CHAP.

81 POWER AND REFRIGERATION VAPOR CYCLES 171

Solved Problems

8.1 A steam power plant is designed to operate on a Rankine cycle with a condenser outlet
temperature of 80°C and boiler outlet temperature of 500°C. If the pump outlet pressure is
2 MPa, calculate the maximum possible thermal efficiency of the cycle. Compare with the
efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperature limits.
T o calculate the thermal efficiency we must determine the turbine work and the boiler heat
transfer. The turbine work is found as follows (refer to Fig. 8-1):
At state 3: h3 = 3468 kg/kg s3 = 7.432 kJ/kg * K
At state 4: s4 = s3 = 7.432 = 1.075 +6.538~~
Thus x , = 0.9723, h , = 335 + (0.9723X2309) = 2580 kJ/kg, and wT = h3 - h , = 3468 - 2580 = 888
kJ/kg. The boiler heat, assuming that h , = h , (the pump work is negligible), is 4e = h3 - h , =
3468 - 335 = 3133 kJ/kg.'The cycle efficiency is then

888
v = - WT
=-= 3133 0.283 or 28.3%
4B

The efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between the high and low temperatures of this cycle is

TL 353
q=l-TH= 1- -
773
= 0.543 or 54.3%

8.2 For the ideal Rankine cycle shown in Fig. 8-26 determine the mass flow rate of steam and the
cycle efficiency.
The turbine output is shown to be 20 MW. Referring to Fig. 8-1, we find
h3 = 3422 kJ/kg, s3 = 6.881 kJ/kg * K s, = s3 = 6.881 = 0.649 + 7.502~~
:. x4 = 0.8307 :. h , = 192 + (0.8307)(2393) = 2180 kJ/kg

The mass flux is now calculated to be

. WT fiT
m=-=-= 2o000 - 16.1 kg/s
WT h3-h4 3422- 2180 -

MW

Fig. 8-26
172 POWER AND REFRIGERATION VAPOR CYCLES [CHAP. 8

The boiler heat transfer, neglecting the pump work so that h , = h , , is

qs = h3 - h , = 3422 - 192 = 3230 kJ/kg
The cycle efficiency is found to be

wT wT
- 2oooo = 0.385 or 38.5%
77=-=--
0, mqB (16.1)(3230)

8.3 A solar bank of collectors with an area of 8000 ft2 supplies energy to the boiler of a Rankine
cycle power plant. At peak load the collectors provide 200 Btu/ft2-hr to the working fluid.
The Freon 12 working fluid leaves the boiler at 300 psia and 240°F and enters the pump at
100°F. Determine ( a ) the pump work, ( b ) the cycle efficiency, ( c ) the mass flux of the Freon
12, and ( d ) the maximum power output.
The pump work requirement for this ideal cycle is (refer to Fig. 8-1)
w p = (P,- P , ) u = [(300 - 131.9)(144)](0.01269) = 307,2 ft-lbf/lbm or 0.395 Btu/lbm

To calculate the thermal efficiency we must know the boiler heat input. It is = h3 - h , =
107.1 - (31.1 + 0.395) = 75.6 Btu/lbm, where the enthalpy at the pump outlet, state 2, is the inlet
enthalpy h , plus wp.
We must also calculate the turbine work output. To locate state 4 we use the entropy as
follows: s3 = s, = 0.1842 Btu/lbm- OR. This is in the superheated region. Interpolating for the
state at P4 = 131.9 psia and s, = 0.1842, we find that h , = 99.5 Btu/lbm. This result requires a
double interpolation, so care must be taken. The turbine work is thus
wT = h, - h, = 107.1 - 99.5 = 7.6 Btu/lbm
The cycle efficiency is
wT - wp 7.6 - 0.4
7=-- - = 0.095 or 9.5%
qS 75.6

To find the mass flux, we use the total heat flux input from the collectors. Q, = (200X8000) =
mizq,= m(75.6). This results in m = 21,160 Ibm/hr or 5.88 lbm/sec.

The maximum power output is kT= hw, = (21,160X7.6) = 161,000 Btu/hr or 63.3 hp. We have
used the conversion 2545 Btu/hr = 1 hp.

8.4 The steam of a Rankine cycle, operating between 4 MPa and 10 kPa, is reheated at 400 kPa to

a
Mathcad
400 "C. Determine the cycle efficiency if the maximum temperature is 600 "C.
Referring to Fig. 8-6, we find from the steam tables the following:
h, z h, = 191.8 kJ/kg, h, = 3674.4 kJ/kg, h, = 3273.4 kJ/kg,
S, = S , = 7.369 kJ/kg -K s6 = s, = 7.899 kJ/kg * K
For the two isentropic processes we calculate the following:
s, = 7.369
Interpolate: h , = 2960 kJ/kg
P4 = 400 kPa
sg = 7.898 = 0.649 + 7.501x6 .'. x6 = 0.9664 .'. h6 = 191.8 + 0.9664 x 2392.8 = 2504 kJ/kg
The heat transfer to the boiler is
qB = h3 - h , + h, - h, = 3674 - 192 + 3273 - 2960 = 3795 kJ/kg
The work output from the turbine is
WT = h3 - h4 + h , - h , = 3674 - 2960 + 3273 - 2504 = 1483 kJ/kg
CHAP,81 POWER AND REFRIGERATION VAPOR CYCLES 173

The cycle efficiency is finally calculated to be

WT 1483
77=-=-- 3795 - 0.391 or39.1%
qB

8.5 An ideal reheat Rankine cycle operates between 8 MPa and 4 kPa with a maximum
temperature of 600°C (Fig. 8-27). Two reheat stages, each with a maximum temperature of
600°C, are to be added at 1 MPa and 100 kPa. Calculate the resulting cycle efficiency.
From the steam tables we find
h , h2 = 121.5 kJ/kg h 3 = 3642 W/kg h , = 3698 kJ/kg h = 3705 kJ/kg
s3 = s4 = 7.021 kJ/kg - K Sg = $6 = 8.030 kJ/kg K s7 = s8
* = 9.098 kJ/kg K *

We interpolate at each of the superheated states 4, 6, and 8:

s4 = 7.021 kJ/kg
P4= 1 MPa
S, = 9.098 kJ/kg
*

*
K

K
I *'*

:.
h4

h,
=

=
2995 kJ/kg

2762kJ/kg
s6 = 8.030 kJ/kg
p6 = 1 0 kpa
* K
I :. h , = 2972 kJ/kg

P, =4 kPa
The boiler heat transfer is
q B = h , - h2 + h , - h4 + h7 - h , = 3642 - 122 + 3698 - 2995 + 3705 - 2972 = 4956 kJ/kg
The turbine work is
wT = h3 - h4 + h , - h , + h , - h , = 3642 - 2995 + 3698 - 2972 + 3705 - 2762 = 2316 kJ/kg
The cycle efficiency is then calculated to be
WT 2316
77=-=-- 4956 - 0.467 or 46.7%
qB

Fig. 8-27

8.6 The condenser pressure of a regenerative cycle is 3 kPa and the feedwater pump provides a
pressure of 6 MPa to the boiler. Calculate the cycle efficiency if one open feedwater heater is
to be used. The maximum temperature is 600°C.
The pressure at which the steam passing through the turbine is intercepted is estimated by selecting
a saturation temperature half way between the boiler saturation temperature and the condenser
saturation temperature; i.e., referring to Fig. 8-7, T6 = (iX275.6 + 24.1) = 149.8"C. The closest
174 POWER AND REFRIGERATION VAPOR CYCLES [CHAP. 8

pressure entry to this saturation temperature is at 400 kPa. Hence, this is the selected pressure for the
feedwater heater. Using the steam tables, we find
h2 z h , = 101 kJ/kg h, h6 = 604.3 kJ/kg
h3 = 3658.4 kJ/kg s3 = s4 = s, = 7.168 kJ/kg * K
For the isentropic processes we find
s5 = 7.168 kJ/kg -K :. h, = 2859kJ/kg
P, = 0.4 MPa
s4 = 7.168 = 0.3545 + 8 . 2 2 3 1 ~ ~ :. x4 = 0.8286 :. h4 = 101 + (0.8286)(2444.5) = 2126kJ/kg
If we assume riz, = 1 kg/s, we find from (8.8) that
f i --h6 - h 2
- h , - h 2 m 6= ( 2859
640 lol )(1)
- 101
- = 0.195 kg/s

Then we have:
riz2 = h6- h, = 1 - 0.195 = 0.805 kg/s

QB =h6( h3 - h7) = (1)(3658 - 604) = 3054 kW

WT = riz,5(h3 - h5) + rizZ(h5 - h4) = (1)(3658 - 2859) + (0.805)(2859 - 2126) = 1389 kW

The cycle efficiency is finally calculated to be
WT 1389
. - - 3054
7 = - = - 0.455 or 45.5%
QB

8.7 For the regenerative cycle shown in Fig. 8-28 determine the thermal efficiency, the mass flux

a
Mathcad
of steam, and the ratio of rejected heat to added heat. Neglect pump work.
Referring to Fig. 8-7b to identify the states and using the steam tables, we find
h, h, = 191.8 kJ/kg h6 E h, = 762.8 kJ/kg h, = 3625.3 kJ/kg
The enthalpies of states 4 and 5 are determined by assuming an isentropic process as follows:
S, = s3 = 6.904 kJ/kg K
.:
*

P, = 1MPa h, = 2932kJ/kg

s4 = s3 = 6.904 = 0.6491 + 7 . 5 0 1 9 ~ ~ :. x4 = 0.8338

:. h4 = 191.8 + (0.8338)(2392.8) = 2187 kJ/kg

Boiler
600 "C
h4w

Closed feedwater

Fig. 8-28
CHAP.81 POWER AND REFRIGERATION VAPOR CYCLES 175

A n energy balance on the heater, which is assumed insulated, is m,(h, - h,) = k,(h7 - h,). A mass
+
balance provides (see Fig. 8-10) m, = riz, h2.Assuming m7 = 1 kg/s, the above two equations are
combined to give

h, - h6 -
- 2932 - 763
h7 - h2 + h, - h6
0.792 kg/s
m, =
763 - 192 + 2932 - 763
=

We then have rit, = 1 - h2= 1 - 0.792 = 0.208 kg/s. The turbine power (with m , = 1 kg/s) can now
be calculated to be

WT = m7(h3 - h s ) + mz(h5 - h4) = (1.0)(3625 - 2932) + (0.792)(2932 - 2187) = 1283 kW

The boiler heat rate is

Q B = m7(h3 - h7) = (1.0)(3625 - 763) = 2862 kW

The cycle efficiency is calculated to be

WT 1283
r] = - = 2862 = 0.448 or 44.8%
QB

The mass flux of steam is found as

WT
m7 = = - -2o
1.283
- 15.59 kg/s
(*.)with ,it7 =1

The ratio of rejected heat to added heat is

1283
-= 2862 - 0.552
Qf? QB QB

8.8 A power plant operates on a reheat-regenerative cycle in which steam at 1000°F and
2000 psia enters the turbine. It is reheated at a pressure of 400 psia to 800°F and has two
open feedwater heaters, one using extracted steam at 400 psia and the other using extracted
steam at 80 psia. Determine the thermal efficiency if the condenser operates at 2 psia.
Refer to the T-s diagram of Fig. 8-11 to identify the various states. The pump power requirements
are negligible. From the steam tables the enthalpies are
h, s h, = 94 Btu/lbm h3 = 282 Btu/lbm h, = 424 Btu/lbm
h, = 1474 Btu/lbm h, = 1417 Btu/lbm
The enthalpies of state 7, 9, and 10 are found assuming isentropic processes as follows:

s7 = $6 = 1.560 Btu/lbm-"R
P7 = 400 psia :. h , = 1277 Btu/lbm

s, = s g = 1.684 Btu/lbrn-"R
P9 = 80 psi
sl0= s8= 1.684 = 0.17499
I :. h ,

+ 1 . 7 4 4 8 ~ ~ ~ :.
= 1235 Btu/lbm

x l 0 = 0.8649
:. h,, = 94 + (0.8649)(1022) = 978 Btu/lbm

Using an energy balance on each heater [see (8.8)],we find, assuming Ij2, = 1 Ibm/sec,
m7=- h5 - h3 - 424 - 282 0.1427 lbm/sec
h , - h3 ( l ) - 1277 - 282 =

m9 = ii5
-;:(1 - m7) = ( fg--9944)(1
- 0.1427) = 0.1413 Ibm/sec
176 POWER AND REFRIGERATION VAPOR CYCLES [CHAP. 8

A mass balance gives h, = 1 - h7- h, = 1 - 0.1427 - 0.1413 = 0.716 lbm/sec; now

QB = ( l ) ( h , - h,) + ( 1 - h 7 ) ( h 8 - h 7 ) = 1474 - 424 + (1 - 0.1427)(1417 - 1277) = 1170 Btu/sec
WT = (l)(h, - h7) + (1 - h7)(h8 - h , ) + h , ( h 9 - hie)
= 1474 - 1277 + ( 1 - 0.1427)(1417 - 1235) + (0.716)(1235 - 978) = 537 Btu/sec

7 =
W T
-= 1537
170 = 0.459 or 45.9%
QB

8.9 The turbine of Prob. 8.2 is 87 percent efficient. Determine the mass flow rate and the cycle
efficiency with kT= 20 MW.
Referring to Fig. 8-16 and using the steam tables; we find the following enthalpies:
h , = 3422 kJ/kg h2 z h , = 192 kJ/kg ~ 4 1= ~3 = 6.881 = 0.649 + 7.5O2~4t

... ~ 4 ' 0.8307 ... h4, = 192 + (0.8307)(2393) = 2180 W/kg

The calculation is completed as follows:
W, = h3 - h41 = 3422 - 2180 = 1242 kJ/kg
W, = ~ T w =, (0.87)(1242) = 1081 W/kg

-2o000
= 18.5 kg/s
1081
WT -
- 20 000
= 0.317 or 31.7%
h ( h 3- h2) (18.5)(3422 - 192)

8.10 The turbine of a Rankine cycle operating between 4 MPa and 10 kPa is 84 percent efficient. If
the steam is reheated at 400 kPa to 400"C, determine the cycle efficiency. The maximum
temperature is 600°C. Also, calculate the mass flux of condenser cooling water if it increases
10°C as it passes through the condenser when the cycle mass flux of steam is 10 kg/s.
Referring to Figs. 8-6 and 8-16 and using the steam tables, we find the following enthalpies:
h , G h, = 192 kJ/kg h3 = 3674 kJ/kg h5 = 3273 kJ/kg
7.369 kJ/kg K )
= ~3 = *
.*.h41 = 2960 kJ/kg
s ~ P

P4 = 400 kPa
Sgt = s5 = 7.899 = 0.649 + 7.501x61 xf,! = 0.9665
a'.

:. h,, = 192 + (0.9665)(2393) = 2505 kJ/kg

We find the actual work from the turbine to be
WT = ~ T ( h -3 h4t) + ~ T ( h 5- h6t) = (0.84)(3674 - 2960) + (0.84)(3273 - 2505) = 1247 W/kg
To find the boiler heat requirement, we must calculate the actual h4:

Then
q g = h3 - h2 + h5 - h , = 3674 - 192 + 3273 - 3074 = 3681 kJ/kg

To find the heat rejected by the condenser we must determine the actual h,:
wa h, - h 6 3273 - h6
h6 = 2628 kJ/kg
T T = y = m = 3273 - 2505

Thus Q, = m(h6 - h , ) = (10)(2628 - 192) = 24.36 MW. Because this heat is carried away by the
cooling water,
0, = h w c pAT, 24 360 = hw(4.18)(10) m , = 583 kg/s
 CHAP. 81 POWER AND REFRIGERATION VAPOR CYCLES 177

8.11 An ideal refrigeration cycle uses ammonia as the working fluid between saturation tempera-
tures of - 40 O F and 50 O F . If the refrigerant mass flux is 2.0 lbm/sec, determine the rate of
refrigeration and the coefficient of performance.
Referring to Fig. 8-17c, we find from Appendix E that
h, = 597.6 Btu/lbm h, = h4 = 97.9 Btu/lbm s1 = 1.4242 Btu/lbm- OR
Recognizing that the ammonia is compressed isentropically in the ideal cycle, state 2 is located as
follows:
s2 = s1 = 1.4242 Btu/lbmoR
P2 = 89.2 psia
:. h2 = 732 Btu/lbm
where P2 is the saturation pressure at 50°F.We can now calculate the desired information:
Q, = rh( h, - h4) = (2)(597.6 - 97.9) = 999 Btu/sec (300 tons)
qn= m ( h 2 - h,) = (2)(732 - 597.6) = 269 Btu/sec

8.12 Freon 12 is compressed from 200 kPa to 1.0 MPa in an 80 percent efficient compressor (Fig.
8-29). The condenser exiting temperature is 40°C. Calculate the COP and the refrigerant
mass flu for 100 tons (352 kW) of refrigeration.
From the Freon 12 table we find that
h, = 182.07kJ/kg h, = h4 = 74.53 kJ/kg s1 = 0.7035 W/kg * K
State 2' is located, assuming an isentropic process, as follows:
r $1 = 0.7035 kJ/kg * K
~ 2 =
P 2 = 1.0MPa ... h,, = 210.6 kJ/kg
The efficiency of the compressor allows us to determine the actual compressor work. It is

The cycle COP is calculated to be

h i - h4 - 182.07 - 74.53
COP = - 35.7
= 3.01
"a

The mass flux of refrigerant is found from QE:

Q, m(h1 - h4) 352 = m(182.07 - 74.53) m = 3.27 kg/s

I S

Fig. 8-29

A two-stage refrigeration system operates between high and low pressures of 1.6 MPa and 100

a
8.13
kPa, respectively. If the mass flux of Freon 12 in the low-pressure stage is 0.6 kg/s, find ( a )
the tons of refrigeration, ( b ) the coefficient of performance, and ( c ) the mass flux of cooling
Mathcad
water used to cool the Freon 12 in the condenser if AT' = 15°C.
178 POWER AND REFRIGERATION VAPOR CYCLES [CHAP. 8

The intermediate pressure is Pi = ( P H P l , ) 1 / 2= [(1.6X0.1)]'/2 = 0.4 MPa. Referring to Fig. 8-21,

the Freon 12 tables provide us with
h, = 174.15 kJ/kg h, = 190.97 kJ/kg h, = h, = 98.19 kJ/kg
h, = h, = 43.64 kJ/kg s, = 0.7171 kJ/kg * K ss = 0.6928 kJ/ kg K *

Assuming the compressors to be isentropic, the enthalpies of states 2 and 6 are found by extrapolation
as follows:
s2 = s1 = 0.7171 kJ/kg * K
P, = 0.4 MPa h , = 198 kJ/kg

s6 = ss = 0.6928 kJ/ kg - K
p6 = 1.6 MPa h6 = 215 kJ/kg

The mass flux of the Freon 12 in the high-pressure stage is

h2 - h ,
rilH=m~/----
hs - h ,
- (0.6)( 198 - 43'64
190.97 - 98.19
) = 0.998kg/s

d, = rit,(h, h , ) = (0.6X174.15 - 43.64) = 78.3 kW = 22.2 tons

-

W+, = rit,(h, - h , ) + k , ( h 6 - h s ) = (0.6)(198 - 174.15) + (0.998X215 - 190.97) = 38.3 kW

Cooling water is used to cool the Freon 12 in the condenser. As energy balance on the condenser
provides
(0.998)(215 - 98.19)
= rizH(h6 - h 7 )
mw,cPATw m,, = = 1.86kg/s
(4.18)( 15)

8.14 A heat pump uses groundwater at 12°C as an energy source. If the energy delivered by the
heat pump is to be 60 MJ/h, estimate the minimum mass flux of groundwater if the
compressor operates with Freon 12 between pressures of 100 kPa and 1.0 MPa. Also,
calculate the minimum compressor horsepower.
Referring to Fig. 8-17c, the Freon 12 table provides
h, = 174.15 kJ/kg h, = h, = 76.26 kJ/kg s1 = 0.7171 kJ/kg * K
State 2 is located assuming an isentropic process as follows:
s2 = s1 = 0.7171 kJ/kg * K
P2 = 1.0 MPa :. h , = 215 kJ/ kg

The condenser delivers 60 MJ/h of heat; thus,

6!g = mF12(215- 76.26) .. m F 1 2= 0.120 kg/s

The minimum mass flux of groundwater results if the water enters the evaporator at 12°C and leaves at
0°C (the freezing point of water). Also, we have assumed an ideal cycle, providing us with a minimum
mass flux. An energy balance on the evaporator demands that the energy given by the Freon 12 be lost
by the groundwater:

%-I,(hl - h4) = f i w a t e r C P ATwater (0.120)( 174.15 - 76.26) = ritw,,,,(4.18)(12 - 0)

mwa,,,= 0.234 kg/s

Finally, the minimum compressor power is

W,, = h F 1 2 ( h 2- h , ) = (0.120)(215 - 174.15) = 4.90kW = 6.57 hp

 CHAP. 81 POWER AND REFRIGERATION VAPOR CYCLES 179

Supplementary Problems
8.15 A power plant operating on an ideal Rankine cycle has steam entering the turbine at 500°C and 2 MPa.
If the steam enters the pump at 10 kPa, calculate ( a ) the thermal efficiency with pump work included.
(6) the thermal efficiency neglecting pump work, and (c) the percentage error in efficiency neglecting
pump work. Ans. (a) 33.9% (b) 34.0% (c) 0.29%

8.16 An ideal Rankine cycle operates between temperatures of 500°C and 60°C. Determine the cycle
efficiency and the quality of the turbine outlet steam if the pump outlet pressure is ( a ) 2 MPa,
( b )6 MPa, and ( c ) 10 MPa. Ans. ( a ) 31.6%, 0.932 ( 6 ) 36.4%, 0.855 ( c ) 38.596,0.815

8.17 The influence of maximum temperature on the efficiency of a Rankine cycle is desired. Holding the
maximum and minimum pressures constant at 1000 psia and 2 psia, respectively, what is the thermal
efficiency if the boiler outlet steam temperature is (a) 800 "F, ( b ) loo0 O F , and ( c ) 1200 O F ?
Ans. ( a ) 37.0% ( b ) 38.7% ( c ) 40.4%

8.18 A power plant is to be operated on an ideal Rankine cycle with the superheated steam exiting the boiler
at 4 MPa and 500°C. Calculate the thermal efficiency and the quality at the turbine outlet if the
condenser pressure is ( a ) 20 kPa, ( b ) 10 kPa, and ( c ) 8 kPa.
Ans. ( a ) 34.7%, 0.884 ( b )36.3%, 0.865 ( c ) 37.5%, 0.851

8.19 A power plant operates on a Rankine cycle between temperatures of 600°C and 40°C. The maximum
pressure is 8 MPa and the turbine output is 20 MW. Determine the minimum mass flow rate of cooling
water through the condenser if a maximum temperature differential of 10 "C is allowed.
Ans. 664 kg/s

8.20 Oil, with a heating value of 30 MJ/kg, is used in the boiler shown schematically in Fig. 8-30. If 85
percent of the energy is transferred to the working fluid, how much oil is needed per hour?
Ans. 13480 kg/h

Oi 1
in
* Boiler
10 MPa

Fig. 8-30

8.21 Hot geyser water at 95°C is available to supply energy to the boiler of a Rankine cycle power plant.
Freon 12 is the working fluid. The maximum possible mass flux of hot water is 2.0 kg/s. The Freon 12
exits the boiler as saturated vapor at 80 "C, and the condenser temperature is 40 "C. Calculate ( a ) pump
work rate, ( b )the thermal efficiency, and ( c ) the maximum possible power output. Assume that the hot
water can equal the Freon 12 temperature as it leaves the boiler.
Ans. ( a ) 1.07 kW ( b ) 9.8% ( c ) 13.2 kW

8.22 Coal, with a heating value of 2500 Btu/lbm, is used to provide energy to the working fluid in a boiler
which is 85 percent efficient. Determine the minimum mass flux of coal, in lbm/hr, that would be
necessary for the turbine output to be 100 MW. The pump receives water at 2 psia, in the simple
Rankine cycle, and delivers it to the boiler at 2000 psia. Superheated steam is to leave the boiler at
1000°F. Am. 217,000 lbm/hr
180 POWER AND REFRIGERATION VAPOR CYCLES [CHAP. 8

500 "c
1- Turbine

I 1

300 "c

Fig. 8-31

8.23 For the ideal reheat cycle shown in Fig. 8-31, calculate the thermal efficiency and the pump mass flux.
Ans. 38.4%, 44.9 kg/s

8.24 The steam passing through the turbine of the power cycle of Prob. 8.15 is reheated at 100 kPa to 400°C.
Find the thermal efficiency. Ans. 34.2%

8.25 The steam passing through the turbine of Prob. 8.16b is reheated to 300°C at an extraction pressure of
( a ) 100 kPa, ( b )400 kPa and (c) 600 kPa. Calculate the thermal efficiency.
Ans. ( a ) 34.1% ( b ) 36.0% (c) 36.3%

8.26 The power cycle of Prob. 8.176 is proposed for reheat. Calculate the thermal efficiency if the steam is
reheated to 1000°F after being extracted at a pressure of ( a ) 400 psia, ( b ) 200 psia and (c) 100 psia.
Ans. ( a ) 40.2%, (6) 40.6% (c) 40.4%

8.27 The steam passing through the turbine of Problem 8.20 is reheated at 600 kPa to 400°C and at 50 kPa to
400°C. ( a ) What is the resulting thermal efficiency? ( b ) Calculate the oil needed per hour for the same
power output of the turbine of Problem 8.20.
Ans. ( a ) 40.3% ( b ) 14000 kg/h

8.28 For the ideal reheat cycle shown in Fig. 8-32, find ( a ) the thermal efficiency and (6) the mass flux of
steam. Ans. ( a ) 42.0% (6) 27.3 kg/s

Boiler 12 MPa 600 "C

Fig. 8-32
 CHAP. 81 POWER AND REFRIGERATION VAPOR CYCLES 181

8.29 An open feedwater heater is to be designed for the power cycle of Prob. 8.15 by extracting steam from
the turbine at 400 kPa. Determine the thermal efficiency of the ideal regenerative cycle.
Am. 35.6%

830 A portion of the steam passing through the turbine of Prob. 8.166 is extracted and fed into an open
feedwater heater. Calculate the thermal efficiency if it is extracted at a pressure of ( a ) 600 kPa,
( b ) 800 kPa, and ( c ) 1000 kPa. A m . ( a ) 38.7% ( b )38.8% ( c ) 38.7%

8.31 An open feedwater heater extracts steam from the turbine of Prob. 8.17(6) at 100 psia. Determine the
thermal efficiency if the superheated steam enters the turbine at ( a ) 700"F, (6) 800"F, and ( c ) 1000°F.
Ans. (a) 38.9% (6) 39.6% ( c ) 41.2%

8.32 A closed feedwater heater extracts steam from the turbine of Prob. 8.166 at 800 kPa. What is the
thermal efficiency of the resulting ideal regenerative cycle? Ans. 38.8%

8.33 Part of the steam passing through the turbine of Prob. 8.20 is extracted at 10o0 kPa and fed into a closed
feedwater heater. Calculate ( a ) the thermal efficiency and ( b ) the mass flux of oil for the same power
output. Ans. ( a ) 44.8% (6) 12600 kg/h

8.34 To avoid a moisture problem in the turbine of Prob. 8.19 the steam is extracted at 600 kPa and reheated
to 400 "C, and an open feedwater heater, using extracted steam at the same pressure, is inserted into the
cycle. What is the resulting thermal efficiency and the mass flux of water flowing through the feedwater
pump? Ans. 44.7%, 13.59 kg/s

8.35 For the ideal reheat-regenerative cycle shown in Fig. 8-33 calculate ( a ) the thermal efficiency, (6) the
mass flux of water fed to the boiler, and ( c ) the mass flux of condenser cooling water.
Ans. ( a ) 47.2% ( b ) 67.8 kg/s ( c ) 2680 kg/s

1 MPa 600°C -

Fig,8-33
8.36 A power plant is to operate on a supercritical steam cycle with reheat and regeneration. The steam
leaves the boiler at 4000 psia and 1000°F. It is extracted from the turbine at 400 psia; part enters an
open feedwater heater and the remainder is reheated to 800°F. The condenser pressure is 2 psia.
Assuming an ideal cycle, calculate the thermal efficiency. Ans. 46.6%

8.37 For the steam power cycle, operating as shown in the T-s diagram of Fig. 8-34 two open feedwater
heaters are employed. Calculate the thermal efficiency. Ans. 50.5%
182 POWER AND REFRIGERATION VAPOR CYCLES [CHAP. 8

T @ 600°C

Fig. 8-34

8.38 Determine the cycle thermal efficiency if the turbine is 85 percent efficient in ( a ) Prob. 8.15, ( 6 ) Prob.
8.16a, ( c ) Prob. 8.17(6), and ( d ) Prob. 8.19.
Am. ( a ) 28.8% ( b ) 26.9% ( c ) 32.9% ( d )35.6%

839 If the turbine of Prob. 8.20 is 80 percent efficient, determine the mass flux of oil needed to maintain the
same power output. Am. 16850 kg/h

8.40 Assume a turbine efficiency of 85 percent for Prob. 8.21 and calculate the thermal efficiency and the
expected power output. Am. 8.2%, 11.2 W

8.41 For the simple Rankine cycle shown in Fig. 8-35 the turbine efficiency is 85 percent. Determine ( a ) the
thermal efficiency, ( b ) the mass flux of steam, ( c ) the diameter of the inlet pipe to the turbine if a
maximum velocity of 100 m/s is allowed, and ( d ) the mass flux of condenser cooling water.
Ans. (a) 38.4% (6) 29.6 kg/s ( c ) 16.1 cm ( d ) 1480 kg/s

5.7 MPa

Boiler 9
"c
1
600

35 "c
5.9 MPa 11 12 kPa

6 MPa 20 "C Cooling

OLCondenser-
40
. 30 oc water

Fig. 8-35

8.42 The actual turbine of Prob. 8.23 has an efficiency of 85 percent in the high-pressure side of the turbine
and 80% in the low-pressure side. Calculate the cycle thermal efficiency and the pump mass flux for the
same power output. Am. 34.0%, 54.6 kg/s

8.43 Calculate the cycle thermal efficiency if the turbine is 85 percent efficient for the cycle of Prob. 8.28.
Ans. 35.7%

8.44 Calculate the cycle thermal efficiency if the turbine is 87 percent for the cycle of ( a ) Prob. 8.29, (6) Prob.
8.316 and ( c ) Prob. 8.32. Am. ( a ) 31.0% ( b )34.5% ( c ) 33.8%

8.45 Determine the thermal efficiency for the cycle shown in Fig. 8-36 if the turbine is 85 percent efficient.
Am. 29.0%
CHAP. 81 POWER AND REFRIGERATION VAPOR CYCLES 183

475 "c

16.2 MPa'
35 "c
AT=IO"C -
Condenser

Fig. 8-36

8.46 If the turbine of Prob. 8.36 is 85 percent efficient, what is the thermal efficiency of the cycle?
Ans. 40.9%

8.47 An ideal vapor refrigeration cycle utilizes Freon 12 as the working fluid between saturation temperatures
of -30°C and 40°C. For a flow of 0.6 kg/s, determine (a) the rate of refrigeration, ( b )the coefficient of
performance, and ( c ) the coefficient of performance if used as a heat pump.
Ans. ( a ) 59.8 kW ( 6 ) 2.50 ( c ) 3.50

8.48 Freon 12 is used in an ideal refrigeration cycle between pressures of 120 and 1000 kPa. If the compressor
requires 10 hp, calculate ( a ) the rate of refrigeration, ( b ) the coefficient of performance, and ( c ) the
coefficient of performance if used as a heat pump. Am. ( a ) 19.8 kW (6) 2.65 ( c ) 3.65

8.49 A n ideal refrigeration cycle using Freon 12 produces 10 tons of refrigeration. If it operates between
saturation temperatures of - 10 "F and 120OF, determine ( a ) the COP ( 6 ) the power input needed for
the compressor, and ( c ) the volume rate of flow into the compressor.
Ans. (a) 2.39 (6) 19.7 hp ( c ) 1.64 ft3/sec

8.50 Use ammonia as the working fluid and rework Prob. 8.49.
Am. 2.54, 18.5 hp, 0.892 ft3/sec

8.51 For 20 tons of refrigeration calculate the minimum work input to the compressor for the cycle shown in
Fig. 8-37 if the working fluid is ( a ) Freon 12, ( b )ammonia, and ( c ) water.
Am. ( a ) 31.6 kW ( b ) 22.9 kW ( c ) 19.4 kW

Condenser - 1.2 MPa

\ *

QE

Fig. 8-37
184 POWER AND REFRIGERATION VAPOR CYCLES [CHAP.8

8.52 The turbine shown in Fig. 8-38 produces just enough power to operate the compressor. The Freon 12 is
mixed in the condenser and is then separated into mass fluxes riz, and k r . Determine riz,,/hr and
Q,/Q,. Ans. 1.51, 2.49

"\
r Evaporator - h
7 7
1
Boiler
3 MPa

7 - Condenser 7

Fig. 8-38

8.53 Assume that the refrigerant leaving the condenser of Prob. 8.47 is subcooled to 35°C.Calculate the
coefficient of performance. Ans. 2.62

8.54 The compressor of a refrigeration cycle accepts Freon 12 as saturated vapor at 200 kPa and compresses
it to 1200 kPa; it is 80 percent efficient. The Freon 12 leaves the condenser at 40°C. Determine ( a ) the
COP and ( b )the mass flux of Freon 12 for 10 tons of refrigeration. Ans. ( a )2.70 ( b ) 0.327 kg/s

8.55 Freon 12 enters a compressor at 15 psia and 0°F and leaves at 180 psia and 200°F. If it exits the
condenser as saturated liquid and the system produces 12 tons of refrigeration, calculate (a) the COP,
(6) the mass flux of refrigerant, ( c ) the power input to the compressor, ( d ) the compressor efficiency, and
( e ) the volume rate of flow entering the compressor.
Am. ( a ) 1.62 ( 6 )0.976 Ibrn/sec ( c ) 35.1 hp ( d ) 79.5% ( e ) 2.56 ft3/sec

8.56 A refrigeration cycle circulates 0.2 kg/s of Freon 12. Saturated vapor enters the compressor at 140 kPa
and leaves at 1200 kPa and 80°C. The temperature at the condenser exit is 45°C. Determine ( a ) the
COP, ( b ) the tons of refrigeration, ( c ) the required power input, ( d ) the efficiency of the compressor,
and ( e ) the mass flux of condenser cooling water if a temperature rise of 10°C is allowed.
Am. ( a ) 1.87 (6) 5.58 tons ( c ) 10.5 kW ( d ) 73% ( e ) 0.721 kg/s

8.57 A refrigeration cycle utilizes a compressor which is 80 percent efficient; it accepts Freon 12 as saturated
vapor at - 25 "C. The liquid leaving the condenser is at 800 kPa and 30 "C. For a mass flux of 0.1 kg/s
calculate ( a ) the COP, ( b ) the tons of refrigeration, and ( c )the mass flux of condenser cooling water for
a temperature rise of 10°C. A m . ( a ) 2.73 ( b ) 3.18 tons ( c ) 0.366 kg/s

8.58 The refrigeration cycle of Prob. 8.48 is replaced with an ideal two-stage cycle with an intermediate
pressure of 320 kPa. If 10 tons of refrigeration is produced, calculate the mass fluxes in both loops and
the COP. Ans. 0.253 kg/s, 0.362 kg/s, 2.79

8.59 An ideal two-stage with an intermediate temperature of 50°F replaces the refrigeration cycle of Prob.
8.49. Determine the COP and the necessary power input. Ans. 2.83, 16.7 hp
 CHAP. 81 POWER AND REFRIGERATION VAPOR CYCLES 185

8.60 ( a ) For a 20-ton refrigeration cycle like that shown in Fig. 8-39, operating with Freon 12 between
pressures of loo0 and 160 kPa, determine the maximum coefficient of performance and the minimum
power input. ( 6 )Determine the maximum COP and the minimum power input for a single-stage system
operating between the same pressures. Am. ( a ) 3.65, 19.3 kW; ( 6 )3.26, 22.3 kW

Fig. 8-39

8.61 A two-stage refrigeration system using Freon 12 operates between pressures of 1.0 MPa and 90 kPa with
a mass flux of 0.5 kg/s in the high-pressure stage. Assuming ideal cycles, calculate ( a ) the tons of
refrigeration, ( 6 ) the power input, (c) the rating in compressor horsepower per ton of refrigeration, and
( d ) the mass flux of condenser cooling water if a 20°C temperature rise is allowed.
Am. ( a ) 13.7 tons ( 6 ) 18.0 kW ( c ) 1.76 hp/ton ( d )0.791 kg/s

8.62 A heat pump using Freon 12 as the refrigerant provides 80 MJ/h to a building. The cycle operates
between pressures of 1000 and 200 kPa. Assuming an ideal cycle, determine (a) the COP, (6) the
compressor horsepower, and (c) the volume flow rate into the compressor.
Ans. (a) 4.70 (6) 6.20 hp (c) 0.0138 m3/s

8.63 A home heating system uses a heat pump with Freon 12 as the refrigerant. The maximum heating load
results when the temperature of 1000 ft3/min of circulation air is raised 45°F. If the compressor
increases the pressure from 30 to 160 psia, calculate ( a ) the COP, ( 6 ) the compressor power needs, and
( c ) the mass flux of Freon 12. Assume an ideal cycle.
Am. ( a ) 4.24 ( 6 ) 4.91 hp ( c ) 0.257 lbm/sec