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Chapter 10
File I/O

◼ Multiple Choice
1) An ___________ allows data to flow into your program.
(a) input stream
(b) output stream
(c) file name
(d) all of the above
Answer: A

2) An ____________ allows data to flow from your program.

(a) input stream
(b) output stream
(c) file name
(d) all of the above
Answer: B

3) Files whose contents must be handled as sequences of binary digits are called:
(a) text files
(b) ASCII files
(c) binary files
(d) output files
Answer: C

4) The output stream connected to the computer screen is:

(a) System.exit
(b) System.quit
(c) System.in
(d) System.out
Answer: D

©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.

1
2 Walter Savitch • Absolute Java 5/e Chapter 10 Test Bank

5) In Java, when you open a text file you should account for a possible:
(a) FileNotFoundException
(b) FileFullException
(c) FileNotReadyException
(d) all of the above
Answer: A

6) There are two common classes used for reading from a text file. They are:
(a) PrintWriter and BufferedReader
(b) FileInputStream and Scanner
(c) BufferedReader and Scanner
(d) None of the above
Answer: C

7) The scanner class has a series of methods that checks to see if there is any more well-formed input
of the appropriate type. These methods are called __________ methods:
(a) nextToken
(b) hasNext
(c) getNext
(d) testNext
Answer: B

8) All of the following are methods of the Scanner class except:

(a) nextFloat()
(b) next()
(c) useDelimiter()
(d) readLine()
Answer: D

9) The method _________ reads a single character from an input stream.

(a) readLine()
(b) skip()
(c) read()
(d) close()
Answer: C

©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 Chapter 10 File I/O 3

10) When the method readLine() tries to read beyond the end of a file, it returns the value of:
(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) null
(d) none of the above
Answer: C

11) A __________ path name gives the path to a file, starting with the directory that the program is in.
(a) relative
(b) descendant
(c) full
(d) complete
Answer: A

12) The stream that is automatically available to your Java code is:
(a) System.out
(b) System.in
(c) System.err
(d) all of the above
Answer: D

13) All of the following are methods of the File class except:
(a) exists()
(b) delete()
(c) getDirectory()
(d) getName()
Answer: C

14) The class ObjectOutputStream contains all of the following methods except:
(a) writeInt()
(b) writeChar()
(c) writeDouble()
(d) println()
Answer: D

©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
4 Walter Savitch • Absolute Java 5/e Chapter 10 Test Bank

15) The method __________ from the File class forces a physical write to the file of any data that is
buffered.
(a) close()
(b) flush()
(c) writeUTF()
(d) writeObject()
Answer: B

16) The class ObjectInputStream contains all of the following methods except:
(a) readLine()
(b) readChar()
(c) readObject()
(d) readInt()
Answer: A

17) The read() method of the class RandomAccessFile returns the type:
(a) byte
(b) int
(c) char
(d) double
Answer: B

◼ True/False
1) A stream is an object that allows for the flow of data between your program and some I/O device or
some file.
Answer: True

2) Every input file and every output file used by your program has only one name which is the same
name used by the operating system.
Answer: False

3) The FileNotFoundException is a descendant of the class IOException.

Answer: True

4) When your program is finished writing to a file, it should close the stream connected to that file.
Answer: True

5) Only the classes provided for file output contain a method named close.
Answer: False

©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 Chapter 10 File I/O 5

6) The methods of the scanner class do not behave the same when reading from a text file as they do
when used to read from the keyboard.
Answer: False

7) Using BufferedReader to read integers from a file requires the String input to be parsed to an integer
type.
Answer: True

8) A full path name gives a complete path name, starting from the directory the program is in.
Answer: False

9) The File class contains methods that allow you to check various properties of a file.
Answer: True

10) Binary files store data in the same format that is used by any common text editor.
Answer: False

11) Binary files can be handled more efficiently than text files.
Answer: True

12) The preferred stream classes for processing binary files are ObjectInputStream and
ObjectOutputStream.
Answer: True

◼ Short Answer/Essay
1) Explain the differences between a text file, an ASCII file and a binary file.
Answer: Text files are files that appear to contain sequences of characters when viewed in a text
editor or read by a program. Text files are sometimes also called ASCII files because they contain
data encoded using a scheme known as ASCII coding. Files whose contents must be handled as
sequences of binary digits are called binary files.

2) Write a Java statement to create and open an output stream to a file named autos.txt.
Answer: PrintWriter outputStream = new PrintWriter(new FileOutputStream("autos.txt"));

3) Explain what happens when an output file is opened in Java.

Answer: In Java, when an output stream is connected to a file, the program always starts with an
empty file. If the file you are trying to connect to exists, the contents of the file are deleted before
the output stream writes new data to the file. If the file you are trying to connect to does not exist,
then a new empty file is created.

©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
6 Walter Savitch • Absolute Java 5/e Chapter 10 Test Bank

4) Write a Java method that returns a String representing a file name entered by the user. Use the
BufferedReader class to obtain input.
Answer:

public static String getFileName() throws IOException

BufferedReader stdin = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(System.in));

System.out.print("Enter the name of the file to open: ");

String fileName = stdin.readLine();

return fileName.trim();

5) Use the output stream to the file autos.txt created above in number 2 to write the line “Mercedes” to
the file.
Answer: outputStream.println("Mercedes");

6) What happens when the method close is invoked on a stream?

Answer: When the close method is invoked, the system releases any resources used to connect the
stream to the file and does any other housekeeping that is needed.

7) Create try and catch block that opens a file named statistics.txt for output. Writes the integers 24,
55, and 76 to the file, and then closes the file.
Answer:

PrintWriter outputStream = null;

try

©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 Chapter 10 File I/O 7

outputStream = new PrintWriter(new

FileOutputStream("statistics.txt"));

outputStream.println(24);

outputStream.println(55);

outputStream.println(76);

outputStream.close();

catch(FileNotFoundException e)

System.out.println("Error opening the file autos.txt");

System.exit(0);

8) Write a Java statement that creates an output stream to append data to a file named autos.txt.
Answer: PrintWriter outputStream = new PrintWriter(new FileOutputStream("autos.txt", true));

9) Write a Java statement to create an input stream to a file named autos.txt. Use the BufferedReader
class.
Answer: BufferedReader inputStream = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("autos.txt"));

10) Write a complete Java program using a BufferedReader object that opens a file named autos.txt and
displays each line to the screen.
Answer:

import java.io.BufferedReader;

©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
8 Walter Savitch • Absolute Java 5/e Chapter 10 Test Bank

import java.io.FileReader;

import java.io.FileNotFoundException;

import java.io.IOException;

public class TextDemo

public static void main(String args[])

BufferedReader inputStream = null;

try

inputStream = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("autos.txt"));

String line = inputStream.readLine();

while(line != null)

System.out.println(line);

line = inputStream.readLine();

©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 Chapter 10 File I/O 9

inputStream.close();

catch(FileNotFoundException e)

System.out.println("Error opening files.");

catch(IOException e)

System.out.println("Error reading from file.");

11) Write a Java statement that creates an output stream to a binary file named statistics.dat.
Answer:

ObjectOutputStream outputStream =

new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("statistics.dat"));

12) Use the output stream created in number 11 above to write the String BBC to the file named
statistics.dat.
Answer: outputStream.writeUTF("BBC");

13) Write a Java statement to create an input stream to the binary file statistics.dat.
Answer:

©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
10 Walter Savitch • Absolute Java 5/e Chapter 10 Test Bank

ObjectInputStream inputStream =

new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("statistics.dat"));

14) Write a complete Java program that opens a binary file containing integers and displays the contents
to the screen.
Answer:

import java.io.ObjectInputStream;

import java.io.FileInputStream;

import java.io.EOFException;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.FileNotFoundException;

public class BinaryInputDemo

public static void main(String args[])

try

ObjectInputStream inputStream =

new ObjectInputStream(new

©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 Chapter 10 File I/O 11

FileInputStream("statistics.dat"));

int stat = 0;

try

while(true)

stat = inputStream.readInt();

System.out.println(stat);

catch(EOFException e)

System.out.println("End of file encountered");

inputStream.close();

catch(FileNotFoundException e)

©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
12 Walter Savitch • Absolute Java 5/e Chapter 10 Test Bank

System.out.println("Unable to locate file");

catch(IOException e)

System.out.println("Unable to read file");

15) Write a Java statement that creates a stream that provides read/write access to the file named
autos.txt.
Answer: RandomAccessFile ioStream = new RandomAccessFile("autos.txt", "rw");

16) Write a Java statement to create an input stream to a file named “statistics.dat”.
Answer: Scanner inputStream = new Scanner(new FileReader("statistics.dat"));

17) Write a complete Java program using a Scanner object that opens a file named autos.txt and displays
each line to the screen.
Answer:

import java.util.*;

import java.io.FileReader;

import java.io.FileNotFoundException;

public class TextDemo

©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
 Chapter 10 File I/O 13

public static void main(String args[])

Scanner inputStream = null;

try

inputStream = new Scanner(new FileReader("autos.txt"));

String line = inputStream.nextLine();

while(line != null)

System.out.println(line);

line = inputStream.nextLine();

inputStream.close();

catch(FileNotFoundException e)

System.out.println("Error opening files.");

©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
14 Walter Savitch • Absolute Java 5/e Chapter 10 Test Bank

©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 27. Μότω—Motô—a sort of cassia exported from Tabai and Opônê
(13).
28. Μύρον—Myrrh. (Sans. bola.) Exported from Egypt to Barugaza
as a present for the king (49). It is a gum or resin issuing from a
thorn found in Arabia Felix, Abyssinia, &c., vide σμύρνη inf.

29. Νάρδος (Sans. nalada, ‘kaskas,’ Heb. nerd) Nard, Spikenard.[11]

Gangetic spikenard brought down the Ganges to Gangê, near its
mouth (63), and forwarded thence to Mouziris and Nelkunda (56).
Spikenard produced in the regions of the Upper Indus and in Indo-
Skythia forwarded through Ozênê to Barugaza (48). Imported by the
Egyptians from Barugaza and Barbarikon in Indo-Skythia (49, 39).
The Nardos is a plant called (from its root being shaped like an ear
of corn) νάρδου στάχυς, also ναρδόσταχυς, Latin Spica nardi,
whence ‘spikenard.’ It belongs to the species Valeriana. “No Oriental
aromatic,” says Vincent, “has caused greater disputes among the
critics or writers on natural history, and it is only within these few
years that we have arrived at the true knowledge of this curious
odour by means of the inquiries of Sir W. Jones and Dr. Roxburgh.
Pliny describes the nard with its spica, mentioning also that both the
leaves and the spica are of high value, and that the odour is the
prime in all unguents; the price 100 denarii for a pound. But he
afterwards visibly confounds it with the Malabathrum or Betel, as will
appear from his usage of Hadrosphærum, Mesosphærum, and
Microsphærum, terms peculiar to the Betel”—II. 743-4. See Sir W.
Jones on the spikenard of the ancients in As. Res. vol. II. pp. 416 et
seq., and Roxburgh’s additional remarks on the spikenard of the
ancients, vol. IV. pp. 97 et seq., and botanical observations on the
spikenard, pp. 433. See also Lassen, Ind. Alt. vol. I. pp. 288 et seq.
30. Ναύπλιος—Nauplius. Exported in small quantity from the marts
of Azania (17). The signification of the word is obscure, and the
reading suspected. For ΝαΥΠλιος Müller suggests ΝαΡΓΙλιος, the
Indian cocoanut, which the Arabians call Nargil (Sansk. nârikêla or
nâlikêra, Guj. nâliyêr, Hindi nâliyar). It favours this suggestion that
cocoanut oil is a product of Zangibar, and that in four different
passages of Kosmas Indikopleustês nuts are called αργελλια, which
is either a corrupt reading for ναργελλια, or Kosmas may not have
known the name accurately enough.
31. Ὀθόνιον—Muslin. Sêric muslin sent from the Thînai to Barugaza
and Dimurikê (64). Coarse cottons produced in great quantity in
Ariakê, carried down from Ozênê to Barugaza (48); large supplies
sent thither from Tagara also (51); Indian muslins exported from the
markets of Dimurikê to Egypt (56). Muslins of every description,
Seric and dyed of a mallow colour, exported from Barugaza to Egypt
(49); Indian muslin taken to the island of Dioskoridês (31); wide
Indian muslins called μοναχὴ, monâkhê, i. e. of the best and finest
sort; and another sort called σαγματογήνη, sagmatogênê, i. e.
coarse cotton unfit for spinning, and used for stuffing beds,
cushions, &c., exported from Barugaza to the Barbarine markets
(14), and to Arabia, whence it was exported to Adouli (6). The
meanings given to monâkhê and sagmatogênê (for which other
readings have been suggested) are conjectural. Vincent defends the
meaning assigned to sagmatogênê by a quotation from a passage in
Strabo citing Nearkhos:—“Fine muslins are made of cotton, but the
Makedonians use cotton for flocks, and stuffing of couches.”
32. Ὀῖνος—Wine. Laodikean and Italian wine exported in small
quantity to Adouli (6); to Aualitês (7), Malaê (8), Mouza (24), Kanê
(28), Barbarikon in Indo-Skythia (39); the same sorts, together with
Arabian wine, to Barugaza (49); sent in small quantity to Mouziris
and Nelkunda (56); the region inland from Oraia bears the vine (37),
which is found also in the district of Mouza (24), whence wine is
exported to the marts of Azania, not for sale, but to gain the good
will of the natives (17). Wine is exported also from the marts of
Apologos and Omana to Barugaza (36). By Arabian wine may
perhaps be meant palm or toddy wine, a great article of commerce.
33. Ὄμφακος Διοσπολιτικῆς χυλός—the juice of the sour grape of
Diospolis. Exported from Egypt to Aualitês (7). This, says Vincent,
was the dipse of the Orientals, and still used as a relish all over the
East. Dipse is the rob of grapes in their unripe state, and a pleasant
acid.—II. 751. This juice is called by Dioskoridês (iv. 7) in one word
Ομφάκιον, and also (v. 12) Ὀῖνος Ὀμφακίτης. Cf. Plin. xii. 27.
34. Ὄρυζα (Sansk. vrîhi)—Rice. Produced in Oraia and Ariakê (37,
41), exported from Barugaza to the Barbarine markets (14), and to
the island of Dioskoridês (31).
35. Πέπερι (Sansk. pippalî,) long pepper—Pepper. Kottonarik
pepper exported in large quantities from Mouziris and Nelkunda
(56); long pepper from Barugaza (49). Kottonara was the name of
the district, and Kottonarikon the name of the pepper for which the
district was famous. Dr. Buchanan identifies Kottonara with
Kadattanâḍu, a district in the Calicut country celebrated for its
pepper. Dr. Burnell, however, identifies it with Kolatta-Nâḍu, the
district about Tellicherry, which, he says, is the pepper district.
36. Πυρὸς—Wheat. Exported in small quantity from Egypt to Kanê
(28), some grown in the district around Mouza (24).
37. Σάκχαρι—Sugar: see under Μελι.
38. Σανδαράκη—Sandarakê (chandrasa of the bazars); a resin from
the Thuja articulata or Callitris quadrivalvis, a small coniferous tree
of North Africa; it is of a faint aromatic smell and is used as incense.
Exported from Egypt to Barugaza (49); conveyed to Mouziris and
Nelkunda (56).[12]
Sandarakê also is a red pigment—red sulphuret of arsenic, as
orpiment is the yellow sulphuret. Cf. Plin. xxxv. 22, Hard. “Juba
informs us that sandarace and ochre are found in an island of the
Red Sea, Topazas, whence they are brought to us.”
39. Σαντάλινα and σασάμινα ξύλα—Logs of Sandal and Sasame
(santalum album). Exported from Barugaza to the marts of Omana
and Apologos (30). Σαντάλινα is a correction of the MS. reading
τρόχιος proposed by Salmasius. Kosmas Indikopleustes calls
sandalwood τζαδάνα. For σασαμινα of the MS. Stuckius proposed
σησάμινα—a futile, emendation, since sesame is known only as a
leguminous plant from which an oil is expressed, and not as a tree.
But possibly Red Saunders wood (Pterocarpus Santalinus) may be
meant.
40. Σησάμινον ἔλαιον. See Ελαιον.
41. Σινδόνες διαφορώταται αἱ Γαγγητικᾶι. The finest Bengal
muslins exported from the Ganges (63); other muslins in Taprobanê
(61); Μαργαριτιδες (?), made at Argalou and thence exported (59);
muslins of all sorts and mallow-tinted (μολοχιναι) sent from Ozênê to
Barugaza (48), exported thence to Arabia for the supply of the
market at Adouli (6).
42. Σῖτος—Corn. Exported from Egypt to Adouli (7), Malaô (8); a
little to Mouza (24), and to Kanê (28), and to Muziris and Nelkunda
for ships’ stores (56); exported from Dimurikê and Ariakê into the
Barbarine markets (14), into Moskha (32) and the island of
Dioskoridês (31); exported also from Mouza to the ports of Azania
for presents (17).
43. Σμύρνη—Myrrh (vide μυρον). Exported from Malaô, Moundou,
Mossulon (8, 9, 10); from Aualitês a small quantity of the best
quality (7); a choice sort that trickles in drops, called Abeirminaia
(ἐκλεκτὴ καὶ στακτὴ ἁβειρμιναία), exported from Mouza (24). For
Ἁβειρμιναία of the MS. Müller suggests to read γαβειρμιναία, inclining
to think that two kinds of myrrh are indicated, the names of which
have been erroneously combined into one, viz. the Gabiræan and
Minæan, which are mentioned by Dioskoridês, Hippokratês, and
Galen. There is a Wadi Gabir in Oman.
44. Στύραξ—Storax (Sans. turuska, selarasa of the bazars),—one
of the balsams. Exported from Egypt to Kanê (28), Barbarikon on the
Indus (39), Barugaza (40). Storax is the produce of the tree
Liquidambar orientale, which grows in the south of Europe and the
Levant.[13] The purest kind is storax in grains. Another kind is called
styrax calamita, from being brought in masses wrapped up in the
leaves of a certain reed. Another kind, that sold in shops, is semi-
fluid.
45. Φοῖνιξ—the Palm or Dates. Exported from the marts of
Apologos and Omana to Barugaza (36, 37).
IV.—Metals and Metallic Articles:—
1. Ἀργυρᾶ σκεύη, ἀργυρώματα—Vessels of silver. Exported from
Egypt to Mossulon (10), to Barbarikon on the Indus (39). Silver plate
chased or polished (τορνευτα or τετορνευμενα) sent as presents to
the despot of Mouza (24), to Kanê for the king (28). Costly
(βαρυτιμα) plate to Barugaza for the king (49). Plate made according
to the Egyptian fashion to Adouli for the king (6).
2. Ἀρσενικὸν—Arsenic (somal). Exported from Egypt to Mouziris
and Nelkunda (56).
3. Δηνάριον—Denary. Exported in small quantity from Egypt to
Adouli (6). Gold and silver denarii sent in small quantity to the marts
of Barbaria (8, 13); exchanges with advantage for native money at
Barugaza (49).
The denary was a Roman coin equal to about 8½d., and a little
inferior in value to the Greek drachma.
4. Κάλτις—Kaltis. A gold coin (νομισμα) current in the district of the
Lower Ganges (63); Benfey thinks the word is connected with the
Sanskrit kalita, i.e. numeratum.
5. Κασσίτερος (Sans. baṅga, kathila)—Tin. Exported from Egypt to
Aualitês (7), Malaô (8), Kanê (28), Barugaza (49), Mouziris and
Nelkunda (56). India produced this metal, but not in those parts to
which the Egyptian trade carried it.
6. Μόλυβδος—Lead (Sansk. nâga, Guj. sîsuṅ). Exported from Egypt
to Barugaza, Muziris, and Nelkunda (49, 56).
 7. Ὀρείχαλκος—Orichalcum (Sans. tripus, Prak. pîtala)—Brass. Used
for ornaments and cut into small pieces by way of coin. Exported
from Egypt to Adouli (6).
The word means ‘mountain copper.’ Ramusio calls it white copper
from which the gold and silver have not been well separated in
extracting it from the ore. Gold, it may be remarked, does not occur
as an export from any of the African marts, throughout the Periplûs.
8. Σίδηρος, σιδηρύ σκεύη—Iron, iron utensils. Exported from Egypt
to Malaô, Moundou, Tabai, Opônê (8, 9, 12, 13). Iron spears, swords
and adzes exported to Adouli (6). Indian iron and sword-blades
(στομωμα) exported to Adouli from Arabia (Ariakê?). Spears (λόγχαι)
manufactured at Mouza, hatchets (πελύκια), swords (μάχαιραι), awls
(ὀπέτια) exported from Mouza to Azania (17).
On the Indian sword see Ktêsias, p. 80, 4. The Arabian poets
celebrate swords made of Indian steel. Cf. Plin. xxxiv. 41:—“Ex
omnibus autem generibus palma Serico ferro est.” This iron, as has
already been stated, was sent to India along with skins and cloth. Cf.
also Edrisi, vol. I. p. 65, ed. Joubert. Indian iron is mentioned in the
Pandects as an article of commerce.
9. Στίμμι—Stibium (Sans. sauvîrânjana, Prâk. surmâ). Exported
from Egypt to Barugaza (49), to Mouziris and Nelkunda (56).
Stibium is a sulphuret of antimony, a dark pigment, called kohol,
much used in the East for dyeing the eyelids.
10. Χαλκὸς—Copper (Sans. tâmra) or Brass. Exported from Egypt
to Kanê (28), to Barugaza (49), Mouziris and Nelkunda (56). Vessels
made thereof (Χαλκουργήματα) sent to Mouza as presents to the
despot (24). Drinking-vessels (ποτηρια) exported to the marts of
Barbaria (8, 13). Big and round drinking-cups to Adouli (6). A few
(μελίεφθα ὀλίγα) to Malaô (8); μελίεφθα χαλκᾶ for cooking with, and
being cut into bracelets and anklets for women to Adouli (6).
 Regarding μελίεφθα Vincent says: “No usage of the word occurs
elsewhere; but metals were prepared with several materials to give
them colour, or to make them tractable, or malleable. Thus
χολόβαφα in Hesychius was brass prepared with ox’s gall to give it
the colour of gold, and used, like our tinsel ornaments or foil, for
stage dresses and decorations. Thus common brass was neither
ductile nor malleable, but the Cyprian brass was both. And thus
perhaps brass, μελίεφθα was formed with some preparation of
honey.” Müller cannot accept this view. “It is evident,” he says, “that
the reference is to ductile copper from which, as Pliny says, all
impurity has been carefully removed by smelting, so that pots,
bracelets, and articles of that sort could be fabricated from it. One
might therefore think that the reading should be περίεφθα or
πυρίεφθα, but in such a case the writer would have said περίεφθον
χαλκόν. In vulgar speech μελίεφθα is used as a substantive noun,
and I am therefore almost persuaded that, just as molten copper, ὁ
χαλκὸς ὁ χυτὸς, cuprum caldarium, was called τρόχιος, from the
likeness in shape of its round masses to hoops, so laminæ of ductile
copper (plaques de cuivre) might have been called μελίεφθα,
because shaped like thin honey-cakes, πεμματα μελίεφθα.”
11. Χρυσὸς—Gold. Exported from the marts of Apologos and
Omana to Barugaza (36). Gold plate—χρυσώματα—exported from
Egypt to Mouza for the despot (24), and to Adouli for the king (6).
V. Stones:—
1. Λιθία διαφανὴς—Gems (carbuncles?) found in Taprobanê (63);
exported in every variety from Mouziris and Nelkunda (56).
2. Αδάμας—Diamonds. (Sans. vajra, pîraka). Exported from
Mouziris and Nelkunda (56).
3. Καλλεανὸς λίθος—Gold-stone, yellow crystal, chrysolith?
Exported from Barbarikon in Indo-Skythia (39).
It is not a settled point what stone is meant. Lassen says that the
Sanskrit word kalyâṇa means gold, and would therefore identify it
with the chrysolith or gold-stone. If this view be correct, the reading
of the MS. need not be altered into καλλαῖνὸς, as Salmasius, whom
the editors of the Periplûs generally follow, enjoins. In support of the
alteration Salmasius adduces Pliny, xxxvii. 56:—“Callais sapphirum
imitatur, candidior et litoroso mari similis. Callainas vocant e turbido
Callaino”, and other passages. Schwanbeck, however, maintaining
the correctness of the MS. reading, says that the Sanskrit word
kalyâṇa generally signifies money, but in a more general sense
anything beautiful, and might therefore have been applied to this
gem. Kalyâṇa, he adds, would appear in Greek as καλλιανὸς or
καλλεανὸς rather than καλλαῖνὸς. In like manner kalyâṇî of the
Indians appears in our author not as καλλάïνα, but, as it ought to
be, καλλίενα.
4. Λύγδος—Alabaster. Exported from Mouza (24). Salmasius says
that an imitation of this alabaster was formed of Parian marble, but
that the best and original lygdus was brought from Arabia, that is,
Mouza, as noted in the Periplûs. Cf. Pliny (xxxvi. 8):—“Lygdinos in
Tauro repertos ... antea ex Arabia tantum advehi solitos enndoris
eximii.”
5. Ὀνυχινὴ λίθια—Onyx (akika—agate). Sent in vast quantities
(πλειστη) from Ozênê and Paithana to Barugaza (48, 51), and
thence exported to Egypt (49). Regarding the onyx mines of Gujarât
vide Ritter, vol. VI. p. 603.
6. Μουρρίνη, sup. λιθια—Fluor-spath. Sent from Ozênê to
Barugaza, and exported to Egypt (49). Porcelain made at Diospolis
(μουρῥίνη λιθία ἡ γενομένη ἐν Διοσπόλει) exported from Egypt to
Adouli (6).
The reading of the MS. is μοῤῥίνης. By this is to be understood
vitrum murrhinum, a sort of china or porcelain made in imitation of
cups or vases of murrha, a precious fossil-stone resembling, if not
identical with, fluor-spath, such as is found in Derbyshire. Vessels of
this stone were exported from India, and also, as we learn from
Pliny, from Karmania, to the Roman market, where they fetched
extravagant prices.[14] The “cups baked in Parthian fires” (pocula
Parthis focis cocta) mentioned by Propertius (IV. v. 26) must be
referred to the former class. The whole subject is one which has
much exercised the pens of the learned. “Six hundred writers,” says
Müller, “emulously applying themselves to explain what had the best
claim to be considered the murrha of the ancients, have advanced
the most conflicting opinions. Now it is pretty well settled that the
murrhine vases were made of that stone which is called in German
flusspath (spato-fluore)”. He then refers to the following as the
principal authorities on the subject:—Pliny—xxxiii. 7 et seq.; xxxiii.
proœm. Suetonius—Oct. c. 71; Seneca—Epist. 123; Martial—iv. 86;
xiv. 43; Digest—xxxiii. 10, 3; xxxiv. 2. 19; Rozière—Mémoire sur les
Vases murrhins, &c.; in Description de l’Égypt, vol. VI. pp. 277 et
seq.: Corsi—Delle Pietre antiche, p. 106; Thiersch—Ueber die Vasa
Murrhina der Alten, in Abhandl. d. Munchn. Akad. 1835, vol. I. pp.
443-509; A learned Englishman in the Classical Journal for 1810, p.
472; Witzsch in Pauly’s Real Encycl. vol. V. p. 253. See also Vincent,
vol. II. pp. 723-7.
7. Ὀψιανὸς λίθος—the Opsian or Obsidian stone, found in the Bay
of Hanfelah (5). Pliny says,—“The opsians or obsidians are also
reckoned as a sort of glass bearing the likeness of the stone which
Obsius (or Obsidius) found in Ethiopia, of a very black colour,
sometimes even translucent, hazier than ordinary glass to look
through, and when used for mirrors on the walls reflecting but
shadows instead of distinct images.” (Bk. xxxvi. 37). The only Obsius
mentioned in history is a M. Obsius who had been Prætor, a friend of
Germanicus, referred to by Tacitus (Ann. IV. 68, 71). He had perhaps
been for a time prefect of Egypt, and had coasted the shore of
Ethiopia at the time when Germanicus traversed Egypt till he came
to the confines of Ethiopia. Perhaps, however, the name of the
substance is of Greek origin—ὀψιανὀς, from its reflecting power.
8. Σάπφειρος—the Sapphire. Exported from Barbarikon in Indo-
Skythia (39). “The ancients distinguished two sorts of dark blue or
purple, one of which was spotted with gold. Pliny says it is never
pellucid, which seems to make it a different stone from what is now
called sapphire.”—Vincent (vol. II. p. 757), who adds in a note, “Dr.
Burgess has specimens of both sorts, the one with gold spots like
lapis lazuli, and not transparent.”[15]
9. Ὑάκινθος—Hyacinth or Jacinth. Exported from Mouziris and
Nelkunda (56). According to Salmasius this is the Ruby. In Solinus
xxx. it would seem to be the Amethyst (Sansk. pushkarâja.)
10. Ὑαλος ἀργὴ—Glass of a coarse kind. Exported from Egypt to
Barugaza (49), to Mouziris and Nelkunda (56). Vessels of glass (ὑαλα
σκευη) exported from Egypt to Barbarikon in Indo-Skythia (39).
Crystal of many sorts (λιθίας ὑαλῆς πλεῖστα γενη) exported from
Egypt to Adouli, Aualitês, Mossulon (6, 7, 10); from Mouza to Azania
(17).
11. Χρυσόλιθος—Chrysolite. Exported from Egypt to Barbarikon in
Indo-Skythia (39), to Barugaza (43), to Mouziris and Nelkunda (56).
Some take this to be the topaz (Hind. pîrojâ).
VI. Wearing Apparel:—
1. Ἱμάτια ἄγναφα—Cloths undressed. Manufactured in Egypt and
thence exported to Adouli (6). These were disposed of to the tribes
of Barbaria—the Troglodyte shepherds of Upper Egypt, Nubia and
Ethiopia.
2. Ἱμάτια βαρβαρικὰ σύμμικτα γεγναμμένα—Cloths for the
Barbarine markets, dressed and dyed of various colours. Exported to
Malaô and Aualitês (8, 7).
3. Ἱματισμὸς Ἀραβικὸς—Cloth or coating for the Arabian markets.
Exported from Egypt (24). Different kinds are enumerated:—
Χειριδωτὸς, with sleeves reaching to the wrist; Ὁτε ἁπλοῦς καὶ ὁ
κοινὸς, with single texture and of the common sort; σκοτουλάτος,
wrought with figures, checkered; the word is a transliteration of the
Latin scutulatus, from scutum, the checks being lozenge-shaped, like
a shield: see Juvenal, Sat. ii. 79; διάχρυσος, shot with gold;
πολυτελὴς, a kind of great price sent to the despot of Mouza; Κοινὸς
καὶ ἁπλοῦς καὶ ὁ νόθος, cloth of a common sort, and cloth of simple
texture, and cloth in imitation of a better commodity, sent to Kanê
(28); Διάφορος ἁπλους, of superior quality and single texture, for
the king (28); Ἁπλοῦς, of single texture, in great quantity, and
νόθος, in inferior sort imitating a better, in small quantity, sent to
Barbarikon in Indo-Skythia (39), ἁπλοῦς καὶ νόθος παντοῖος, and for
the king ἁπλοῦς πολυτελης, sent to Barugaza (49); Ἱματισμὸς οὐ
πολύς—cloth in small quantity sent to Muziris and Nelkunda (56);
ἐντόπιος, of native manufacture, exported from the marts of
Apologos and Omana to Barugaza (36).
4. Αβόλλαι—Riding or watch cloaks. Exported from Egypt to Mouza
(34), to Kanê (28). This word is a transliteration of the Latin Abolla.
It is supposed, however, to be derived from Greek: ἀμβολλη, i. e.
ἀμφιβολὴ. It was a woollen cloak of close texture—often mentioned
in the Roman writers: e.g. Juven. Sat. iii. 115 and iv. 70; Sueton.
Calig. c. 35. Where the word occurs in sec. 6 the reading of the MS.
is ἅβολοι, which Müller has corrected to ἀβόλλαι, though Salmasius
had defended the original reading.
5. Δικρόσσια (Lat. Mantilia utrinque fimbriata)—Cloths with a
double fringe. Exported from Egypt to Adouli (6). This word occurs
only in the Periplûs. The simple Κροσσιον, however, is met with in
Herodian, Epim. p. 72. An adjective δίκροσσος is found in Pollux vii.
72. “We cannot err much,” says Vincent, “in rendering the δικρόσσια
of the Periplûs either cloth fringed, with Salmasius, or striped, with
Apollonius. Meursius says λεντία ἄκροσσα are plain linens not
striped.”
6. Ζώναι πολύμιτοι πηχυαῖοι—Flowered or embroidered girdles, a
cubit broad. Exported from Egypt to Barugaza (49). Σκιωταὶ—girdles
(kâcha) shaded of different colours, exported to Mouza (24). This
word occurs only in the Periplûs.
7. Καυνάκαὶ—Garments of frieze. Exported from Arabia to Adouli
(6); a pure sort—ἁπλοι—exported to the same mart from Egypt (6).
In the latter of these two passages the MS. reading is γαυνάκαὶ.
Both forms are in use: conf. Latin gaunace—Varro, de L. L. 4, 35. It
means also a fur garment or blanket—vestis stragula.
8. Λώδικες—Quilts or coverlids. Exported in small quantity from
Egypt to Mouza (24) and Kanê (28).
9. Περιζώματα—Sashes, girdles, or aprons. Exported from
Barugaza to Adouli (6), and into Barbaria (14).
10. Πολύμιτα—Stuffs in which several threads were taken for the
woof in order to weave flowers or other objects: Latin polymita and
plumatica. Exported from Egypt to Barbarikon in Indo-Skythia (39),
to Mouziris and Nelkunda (56).
11. Σάγοι Ἀρσινοητικοὶ γεγναμμένοι καὶ βεβαμμένοι—Coarse cloaks
made at Arsinoê, dressed and dyed. Exported from Egypt to Barbaria
(8, 13).
12. Στολαὶ Ἀρσινοητικάι—Women’s robes made at Arsinoê.
Exported from Egypt to Adouli (6).
13. Χιτῶνες—Tunics. Exported from Egypt to Malaô, Moundou,
Mossulon (8, 9, 10).
VII. In addition to the above, works of art are mentioned.
Ἀνδριάντες—Images, sent as presents to Kharibaël (48). Cf. Strabo
(p. 714), who among the articles sent to Arabia enumerates
τορευμα, γραφην, πλασμα, pieces of sculpture, painting, statues.
Μουσικἀ—Instruments of music, for presents to the king of Ariakê
(49).
 ANONYMI [ARRIANI UT FERTUR]
PERIPLUS MARIS ERYTHRÆI.
1. The first of the important roadsteads established on the Red
Sea, and the first also of the great trading marts upon its coast, is
the port of M y o s - h o r m o s in Egypt. Beyond it at a distance of
1800 stadia is B e r e n i k ê, which is to your right if you approach it
by sea. These roadsteads are both situate at the furthest end of
Egypt, and are bays of the Red Sea.
Commentary.

(1) M y o s H o r m o s .—Its situation is determined by the

cluster of islands now called J i f â t î n [lat. 27° 12´ N., long.
33° 55´ E.] of which the three largest lie opposite an indenture
of the coast of Egypt on the curve of which its harbour was
situated [near Ras Abu Somer, a little north of Satâjah Island].
It was founded by Ptolemy Philadelphos B. C. 274, who selected
it as the principal port of the Egyptian trade with India in
preference to Arsinoê,[16] N. N. E. of Suez, on account of the
difficulty and tediousness of the navigation down the
Heroöpolite Gulf. The vessels bound for Africa and the south of
Arabia left its harbour about the time of the autumnal equinox,
when the North West wind which then prevailed carried them
quickly down the Gulf. Those bound for the Malabar Coast or
Ceylon left in July, and if they cleared the Red Sea before the
1st of September, they had the monsoon to assist their passage
across the ocean. M y o s H o r m o s was distant from K o p t o s
[lat. 26° N.], the station on the Nile through which it
communicated with Alexandria, a journey of seven or eight days
along a road opened through the desert by Philadelphos. The
name M y o s H o r m o s is of Greek origin, and may signify
either the Harbour of the Mouse, or, more probably, of the
Mussel, since the pearl mussel abounded in its neighbourhood.
A g a t h a r k h i d ê s calls it A p h r o d i t ē s H o r m o s, and Pliny
V e n e r i s P o r t u s. [Veneris Portus however was probably at
Sherm Sheikh, lat. 24° 36´ N. Off the coast is Wade Jemâl
Island, lat. 24° 39´ N., long. 35° 8´ E., called Iambe by Pliny,
and perhaps the Aphroditês Island of Ptolemy IV. v. 77.]
Referring to this name Vincent says: “Here if the reader will
advert to Aphroditê, the Greek title of Venus, as springing from
the foam of the ocean, it will immediately appear that the
Greeks were translating here, for the native term to this day is
Suffange-el-Bahri, ‘sponge of the sea’; and the vulgar error of
the sponge being the foam of the sea, will immediately account
for Aphroditê.”
The rival of Myos-Hormos was B e r e n i k ê, a city built by
Ptolemy Philadelphos, who so named it in honour of his mother,
who was the daughter of Ptolemy Lagos and Antigonê. It was in
the same parallel with Syênê and therefore not far from the
Tropic [lat. 23° 55´ N.]. It stood nearly at the bottom of Foul
Bay (ἐν βάθει τοῦ Ἀκαθάρτου so Κὀλπου), called from the coast
being foul with shoals and breakers, and not from the impurity
of its water, as its Latin name, Sinus Immundus, would lead us
to suppose. Its ruins are still perceptible even to the
arrangement of the streets, and in the centre is a small Egyptian
temple adorned with hieroglyphics and bas-reliefs of Greek
workmanship. Opposite to the town is a very fine natural
harbour, the entrance of which has been deep enough for small
vessels, though the bar is now impassable at low water. Its
prosperity under the Ptolemies and afterwards under the
Romans was owing to its safe anchorage and its being, like
Myos-Hormos, the terminus of a great road from Koptos along
which the traffic of Alexandria with Ethiopia, Arabia, and India
passed to and fro. Its distance from K o p t o s was 258 Roman
miles or 11 days’ journey. The distance between Myos-Hormos
and Berenikê is given in the Periplûs at 225 miles, but this is
 considerably above the mark. The difficulty of the navigation
may probably have made the distance seem greater than it was
in reality.

2. The country which adjoins them on the right below Berenîkê is

B a r b a r i a. Here the sea-board is peopled by the
I k h t h y o p h a g o i, who live in scattered huts built in the narrow
gorges of the hills, and further inland are the B e r b e r s, and beyond
them the A g r i o p h a g o i and M o s k h o p h a g o i, tribes under
regular government by kings. Beyond these again, and still further
inland towards the west [is situated the metropolis called Meroê].

(2) Adjoining B e r e n i k ê was B a r b a r i a (ἡ Βαρβαρικὴ

χώρα)—the land about Ras Abû Fatima [lat. 22° 26´ N.—Ptol.
IV. vii. 28]. The reading of the MS. is ἡ Τισηβαρικὴ which Müller
rejects because the name nowhere occurs in any work, and
because if B a r b a r i a is not mentioned here, our author could
not afterwards (Section 5) say ἡ ἄλλη Βαρβαρία. The
A g r i o p h a g o i who lived in the interior are mentioned by Pliny
(vi. 35), who says that they lived principally on the flesh of
panthers and lions. Vincent writes as if instead of Αγριοφάγων
the reading should be Ακριδοφάγων locust-eaters, who are
mentioned by Agatharkhidês in his De Mari Erythraeo, Section
58. Another inland tribe is mentioned in connection with them—
the M o s k h o p h a g o i, who may be identified with the
R i z o p h a g o i or S p e r m a t o p h a g o i of the same writer,
who were so named because they lived on roots of the tender
suckers and buds of trees, called in Greek μόσχοι. This being a
term applied also to the young of animals, Vincent was led to
think that this tribe fed on the brinde or flesh cut out of the
living animal as described by Bruce.

3. Below the M o s k h o p h a g o i, near the sea, lies a little trading

town distant from Berenîkê about 4000 stadia, called P t o l e m a ï s
T h ê r ô n, from which, in the days of the Ptolemies, the hunters
employed by them used to go up into the interior to catch elephants.
In this mart is procured the true (or marine) tortoise-shell, and the
land kind also, which, however, is scarce, of a white colour, and
smaller size. A little ivory is also sometimes obtainable, resembling
that of A d o u l i. This place has no port, and is approachable only by
boats.

(3) To the south of the Moskhophagoi lies P t o l e m a ï s

T h ê r ô n, or, as it is called by Pliny, P t o l e m a ï s
E p i t h e r a s. [On Er-rih island, lat. 18° 9´ N., long 38° 27´ E.,
are the ruins of an ancient town—probably Ptolemaïs Therôn—
Müller however places Suche here.—Ptol. I. viii. 1.; IV. vii. 7;
VIII. xvi. 10]. It was originally an Ethiopian village, but was
extended and fortified by Ptolemy Philadelphos, who made it
the depôt of the elephant trade, for which its situation on the
skirts of the great Nubian forest, where these animals
abounded, rendered it peculiarly suitable. The Egyptians before
this had imported their elephants from Asia, but as the supply
was precarious, and the cost of importation very great,
Philadelphos made the most tempting offers to the Ethiopian
elephant-hunters (Elephantophagoi) to induce them to abstain
from eating the animal, or to reserve at least a portion of them
for the royal stables. They rejected however all his solicitations,
declaring that even for all Egypt they would not forego the
luxury of their repast. The king resolved thereupon to procure
his supplies by employing hunters of his own.

4. Leaving Ptolemaïs Thêrôn we are conducted, at the distance of

about 3000 stadia, to A d o u l i, a regular and established port of
trade situated on a deep bay the direction of which is due south.
Facing this, at a distance seaward of about 200 stadia from the
inmost recess of the bay, lies an island called O r e i n ê (or ‘the
mountainous’), which runs on either side parallel with the mainland.
Ships, that come to trade with Adouli, now-a-days anchor here, to
avoid being attacked from the shore; for in former times when they
used to anchor at the very head of the bay, beside an island called
D i o d ô r o s, which was so close to land that the sea was fordable,
the neighbouring barbarians, taking advantage of this, would run
across to attack the ships at their moorings. At the distance of 20
stadia from the sea, opposite O r e i n ê, is the village of Adouli,
which is not of any great size, and inland from this a three days’
journey is a city, K o l ö ê, the first market where ivory can be
procured. From Kolöê it takes a journey of five days to reach the
metropolis of the people called the A u x u m i t a e, whereto is
brought, through the province called K y ê n e i o n, all the ivory
obtained on the other side of the Nile, before it is sent on to Adouli.
The whole mass, I may say, of the elephants and rhinoceroses which
are killed to supply the trade frequent the uplands of the interior,
though at rare times they are seen near the coast, even in the
neighbourhood of Adouli. Besides the islands already mentioned, a
cluster consisting of many small ones lies out in the sea to the right
of this port. They bear the name of A l a l a i o u, and yield the
tortoises with which the I k h t h y o p h a g o i supply the market.

(4) Beyond P t o l e m a ï s T h ê r ô n occurs A d o u l ê, at a

distance, according to the Periplûs, of 3000 stadia—a somewhat
excessive estimate. The place is called also A d o u l e i and more
commonly Adoulis by ancient writers (Ptol. IV. vii. 8; VIII. xvi.
11). It is represented by the modern Thulla or Zula [pronounced
Azule,—lat. 15° 12´-15° 15´ N., long. 39° 36´ E.].—To the West
of this, according to Lord Valentia and Mr. Salt, there are to be
found the remains of an ancient city. It was situated on the
A d o u l i k o s K o l p o s (Ptol. I. xv. 11.; IV. vii. 8), now called
Annesley Bay, the best entrance into Abyssinia. It was
erroneously placed by D’Anville at Dokhnau or Harkiko, close to
Musawwâ [lat. 15° 35´ N.] There is much probability in the
supposition that it was founded by a party of those Egyptians
who, as we learn from Herodotos (II. 30), to the number of
240,000 fled from their country in the days of Psammêtikḥos (B.
C. 671-617) and went to as great a distance beyond Meroë, the
capital of Ethiopia, as Meroë is beyond Elephantinê. This is the
account which Pliny (VI. 3-4) gives of its foundation, adding that
it was the greatest emporium of the T r o g l o d y t e s, and
distant from P t o l e m a ï s a five days’ voyage, which by the
ordinary reckoning is 2,500 stadia. It was an emporium for
rhinoceros’ hides, ivory and tortoise-shell. It had not only a
large sea-borne traffic, but was also a caravan station for the
traffic of the interior of Africa. Under the Romans it was the
haven of A u x u m ê (Ptol. IV. vii. 25,—written also Auxumis,
Axumis), now Axum, the capital of the kingdom of Tigre in
Abyssinia. A u x u m ê was the chief centre of the trade with the
interior of Africa in gold-dust, ivory, leather, hides and
aromatics. It was rising to great prosperity and power about the
time the Periplûs was written, which is the earliest work extant
in which it is mentioned. It was probably founded by the
Egyptian exiles already referred to. Its remaining monuments
are perfectly Egyptian and not pastoral, Troglodytik, Greek, or
Arabian in their character. Its name at the same time retains
traces of the term A s m a k, by which, as we learn from
Herodotos, those exiles were designated, and Heeren considers
it to have been one of the numerous priest-colonies which were
sent out from Meroë.
At Adouli was a celebrated monument, a throne of white
marble with a slab of basanite stone behind it, both covered
with Greek characters, which in the sixth century of our era
were copied by K o s m a s I n d i k o p l e u s t ê s. The passage in
Kosmos relating to this begins thus: “A d u l ê is a city of Ethiopia
and the port of communication with A x i ô m i s, and the whole
nation of which that city is the capital. In this port we carry on
our trade from Alexandria and the Elanitik Gulf. The town itself
is about a mile from the shore, and as you enter it on the
Western side which leads from A x i ô m i s, there is still
remaining a chair or throne which appertained to one of the
Ptolemys who had subjected this country to his authority.” The
first portion of the inscription records that Ptolemy Euergetês
(247-222 B.C.) received from the Troglodyte Arabs and
Ethiopians certain elephants which his father, the second king of
the Makedonian dynasty, and himself had taken in hunting in
 the region of Adulê and trained to war in their own kingdom.
The second portion of the inscription commemorates the
conquests of an anonymous Ethiopian king in Arabia and
Ethiopia as far as the frontier of Egypt. A d o u l i, it is known for
certain, received its name from a tribe so designated which
formed a part of the D a n a k i l shepherds who are still found in
the neighbourhood of Annesley Bay, in the island of Diset [lat.
15° 28´, long. 30° 45´, the Diodôros perhaps of the Periplûs]
opposite which is the town or station of Masawâ (anc. Saba)
[lat. 15° 37´ N., long. 39° 28´ E.], and also in the archipelago
of D h a l a k, called in the Periplûs, the islands of A l a l a i o u.
The merchants of Egypt, we learn from the work, first traded at
Masawwâ but afterwards removed to Oreinê for security. This is
an islet in the south of the Bay of Masawwâ, lying 20 miles from
the coast; it is a rock as its name imports, and is of considerable
elevation.
A d u l i being the best entrance into Abyssinia, came
prominently into notice during the late Abyssinian war. Beke
thus speaks of it, “In our recent visit to Abyssinia I saw quite
enough to confirm the opinion I have so long entertained, that
when the ancient Greeks founded Adule or Adulis at the mouth
of the river Hadâs, now only a river bed except during the rains,
though a short way above there is rain all the year round, they
knew that they possessed one of the keys of Abyssinia.”

5. Below Adouli, about 800 stadia, occurs another very deep bay,
at the entrance of which on the right are vast accumulations of sand,
wherein is found deeply embedded the Opsian stone, which is not
obtainable anywhere else. The king of all this country, from the
M o s k h o p h a g o i to the other end of B a r b a r i a, is Z ô s k a l ê s, a
man at once of penurious habits and of a grasping disposition, but
otherwise honourable in his dealings and instructed in the Greek
language.
 (5) At a distance of about 100 miles beyond A d o u l i the coast
is indented by another bay now known as H a n f e l a h bay
[near Râs Hanfelah in lat. 14° 44´, long. 40° 49´ E.] about 100
miles from Annesley Bay and opposite an island called Daramsas
or Hanfelah. It has wells of good water and a small lake of fresh
water after the rains; the coast is inhabited by the Dummoeta, a
tribe of the Danakil. This is the locality where, and where only,
the Opsian or Obsidian stone was to be found. Pliny calls it an
unknown bay, because traders making for the ports of Arabia
passed it by without deviating from their course to enter it. He
was aware, as well as our author, that it contained the Opsian
stone, of which he gives an account, already produced in the
introduction.

6. These articles which these places import are the following:—

Ἱμάτια βαρβαρικα, ἄγναφα τὰ ἐν Ἀιγύπτω γινόμενα—Cloth
undressed, of Egyptian manufacture, for the Barbarian market.
Στολὰι Ἀρσινοητικὰι—Robes manufactured at Arsinoê.
Ἀβόλλαι νόθοι χρωμάτιναι—Cloaks, made of a poor cloth imitating
a better quality, and dyed.
Λέντια—Linens.
Δικρόσσια—Striped cloths and fringed. Mantles with a double
fringe.
Λιθίας ὑαλῆς πλείονα γένη καὶ ἄλλης μορρίνης, τῆς γινομένης έν
Διοσπόλει—Many sorts of glass or crystal, and of that other
transparent stone called Myrrhina, made at Diospolis.
Ὀρείχαλκος—Yellow copper, for ornaments and cut into pieces to
pass for money.
Μελίεφθα χαλκᾶ—Copper fused with honey: for culinary vessels
and cutting into bracelets and anklets worn by certain classes of
women.
 Σίδηρος—Iron. Consumed in making spearheads for hunting the
elephant and other animals and in making weapons of war.
Πελύκια—Hatchets.
Σκέπαρνα—Adzes.
Μάχαιραι—Swords.
Ποτήρια χαλκᾶ στρογγύλα μεγάλα—Drinking vessels of brass, large
and round.
Δηνάριον ὀλίγον—A small quantity of denarii: for the use of
merchants resident in the country.
Οἶνος Λαοδικηνὸς καὶ Ἰταλικὸς οῦ πολῦς—Wine, Laodikean, i.e.
Syrian, from Laodike, (now Latakia) and Italian, but not much.
Ἔλαιον οὐ πολύ—Oil, but not much.
Ἀργυρώματα καὶ χρυσώματα τοπικῷ ῥυθμῷ κατεσκευασμέναι—
Gold and silver plate made according to the fashion of the country
for the king.
Ἀβόλλαι—Cloaks for riding or for the camp.
Καυνάκαὶ ἁπλοῖ—Dresses simply made of skins with the hair or fur
on. These two articles of dress are not of much value.
These articles are imported from the interior parts of Ariakê:—
Σίδηρος Ἰνδικὸς—Indian iron.
Στόμωμα—Sharp blades.
Ὀθόνιον Ἰνδικὸν τὸ πλατύτερον, ἡ λεγομένη μοναχὴ.—Monakhê,
[17] Indian cotton cloth of great width.

Σαγματογῆναι—Cotton for stuffing.

Περιζώματα—Sashes or girdles.
 Καυνάκαὶ—Dresses of skin with the hair or fur on.
Μολόχινα—Webs of cloth mallow-tinted.
Σινδόνες ὀλίγαι—Fine muslins in small quantity.
Λάκκος χρωμάτινος—Gum-lac: yielding Lake.
The articles locally produced for export are ivory, tortoise-shell, and
rhinoceros. Most of the goods which supply the market arrive any
time from January to September—that is, from Tybi to Thôth. The
best season, however, for ships from Egypt to put in here is about
the month of September.
7. From this bay the Arabian Gulf trends eastward, and at
A u a l i t ê s is contracted to its narrowest. At a distance of about
4000 stadia (from Adouli), if you still sail along the same coast, you
reach other marts of B a r b a r i a, called the marts beyond (the
Straits), which occur in successive order, and which, though
harbourless, afford at certain seasons of the year good and safe
anchorage. The first district you come to is that called A u a l i t ê s,
where the passage across the strait to the opposite point of Arabia is
shortest. Here is a small port of trade, called, like the district,
A u a l i t ê s, which can be approached only by little boats and rafts.
The imports of this place are—
Ὑαλὴ λίθια σύμμικτος—Flint glass of various sorts.
Χυλός] Διοσπολιτικῆς ὄμφακος—Juice of the sour grape of
Diospolis.
Ἰμάτια βαρβαρικὰ σύμμικτα γεγναμμένα—Cloths of different kinds
worn in Barbaria dressed by the fuller.
Σῖτος—Corn.
Οἶνος—Wine.
Κασσιτερος ὀλίγος—A little tin.