IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL.

73, 2024 8000107

Development of a New High-Frequency B-Dot

Probes to Detect Electromagnetic Characteristics
of Helicon Wave Antenna in the Near Field
Zhi Li , Lingfeng Lu , Lin Nie , Lei Chang , Zhide Zeng , and Huaiqing Zhang

Abstract— A new radio frequency (RF) diagnostic, combined the low-field side of ASDEX [4]. ICRF wave absorption and
B-dot probe with an electrostatic probe array, has been installed propagation in the plasma edge have been studied through
on the linear experimental advanced device (LEAD) to charac- a toroidally aligned array of B-dot probes installed on the
terize the RF wave propagation and plasma parameters. It can
directly indicate the RF wave–plasma coupling properties and high-field side of the ASDEX Upgrade [5]. The double-IIID
provide the necessary parametric information for experimental tokamak (D-IIID) ion cyclotron diagnostic system has two
studies of wave physics. The probe’s signal acquisition system types of magnetic probes, one with an ion cyclotron antenna
has been developed, taking the consideration of electromagnetic to detect ion cyclotron radiation and the other with a specially
compatibility to eliminate RF interference to ensure the reliability designed magnetic probe to detect the ion cyclotron emission.
of the probe data. The measured magnetic field in the antenna
near field in LEAD by B-dot probe coincides with the COMSOL By comparing the two probes, it is found that the detected
simulation, which validates the measurement. Moreover, the signals have a strong similarity, and the signal-to-noise ratio of
reliability of the data from the electrostatic probe was verified by the specially designed magnetic probe is a bit better [6], [7].
making a comparison with data measured by other independent Ion cyclotron antennas (an array of toroidal straps) are also
Langmuir probes. used as magnetic probes in the JT-60U [8]. Two polarization
Index Terms— Antenna near field, B-dot probe, electric and of ICRF waves, the fast and slow waves, have been identified
magnetic measurements, plasma diagnostics. by B-dot probe, and the main antenna parallel wavenumber
is deduced in experimental and advanced superconducting
I. I NTRODUCTION
tokamak (EAST) [9]. The abovementioned B-dot probe arrays

T HE electromagnetic characteristics of the antenna’s near

field are crucial for diagnosing the pulsed and steady-state
operation of high-power radio frequency (RF) antennas. These
can directly measure the local ICRF wave field properties
(amplitude, polarization, and wavenumber spectra), while the
local plasma parameters (electron temperature, plasma density,
characteristics directly indicate the plasma–wave coupling and plasma potential) are missing. However, for tokamaks,
property and provide essential information for experimental the local plasma parameters provide important guidance for
studies of RF wave physics, such as ion cyclotron range of the study of wave propagation and nonlinear interactions with
frequencies (ICRFs). This diagnostic is essential for future plasmas, such as mode conversion [10], high confinement
HL-2M ICRF antennas [1], [2]. mode operation mechanisms [11], and many other issues. For
ICRF antenna near fields have been studied previously on a helicon wave physics, the study from low-density H-mode
tokamak using a B-dot probe array. The purpose of the B-dot inductively coupled plasma (ICP) to high-density W-mode
probe in ASDEX Upgrade tokamak is to measure directly the helicon wave plasma (HP) cannot be done without know-
main properties of the local ICRF wave field [3]. Parametric ing local plasma parameters [12], [13], [14]. In this article,
decay instabilities have been studied using probes installed on we developed a new high-frequency B-dot probe that not only
measures the periodic changes of RF magnetic fields but also
Manuscript received 15 August 2023; revised 22 October 2023; accepted
1 November 2023. Date of publication 28 November 2023; date of current
detects the local plasma parameters.
version 21 December 2023. This work was supported in part by the National The structure of this article is as follows. Section II intro-
Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China under Contract duces the preliminary experimental setup and the B-dot probe.
2022YFE03090002, in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China under Grant 42004156 and Grant 92271113, in part by the Fundamental
Section III analyzes the results of the experimental data and
Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant 2022CDJQY-003, verifies the accuracy of the B-dot probe. Section IV is the
and in part by the Chongqing Entrepreneurship and Innovation Support discussion and conclusion.
Program for Overseas Returnees under Grant CX2022004. The Associate
Editor coordinating the review process was Dr. Yuto Kato. (Corresponding II. P RINCIPLE OF THE B-D OT P ROBE AND THE
authors: Huaiqing Zhang; Lei Chang.) E XPERIMENTAL S ETUP
Zhi Li is with the School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University,
Chongqing 400044, China, and also with the Southwestern Institute of A. Principle of the B-Dot Probe
Physics, Chengdu 610025, China (e-mail: [email protected]).
Lingfeng Lu, Lin Nie, and Zhide Zeng are with the Southwestern Institute The sketch of the new B-dot probes is shown in Fig. 1(a).
of Physics, Chengdu 610025, China (e-mail: [email protected]). The new B-dot probes consist of two parts, one part is
Lei Chang and Huaiqing Zhang are with the School of Electrical the B-dot probes array that picks up the magnetic field, and
Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China (e-mail:
[email protected]; [email protected]). the other part is the electrostatic probe array that detects the
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIM.2023.3334340 local plasma parameters. The B-dot probe array consists of
1557-9662 © 2023 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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 8000107 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 73, 2024

Fig. 2. (a) Schematic view of LEAD: (1) vacuum pumps; (2) movable
rod to catch out the target plate and mono-blocks; (3) vacuum chamber for
replacement of mono-blocks; (4) slanted windows; (5) magnets No. 1–4;
(6) magnets No. 6; and (7) magnets No. 7–15. (b) Planar multiring helicon
antenna in LEAD.

plasma and the coil. Increasing the number of coil turns will
increase the strength of the collected signal, resulting a larger
probe box size, lower spatial resolution, more disturbances
to a plasma, and a lower frequency response due to the
increased inductance. After considering the compromise, the
Fig. 1. (a) Sketch of the new B-bot probe, the serial numbers for each magnetic coil is made up of eight turns of 0.25-mm-diameter
magnetic probe are marked below. (b) Actual B-dot probes to be installed, with copper lines. All probes including the electrostatic probe are
the LEAD as background. (c) 3-D view of the probe with internal components soldered on a horizontal stainless steel rod. The wires are then
shown.
connected to the data acquisition system after going through
an MX 23 airtight aerospace plug.
four probe pairs, and each pair consists of a “|| ” and a “⊥”
wave probe, where the “|| ” probe is oriented to be along
with the background RF magnetic fields and the “⊥” probe is B. Experimental Setup
oriented to be perpendicular to the background RF magnetic The B-dot probe intentionally developed to diagnose the
fields. Three electrostatic single probes were placed in the gap ICRF waves in tokamak is tested in the linear experimental
between the four pairs of B-dot probes. The “|| ” probes are advanced device (LEAD) at first (Fig. 2). LEAD is a large-
labeled “1,” “3,” “5,” and “7,” and the “⊥” probes are “2,” volume helicon device, being built in 2017 at the Southwestern
“4,” “6,” and “8.” Institute of Physics, Chengdu, China [15], [16], [17]. This
A 3-D view of the probe with internal components is shown facility is about 3 m long with diameters of 400 mm/900 mm.
in Fig. 1(c). The principles for designing probes are as follows: It is located on a heavy nonmagnetic steel base, which is
the number of coil turns determines the size of the probe box; longer than 8 m. The vacuum chamber, which is made of
the wavelength of the helicon wave determines the interval nonmagnetic AISI 314 steel, consists of three main sections
between each probe, which further determines the size of the including the source chamber, the diagnostic chamber, and the
probe. Each B-dot probe has a 1 × 10 mm slit parallel or target chamber, respectively. The magnets are demountable,
perpendicular to the background RF magnetic fields in the making LEAD very flexible for various magnetic configura-
probe box made of stainless steel to select the specific wave tions. In this experiment, the magnetic probes were installed
polarization. A 1-mm-thick ceramic plate is placed between in the closest port to the helicon antenna, i.e., the window in
the slit and the coil to prevent direct contact between the the middle of the No. 14–15 magnets.

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 LI et al.: DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW HIGH-FREQUENCY B-DOT PROBES 8000107

Fig. 3. Electric circuit of the electrostatic probe.

The helicon wave experiments are carried out at a magnetic

field of 500 G, RF power of 3000 W, and air pressure of
0.99 Pa. The argon gas is injected in this experiment. Helicon
wave discharge is observed through the side windows, and
data are picked when the plasma becomes stable in the blue
core mode.

C. Data Processing
The data collected in the experiment are transferred to the
corresponding data acquisition board, i.e., NI PXIe-5105 with
a total sample rate of 60 MS/s. The magnetic probes have
been tested and calibrated by placing them in a prior-known
magnetic field before installation. The plasma parameters
measured by the electrostatic probe are processed similar to
the Langmuir probe, which is shown in Fig. 3.
The electrostatic probe is connected to the circuit via
a coaxial cable. A signal generator is used to produce a
triangular wave signal with a frequency of 10 Hz, which is
amplified by a power amplifier to bias the probe. A 500-
resistor is placed between the power amplifier, and the signal
line of the probe converts the current into a voltage signal.
The voltage is measured from an 11:1 voltage divider circuit
consisting of a 50-k resistor and a 5-k resistor at the ends Fig. 4. Data of: (a) probe 1–probe 3 and (b) probe 2–probe 4.
of the collection resistor, in order to reduce the electronic
current. Scanning the voltages gives the V –I characteristic
curve. to analyze. As can be seen in Fig. 5, the spectral amplitude
was found to vary with the selected signal channel. This
indicates that the magnetic probe loop and the data acquisition
III. R ESULTS A NALYSIS
system receive significant electromagnetic radiation from the
A. Magnetic Measurement free space. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and electro-
Provided the maximum sample rate of the acquisition board magnetic interference (EMI) shielding needs to be taken into
is about four times over the RF, and only data from two B-dot account. We start from the shielding of the free-space radiation
probes are collected for each test, i.e., “1,3,” “1,5,” “1,7” and field, the shielding of the cable, and the grounding issues to
“2,4,” “2,6,” “2,8.” As an example, Fig. 4 shows the data of solve the problem of the presence of clutter in the collected
probes 1–3 and 2–4, and the other probes are processed in a signals [18]. After solving the problem of EMI, the recollected
similar way. data are shown in Fig. 6.
One can immediately observe from Fig. 4 that the frequency As shown in Fig. 6, the clutter that originally appeared at a
of the wave measured by the magnetic probe at this point is frequency of about 800 kHz has apparently been eliminated,
not the RF, i.e., 13.56 MHz. Therefore, we further applied and the RF around 13.56 MHz is clearly observable. And we
the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the collected data, and the have further checked other signal acquisition channels, and
results are shown in Fig. 5. Here, for ease of understanding, the clutters have also been mitigated. It can now be used to
we have chosen only the most disturbed probe 4 as an example analyze the magnetic field in the antenna near-field region.

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 8000107 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 73, 2024

Fig. 5. Probe 4 collects data with different clutter strengths in different signal
channels. The serial numbers are the name of the signal channel: (a) channel
85; (b) channel 86; and (c) channel 87.

Fig. 7. Data after elimination of the interference: (a) data of probe 1–probe
3 and (b) probe 2–probe 4.

from other probes are processed in the same way. The phase
difference between the probes can then be used to estimate
the longitudinal wavenumber k z
Fig. 6. Probe 4 data after the grounding process. 1ϕ = ω · 1t (1)
dϕ
kz = . (2)
The reliability of this magnetic probe diagnostic system can dz
also be demonstrated as the first step. The result of k z is shown in Fig. 8. The parallel wavenumber
After solving the grounding and other EMC issues, the reac- k of the RF wave was 35.89 m−1 , by (2). The two fit curves
quired data are shown in Fig. 7. One can immediately observe match very well. The dots are experimental results while the
from Fig. 7 that the data at this point are all waves oscillating dashed lines are the linear fit. Next, the amplitude of the
around the 13.56-MHz frequency. Within the selected small oscillating magnetic field will be calculated. In the presence of
time interval, the time difference between the wave peaks B(t), which passes through the center of the magnetic probe
measured by the two probes can be calculated. The time with surface area A, the induction voltage V is obtained by
difference is converted to a phase difference by (1). Data integrating the Maxwell’s equation (3) over this region yield;

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 LI et al.: DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW HIGH-FREQUENCY B-DOT PROBES 8000107

Fig. 9. V –I curves from electrostatic probe measurements.

where A denotes the current collecting surface area of a probe,

Fig. 8. K z deduced from the adjacent probe phase difference. Te is the electron temperature, Vb is the probe biasing potential,
and Vp is the plasma space potential. Taking logarithms
the equation is expressed as (4) on both sides of (6), one can further deduce the electron
∂B temperature. The value of the electron temperature can be
∇×E =− (3) obtained from the inverse of the slope of the straight line in
Z ∂t the intermediate transition region
∂B ∂B
Z
V = Nc ∇ × E · ds = −Nc · ds = −Nc A (4) e
∂t ∂t Vb − Vp + ln Iis .


ln Ip = (7)
kB Te
where Nc denotes the number of turns of the coil, and we
When a cylindrical probe immersed in plasma is given
assume that B does not change inside the area. From this
to a suitable potential, the detected current is related to the
relation, B(t) is obtained via integration with time using an
probe biasing voltage in the electron saturation region by the
integrator. Since B oscillates at a fixed frequency f = ω/2π =
following equation [20]:
13.56 MHz which has a form of Bω sin ωt. From (4), it is easy s s
to have the following equation [19]: kB Te 2 eVb
Ip = en e A √ 1+ . (8)
V = −Nc AωBω cos ωt. (5) 2π m e π kB Te
After obtaining a continuous V –I curve, the electron density
By adopting (5), the magnetic flux intensity measured by
of the plasma can be found by selecting a set of probe voltages
the B-dot magnetic probe can be easily obtained as between
and corresponding probe detection currents in the electron
2.3474 × 10−2 and 3.5211 × 10−2 G.
saturation region based on the obtained electron temperature
in the intermediate transition region. The results for electron
B. Electrostatic Probe Measurement temperature and electron density are taken to four decimal
We selected tungsten which can resist high heat load as places. In addition, it is worth mentioning that in RF plasma,
the tip material of the electrostatic probe. And the bottom there is usually the problem of RF interference, which distorts
of the tungsten tip was covered with high melting point and the measured V –I characteristic curves due to the plasma
electrically insulating ceramics. The probe tip was treated as potential and sheath potential oscillating at RF, and may result
the single cylindrical probe, which is the most popular and in overestimating the electron temperatures. Since our new
widely used. Connect the probe to the corresponding test probe is sufficiently close to the antenna, the effect of the
circuit, as shown in Fig. 3. By changing the biasing voltage of RF source on the probe is already very weak, and no visible
the probe, the corresponding current value is detected and the distortion is seen in the V –I characteristic curve.
volt–ampere characteristic curve can be obtained, as shown Unlike magnetic field measurements, the plasma at the
in Fig. 9, where the blue points are the collected data and boundary is very thin, so we specifically measured the radial
the red line is the fit curve. For convenience, only the third profile of the plasma density for comparison. As can be seen
electrostatic probe measurement is presented. from Fig. 10, the further away from the center, the lower
Due to the high power discharge, more electrons with the electron density, and the thinner the plasma. The electron
large kinetic energy will overcome the repulsive effect of the temperature profile measured by the independent Langmuir
negative potential to reach the probe. This makes the probe probe also follows a similar pattern. The measured plasma
floating potential negative, as shown in Fig. 9. parameters also agree with commercially available probes in
In the intermediate transition region, both the ion current, the laboratory as well as previous literature [17], demonstrat-
saturated to the ion saturation current Iis , and the electron ing the accuracy of the measurements.
current Ie are collected. Using the Boltzmann relation, Ie is
s C. Simulation Results Analysis
e(Vb − Vp )
 
kB Te To verify the accuracy of the measurements, we further
Ie = en e A exp (6)
2π m e kB Te developed a new COMSOL-based full-wave simulation code,

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 8000107 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 73, 2024

Fig. 12. COMSOL simulation of magnetic field intensity.

parameters as used in Fig. 10, n e = 1019 m−3 , B0 = 500 G,

f = 13.56 MHz, and ve = 3 × 107 rad/s, and the dispersion
relation of the helicon wave implies k z = 38.8 m−1 , which is
consistent with the period of the wave pattern in Fig. 11.
In order to calculate the magnetic field intensity on the
boundary more accurately, the center axis as well as the axis on
the boundary was selected for comparison, respectively. The
calculation results are shown in Fig. 12. As can be obtained
from Fig. 12, the magnetic induction intensity calculated by
COMSOL simulation is 3.1416 × 10−2 G. The experimentally
measured data are in agreement with the simulation results,
which demonstrates the accuracy of the B-dot probe measure-
ments.

Fig. 10. Radial profile distribution of plasma density and electron

temperature: (a) electrostatic probe and (b) independent Langmuir probe. IV. D ISCUSSION AND C ONCLUSION
A set of high-frequency hybrid B-dot probe has been devel-
oped and installed to study the RF wave physics in LEAD.
The probe array consists of four B-dot probe pairs and three
single electrostatic probes. Each B-dot pair has a probe aligned
parallel and perpendicular to the local B-field direction. The
electrostatic probe has been installed in between each pair of
B-dot probes and immersed in plasma along the axis direction.
Unlike previous magnetic probes that could only measure
magnetic field amplitude, the newly designed probes are capa-
ble of measuring multiple parameters simultaneously. These
include the magnetic field amplitude, the parallel wavenumber,
electron temperature, and electron density.
The results of the measurements are as follows: for magnetic
measurements, the magnetic induction density is 2.3474 ×
Fig. 11. Hz -field with uniform density (simulation by COMSOL). 10−2 to 3.5211 × 10−2 G, the parallel wavenumber is
35.89 m−1 , and the simulation results are oscillations around
which includes a peculiar 3-D planar multiring antenna, ded- the value of 3.1416 × 10−2 G; for electric measurements, the
icated to LEAD. The magnetic field intensity distribution is electron temperature and the electron density have been mea-
obtained, as shown in Fig. 11. From Fig. 11, one can imme- sured as 2.4 eV and 3.6 × 1018 m−3 , respectively. In addition,
diately know the longitudinal wavelength. For m = 0 mode the radial profile of the plasma density and temperature have
as in LEAD, k z could be directly computed analytically from also been measured, which are in good agreement with the
the dispersion relation under a uniform density [21], [22]. The results of the commercially available probes in the laboratory
dispersion relations of the wave mode are the following [23], and with the results of the previous literature. The experimen-
[24], [25], [26]: tal data and the simulation results agree well with each other,

ive k
 verifying the correctness of the measurement method.
kk z = 1 + ω0 n e u 0 e/B0 (9)
ωce k z
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 LI et al.: DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW HIGH-FREQUENCY B-DOT PROBES 8000107

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research interests are in the area of power sig-
[26] Y. Mouzouris and J. E. Scharer, “Wave propagation and absorp-
nal processing, electromagnetic field theory and
tion simulations for helicon sources,” Phys. Plasmas, vol. 5, no. 12,
applications, and wireless power transmission.
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