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UPPSC AE Prelims Measurement Notes

The document provides detailed notes on measurement and instruments for UPPSC AE 2024 Prelims, covering measurement basics, instrument classifications, electrical measuring instruments, and methods for measuring physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, and flow. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the function and working principles of various instruments, including transducers, sensors, and data acquisition systems. Key concepts include accuracy, precision, types of errors, and the significance of signal conditioning.

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Rohit Bansala
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8 views

UPPSC AE Prelims Measurement Notes

The document provides detailed notes on measurement and instruments for UPPSC AE 2024 Prelims, covering measurement basics, instrument classifications, electrical measuring instruments, and methods for measuring physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, and flow. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the function and working principles of various instruments, including transducers, sensors, and data acquisition systems. Key concepts include accuracy, precision, types of errors, and the significance of signal conditioning.

Uploaded by

Rohit Bansala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UPPSC AE 2024 Prelims - Measurement & Instruments Detailed Notes

1. Measurement Basics:

- Measurement: The process of comparing a physical quantity with a known standard.

- Units and Standards: SI units are standard in measurements. For example, length in meters (m),

mass in kilograms (kg), time in seconds (s).

- Accuracy: Closeness of a measured value to the true value.

- Precision: Degree of consistency or repeatability of measurements.

- Error Types: Systematic (predictable), Random (unpredictable), Gross (due to human mistake).

- Significant Figures: Number of meaningful digits in a measurement. The more figures, the more

precise the measurement.

2. Classification of Instruments:

- Analog Instruments: Instruments that provide continuous output. Example: Analog voltmeter,

ammeter.

- Digital Instruments: Provide discrete digital output. Example: Digital multimeter, digital

thermometer.

- Absolute Instruments: Provide the exact value of a quantity directly. Example: Thermocouple,

strain gauges.

- Secondary Instruments: Need to be calibrated with known standards to give accurate readings.

Example: Digital thermometers, pressure gauges.

- Indicating Instruments: Display only the value of the measured quantity. Example: Voltmeter.

- Recording Instruments: Record the measurement value over time. Example: Temperature

recorder.
- Integrating Instruments: Measure total quantity over time, like energy meters.

3. Electrical Measuring Instruments:

- Voltmeter: Measures electrical potential difference (voltage). It is connected in parallel with the

circuit.

- Ammeter: Measures electric current. It is connected in series with the circuit.

- Wattmeter: Measures electrical power in watts.

- Ohmmeter: Measures resistance of a component or circuit.

- Multimeter: A combined instrument that measures voltage, current, and resistance.

- Energy Meter (kWh meter): Measures total electrical energy consumed over time.

4. Basic Instrument Components:

- Transducers: Devices that convert one form of energy to another. Types include:

- Resistive: Strain gauges (change in resistance).

- Capacitive: Measurement of change in capacitance.

- Inductive: Measurement of change in inductance (used in inductive proximity sensors).

- Sensors: Devices that detect physical conditions (temperature, pressure, etc.) and provide output

signals.

- Actuators: Devices that perform a specific action based on sensor input, such as motors and

relays.

- Displays: Devices that show the output in a readable form, such as LCD or LED screens.

5. Measurement of Physical Quantities:

- Temperature: Measurement of heat or cold.


- Thermocouple: Generates a voltage when two different metals are joined at different

temperatures.

- RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector): Uses the change in resistance of a material with

temperature.

- Thermistors: Temperature-sensitive resistors that change resistance with temperature.

- Pressure: Measurement of force exerted by a fluid or gas.

- Manometer: Measures the pressure of a fluid by balancing it against a column of liquid.

- Bourdon Tube: A curved tube that straightens as pressure increases, used to measure pressure.

- Level Measurement: Measurement of the height of a liquid or solid material in a container.

- Float Type: A float moves up and down with the material level, providing a direct reading.

- Ultrasonic: Uses sound waves to determine the level by measuring the time it takes for the wave

to bounce back.

- Flow Measurement: Measurement of the movement of liquids or gases through a pipe or channel.

- Venturimeter: Measures flow rate by utilizing the difference in pressure at the narrowest point of

the pipe.

- Orifice Meter: Similar to a venturimeter, but uses an orifice plate to create a pressure drop.

- Rotameter: A float in a tapered tube that indicates flow rate.

- Displacement/Length: Measurement of the distance or change in position of an object.

- LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer): Measures displacement with high accuracy

using electromagnetic principles.

6. Signal Conditioning & Data Acquisition:


- Signal Conditioning: The process of modifying the raw signal from sensors to make it suitable for

further processing, such as amplification, filtering, and smoothing.

- ADC (Analog to Digital Converter): Converts the continuous analog signal from the sensor into a

discrete digital signal for further processing.

- DAS (Data Acquisition System): A system used to collect, store, and process data from various

sensors and instruments.

Key Takeaways: Focus on the function, working, and applications of instruments, rather than

complex calculations. Understanding the working principle of each instrument is crucial.

End of Notes

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