thicker at the center.
Concave (Diverging) Lens: Thinner at the center than at the edges. Diverges parallel rays of light, making them
appear to come from a virtual focal point.
Biconcave: Both surfaces are concave.
Plano-concave: One surface is concave, and the other is flat.
Negative meniscus: One surface is convex, and the other is concave, but the lens is thinner at the center.
Key Terms for Lenses:
Center of Curvature (C): The center of the sphere from which a lens surface is a part. Each spherical surface of a lens
has a center of curvature (C<sub>1</sub> and C<sub>2</sub>).
Radius of Curvature (R): The distance from the center of curvature to the lens surface. Each surface has a radius of
curvature (R<sub>1</sub> and R<sub>2</sub>).
Principal Axis: The imaginary line passing through both centers of curvature of a lens.
Optical Center (O): The point on the principal axis through which light rays pass without deviation (no change in
direction).
Principal Focus (F):
For Convex Lens: The point on the principal axis where parallel rays of light converge after refraction. A convex lens
has two principal foci, one on each side (F<sub>1</sub> and F<sub>2</sub>).
For Concave Lens: The point on the principal axis from which parallel rays of light appear to diverge after refraction.
A concave lens also has two principal foci.
Focal Length (f): The distance between the optical center (O) and the principal focus (F).
Rules for Ray Diagrams for Convex Lenses: These rules help you predict the location, size, and nature (real or
virtual) of images formed by a convex lens:
Rule 1: A ray of light parallel to the principal axis passes through the principal focus after refraction.
Rule 2: A ray passing through the principal focus emerges parallel to the principal axis after refraction.
Rule 3: A ray passing through the optical center continues in a straight line without any deviation.

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Class 10 Science 1 Ch 7 Lenses Chapter Notes

Images Formed by Convex Lenses: The characteristics of the image formed by a convex lens depend on the position
of the object relative to the lens:
Position of the Object Position of the Image Size of the Nature of the
Image Image
At infinity At focus F<sub>2</sub> Point image Real and
inverted
Beyond 2F<sub>1</sub> Between F<sub>2</sub> and Smaller Real and
2F<sub>2</sub> inverted
At 2F<sub>1</sub> At 2F<sub>2</sub> Same size Real and
inverted
Between F<sub>1</sub> and Beyond 2F<sub>2</sub> Larger Real and
2F<sub>1</sub> inverted
At focus F<sub>1</sub> At infinity Very large Real and
inverted
Between F<sub>1</sub> and O On the same side of the lens as the Very large Virtual and
object erect

Rules for Ray Diagrams for Concave Lenses:


Rule 1: A ray of light parallel to the principal axis appears to diverge from the principal focus after refraction.
Rule 2: A ray directed towards the principal focus emerges parallel to the principal axis after refraction.
Rule 3: A ray passing through the optical center continues in a straight line.
Images Formed by Concave Lenses: Concave lenses always form images that are:
Virtual: Cannot be projected on a screen.
Erect: Upright.
Smaller: Reduced in size compared to the object.
Sign Convention: A set of rules to determine the positive and negative signs for distances in lens formulas and
calculations:
The optical center (O) is the origin.
Distances measured to the right of O along the principal axis are positive; those to the left are negative.
Distances measured above the principal axis are positive; those below are negative.
The focal length (f) of a convex lens is positive; that of a concave lens is negative.
Lens Formula: Relates the object distance (u), image distance (v), and focal length (f):
1/v - 1/u = 1/f
Magnification (M):
The ratio of the height of the image (h<sub>2</sub>) to the height of the object (h<sub>1</sub>).
M = h<sub>2</sub>/h<sub>1</sub>

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Class 10 Science 1 Ch 7 Lenses Chapter Notes

Also related to the object and image distances:


M = v/u
Power of a Lens (P):
A measure of the lens's ability to converge or diverge light.
The reciprocal of the focal length in meters:
P = 1/f (in meters)
Unit: Dioptre (D). 1D = 1/m.
A convex lens has positive power, while a concave lens has negative power.
Combination of Lenses: When two thin lenses are in contact, the effective power (P) is the sum of their individual
powers (P<sub>1</sub> and P<sub>2</sub>):
P = P<sub>1</sub> + P<sub>2</sub>
Human Eye and Vision:
The human eye uses a convex lens to focus light onto the retina, forming an inverted image.
Accommodation: The ability of the eye lens to change its shape (and therefore focal length) to focus on objects at
different distances.
Near Point: The closest distance at which the eye can focus clearly (typically 25 cm for a normal eye).
Far Point: The farthest distance at which the eye can focus clearly (ideally infinity for a normal eye).
Defects of Vision:
Myopia (Nearsightedness): Difficulty seeing distant objects clearly. The image forms in front of the retina. Corrected
with concave lenses.
Hypermetropia (Farsightedness): Difficulty seeing nearby objects clearly. The image forms behind the retina.
Corrected with convex lenses.
Presbyopia: Age-related loss of accommodation, making it difficult to focus on near objects. Corrected with convex
lenses or bifocals.
Uses of Lenses:
Simple Microscope: A convex lens used to magnify small objects.
Compound Microscope: Uses two convex lenses for greater magnification.
Telescope: Uses lenses to view distant objects.
Camera: Uses a convex lens to focus an image onto a film or sensor.
Spectacles: To correct vision defects.
Projector: Uses a convex lens to project an enlarged image onto a screen.
Spectrograph: Uses lenses to separate and analyze the different colors (wavelengths) of light.

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