W05 Operational Amplifiers

(19.03.2012)

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Aytaç Gören

 ELK 2018 - Contents
W01 Basic Concepts in Electronics
W02 AC to DC Conversion
W03 Analysis of DC Circuits (self and condenser)
W04 Transistors and Applications (H-Bridge)
W05 Op Amps and Applications
W06 Sensors and Measurement (1/2)
W07 Sensors and Measurement (2/2)
W08 Midterm
W09 Basic Concepts in Digital Electronics (Boolean Algebra, Decimal to binary, gates)
W10 Digital Logic Circuits (Gates and Flip Flops)
W11 PLC’s
W12 Microprocessors
W13 Data Acquisition, D/A and A/D Converters.

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Yrd. Doç. Dr. Aytaç Gören
 ELK 2018 – W01 Contents
1. Electrical Model of OpAmp
2. Structure of an OpAmp
3. Voltage Source of OpAmp
4. Inputs of OpAmp
5. Output of an OpAmp
6. Operation Modes of OpAmps
7. Op-Amp Properties
8. Ideal Op-Amp Analysis
9. Applications of Opamps
10. Opamps at a glance

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Yrd. Doç. Dr. Aytaç Gören
 Introduction
An amplifier is a device that accepts a varying input signal
and produces a similar output signal with a larger
amplitude.
An Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is an integrated
circuit that uses external voltage to amplify the input
through a very high gain.

The name “operational amplifier” comes from the fact

that they were originally used to perform mathematical
operations such as integration and differentiation.
Yrd. Doç. Dr. Aytaç Gören
 Electrical Model of OpAmp
• Voltage difference at input terminals are multiplied with a gain
value. The resultant voltage defines the OpAmp output.
Circuit Model in linear region

+ + Ro +
Ri V1 AV1 V0
  

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Aytaç Gören

 Structure of an OpAmp
• A complete op amp is realized by combining analog circuit building
blocks.
• Lots of transistors
• few resistors
• one capacitor
• Two power supplies
• Two inputs
• One output

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Aytaç Gören

 Structure of an OpAmp
• There are actually more
connections to the device
that are not shown.
• The device connects to a
power supply, which is
needed for proper operation,
as well as ground.
• There are 8 pins in a common
Op-Amp, like the 741 which is
used in many applications.

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Aytaç Gören

 Voltage Source of OpAmp
• Opamp is connected to bipolar volatge source to
operate properly.

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Aytaç Gören

 Voltage Source of OpAmp
• The supply voltage values determine the upper and lower limits of
output voltage.

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Aytaç Gören

 Inputs of OpAmp (Single ended connections)
• The operational amplifier or op-amp, has two input terminal:
• V+ is called the non-inverting input terminal.

+
Vo • + terminal : Source
~ Vi • – terminal :

Ground
• 0o phase change
• V- is called the inverting input terminal.
+
V o
• + terminal : Ground
 • – terminal : Source
~ • 180o phase change
V i

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Aytaç Gören

 Inputs of OpAmp (Differential input)
• The operational amplifier or op-amp, has two input terminal:
• V+ is called the non-inverting input terminal.
• V- is called the inverting input terminal.

V 2
+
Vo
V 1
~ V1

~
V 2
 Output of an OpAmp
• As mentioned earlier, the maximum output value is the supply
voltage, positive and negative.
• Supply voltage will limit the output voltage VO if VO attempts to
exceed the boundaries.

+V =+5V cc

+5V
+
V
o
V d 0

5V

V =5V cc
 Output of an OpAmp - Gain
• The gain of the opamp is the amount of amplification produced by
an Op-Amp. Gain is independent from the supply voltage but
supply voltage limits the output.
Vout
Vs+

Vin

Vs-
• The gain (A) is the slope between saturation points.
 Output of an OpAmp - Bandwidth
• The bandwidth is the range of frequency at which an Op-Amp will
function.(Ideal = ∞)
• An ideal operational amplifier can amplify any frequency signal
from DC to the highest AC frequencies so it is therefore assumed
to have an infinite bandwidth.
• With real op-amps, the bandwidth is limited by the Gain-
Bandwidth product (GB).

20 log (0.707) = 3dB

BW = 10 Hz (A = 70.7)
 Output of an OpAmp – Common Mode
• Same voltage source is applied at both terminals
• Ideally, two input are equally amplified
• Output voltage is ideally zero due to differential voltage is zero
•

+
V o


V i ~

• Practically, a small output signal can still be measured

 Operation Modes of OpAmps
• Open-Loop Mode:
• There is no connection between and the input voltages and the
output voltage. The command (input) is amplified with the gain of
opamp which is generally a large number. Therefore, the Op-Amp
operates as a comparator and not as a linear amplifier.
VOUT Ideal response
VOUT = A0VIN

Practical response
(clipped)

VIN

• A comparator compares the V– and V+ inputs to see which is

greater and returns a result.
 Operation Modes of OpAmps
• Open-Loop Mode: Vref
+10V +V

Digital
Variable circuit or
voltage system
source
-V
Comparator

+10V
Comparator
input

High
VH
Comparator
output
Low
VL

If A0 is large, practical response can be approximated as :

VIN > 10  V+ > V- VOUT = +VSAT
VIN < 10  V+ < V-  VOUT = -VSAT
 Operation Modes of OpAmps
• Close-Loop Mode:
• There is a connection between and the input voltages and the
output voltage. The command (input) is amplified with the
controlled gain of circuit (not the opamp) which is defined by
passive components.
• Closed loop uses negative feedback of output voltage to control
gain
V in +
V o


Ra Rf
 Op-Amp Properties
(1) Infinite Open Loop gain
- The gain without feedback V1
+
- Equal to differential gain Vo
- Zero common-mode gain V2
- Pratically, Gd = 20,000 to 200,000 
(the opamp gain is assumed to be infinite, hence it drives the
output voltage to any value required to satisfy the
input conditions.)

(2) Infinite Input impedance

- Input current ii ~0A (the current flow into i1~0 +
the input leads of the op amp is zero.) Vo
- T- in high-grade op-amp
- m-A input current in low-grade i2~0 
op-amp
 Op-Amp Properties
(3) Zero Output Impedance
- act as perfect internal voltage source Rout
- No internal resistance Vo' +
- Output impedance in series with load Rload
- Reducing output voltage to the load
- Practically, Rout ~ 20-100 
 Ideal vs Practical Op-Amp

Ideal op-amp Practical op-amp

+ AVin +
Zin Zout
Vin ~ Vout Vin Vout
~
 Zout=0  AVin

Ideal Practical
Open Loop gain A  105
Bandwidth BW  10-100Hz
Input Impedance Zin  >1M
Output Impedance Zout 0 10-100 
 Ideal Opamp Applications
•Non-inverting Amplifier
•Inverting Amplifier
•Multiple Inputs
•Integrator
•Differentiator
•Differential Amplifier
•Unity-Gain Buffer
•Current-to-Voltage Converter
•Voltage to Current Converter
 Ideal Op-Amp Analysis
• There is no such thing as an ideal op amp, but present day op amps
come so close to ideal that Ideal Op Amp analysis becomes close to
actual analysis.
• When working at low frequencies, several kHz, the ideal OpAmp
analysis produces accurate answers.

• Analysis Method is based on two ideal Op-Amp Properties:

• The voltage between V+ and V is zero V+ = V
• The current into both V+ and V terminals is zero
 Ideal Op-Amp Analysis
• Op-Amp circuits usually take some input voltage and perform
some “operation” on it, yielding an output voltage.
Feedback Path
VIN
R1 R2
Input Loop

V0
+
Output Loop
Step 1: KVL around input loop (involves Vin and op-amp inputs)
Use Rule 1: V+-V- = 0
Step 2: Find the current in the feedback path
Use Rule 2: No current into/out of op-amp inputs
Step 3: KVL around output loop (involves Vo and feedback path)
Remember current can flow in/out op-amp output
 Noninverting Amplifier
Kirchhoff node equation at V+ yields,
V  V  Vi

Kirchhoff node equation at V yields,

V  0 V  Vo
 0
Ra Rf
V in +

Setting V+ = V– yields
V o


Vi Vi  Vo
 0 Ra Rf
Vo Rf
Ra Rf A  1
Vi Ra
 Inverting Amplifier
• Kirchhoff node equation at V+ yields,
V  0

• Kirchhoff node equation at V yields, Rf

Ra
Vin  V_ Vo  V 
 0 V o
Ra Rf
• Setting V+ = V– yields V ~in +
Vo Rf
Vo  R f A 
 Vi Ra
Vin Ra
• Notice: The closed-loop gain Vo/Vin is dependent upon the ratio
of two resistors, and is independent of the open-loop gain. This is
caused by the use of feedback output voltage to subtract from
the input voltage.
 Multiple Inputs or Summing Amplifier
• Kirchhoff node equation at V+ yields,

V  0
• Kirchhoff node equation at V yields,
V_  Vo V  Va V  Vb V  Vc
   0 Rf
Rf Ra Rb Rc
Va Ra

Rb
• Setting V+ = V– yields Vb
Rc V
o
Vc +
 Va Vb Vc  c V
Vo   R f       R f 
j

 Ra Rb Rc  j a R j
 Summing Amplifier
• The Summing Amplifier is a very flexible circuit based upon the
standard Inverting Operational Amplifier configuration that can be
used for combining multiple inputs

• A simple 4 bit D/A converter circuit

 Inverting Integrator
Zf
Now replace resistors Ra and Rf by complex Za
components Za and Zf, respectively, 
therefore
Vo 
Zf V
o

Za
Vin
V ~in +
Supposing
(i) The feedback component is a capacitor C,
i.e., Z  1
jC
f

(ii) The input component is a resistor R, Za = R C

Therefore, the closed-loop gain (Vo/Vin) become: R
1 
vo (t ) 
RC  vi (t )dt V
o

where vi (t )  Vi e jt V ~in +

What happens if Za = 1/jC whereas, Zf = R?

Inverting differentiator
 Op-Amp Differentiator
 dV 
R vo   i  RC
 dt 
C
0 
to t1 t2 V
i V o 0
+
to t1 t2
 Op-Amp Integrator
Example:
C 0.01F

(a) Determine the rate of change+5V R

of the output voltage.
0 
100s
V
i
10 k
V o

(b) Draw the output waveform. +

Vo(max)=10 V
Solution:
(a) Rate of change of the output voltage
Vo V 5V
 i  +5V
t RC (10 k)(0.01 F)
 50 mV/ s
0 V i
0
-5V
(b) In 100 s, the voltage decrease
Vo  (50 mV/ s)(100μs)  5V
-10V V o
 Differential Amplifier

v  v R2 i1
v1  v
i1  i1 R1
R1 v1 v
-
v vo
v  v0 v2 +
i1  R1
R2
R2
R2
v  v2
R1  R2

R2 R2
v1  v v  v0 v1  v2 v2  v0
 R1  R2 R  R2
R1 R2  1
R1 R2
 Differential Amplifier
R2 R2 R2 i1
v1  v2 v2  v0
R1  R2 R1  R2
 i1 R1
R1 R2 v1 v
- vo
v
v2 +
R2 R2 R22 R1
v0   v1  v2  v2 R2
R1 R1  R2 R1  R1  R2 

R2 R2  R2 
v0   v1  1   v2
R1 R1  R2  R1 

R2
v0   v2  v1 
R1
 Unity-Gain Buffer or Voltage Follower
• s the input signal is connected directly to the non-inverting input
of the amplifier the output signal is not inverted resulting in the
output voltage being equal to the input voltage, Vout = Vin.

vi v vo
+
vo AF 
v - vi
vi  v  v  vo

vo
AF   1
vi

• This then makes the voltage follower circuit ideal as a Unity Gain
Buffer circuit because of its isolation properties as impedance or
circuit isolation is more important than amplification while
maintaining the signal voltage.
 Current-to-Voltage Converter
It is sometimes necessary to convert small current inputs to scalled
voltage outputs.

v
+
v vo ii  i f
-
ii
v  v  0
if 0  v0  i f RF
RF
v0  ii RF
Vo
 R f
ii
Current-to-Voltage Converter - Photodiode Circuit
ii  25 A per milliwatt of incident radiation
v
+
v vo
-
ii
h

RF if

At 50 mW ii  50  25 106  1.25mA
Assume RF  3.2k
3
v0  ii RF  1.25 10  3.2 10  4V
3
 Voltage-to-current converter

A  io / vin  1 / R f
Z in  
Z out  

• This circuit takes an input voltage and converts it to an output

current.
• The input impedance of the voltage-to-current converter is the
input impedance of the op amps input.For an ideal op amp the
input impedance is infinite.
 Applications of Opamps
• Piezoelectric sensors:
• Piezoelectric crystal generates an electric charge in response to
deformation. Therefore iti is used to measure force, pressure,
acceleration.

• An integrator opamp converts acceleration signal to a velocity

scalled voltage output
 Applications of Opamps
• Instrumentation Amplifier:
• Instrumentation Amplifiers (in-amps) are very high gain
differential amplifiers which have a high input impedance and a
single ended output.

• Instrumentation amplifiers are mainly used to amplify very small

differential signals from strain gauges, thermocouples or current
sensing devices in motor control systems.
 Applications of Opamps
• Instrumentation Amplifier (EKG) :
Opamps at a glance
 Opamps at a glance

•The amplifier output voltage does not depend on the

“load” (what is attached to the output).
•The “form” of the output voltage (the signs of the scaling
factors on the input voltages, for example) depends on the
amplifier circuit layout.
•To change the values (magnitudes) of scaling factors, adjust
resistor values.
•Input voltages which are attached to the + (non-inverting)
amplifier terminal get positive scaling factors.
•Inputs attached to the – (inverting) terminal get negative
scaling factors.
•You can use these principles to design amplifiers which
perform a particular function on the input voltages.
• Yrd. Doç. Dr. Aytaç43Gören